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Культура Документы
segmental bone defects, Zhonghua Zheng Xing Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2006 Jan;22(1):55-9. PMID: 16573169
8
Misch KA, Yi ES, Sarment DP., Accuracy of cone beam computed tomography for periodontal defect
measurements. J Periodontol. 2006 Jul;77(7):1261-6. PMID: 16805691
9
Ribeiro C.C., Barrias C.C., Barbosa M.A., Preparation and characterisation of calcium-phosphate porous
microspheres with a uniform size for biomedical applications. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2006 May; 17 (5): 455-63.
PMID: 16688586.
PMID: 16771643
The importance of bone substitutes
Autografts, allografts and bone synthetic substitutes plays an important role in
orthopaedic and reconstructive surgery while the understanding of their biological effects is
required for directed applications.
Bone grafting materials are those implants that promotes bone healing by one of the
following actions: osteogenesis, osteoinduction and osteoconduction.
Osteoconductive materials became more important, especially in bone pathology
while they are used as bone substitutes. These substances have a composition similar to the
bone mineral matrix and are biocompatible. Their main function is of bone tissue support,
allowing bone apposition on their surface; thus, they are used mainly for treating the bone
defects. More recently, they are used as a vehicle for osteoinductive substances, augmenting
bone formation.
While initially, only coral hydroxiapatite, calcium phosphate (Plaster-of-Paris) and then
bioactive glasses (bioviotroceramics) were used as bone substitutes, nowadays we are using
osteoconductive ceramic materials and phosphocalcic cements.
From the ceramic materials used in medical applications, we mention here the
calcium triphosphate (-TCP), hydroxyapatite (HA) (Feifel 1995, Mihil 2005, Ohura 1999)
and calcium biphosphate (or biphasic calcium phosphate or BCP or -TCP-HA).
Phosphocalcic cements (CPC) consist in one or more calcium phosphates (CaP)
soluble in aqueous solutions. Many experimental and clinical studies have used
phosphocalcic cements (Constantz 1998, Frankenburg 1998, Mihil 2005).
The proposed subject underlines the practical application by a histologic, histomorphometric and biomechanical investigation between organic bone substitutes (e.g.
phosphorilated cellulose) and import phosphocalcic compounds, whose prices are still
prohibitive, even if they are biocompatible and osteoinductive. This study will represent also
the first step for the homologation process for the Romanian products.
To reach this goal, we will use fundamental research methods, as in vivo research
on animal model followed by a histologic evaluation on calcified and decalcified bone and
electronic methods for biomechanical histomorphometric evaluation.
Up to now, the phosphocalcic cements were successfully used in maxillofacial surgery,
in radius lower extremity fractures or calcaneal fractures, trochanteric fractures, tibial
plate fractures, and also as filler for the osteoporosis in vertebrae bone. Another
application is represented by osteosynthesis augmentation by sponge screws or
pedicular screws in spine surgery.
In this domain, our proposed subject shows an important practical application, by
providing useful information in practical orthopaedics for phosphocalcic cement usage in
order to improve screws osteosynthesis for osteoporotic bones
Autografts, allografts and synthetic bone substitutes are playing an important role in
reconstructive bone surgery and the understanding of their biological effects is requireed for
their coorect usage. Muschler and Lane are proposing the name of bone graft propun
denumirea de material de grefare for any implant that promotes the bone healing by one or
more of the following activities: osteogenesis, osteinduction and osteoconduction.
1. International research goals
1.1. The first research goal is represented by the discovery and usage of bone
subtitutes with osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties
In 1965 Urist reported that the demineralized bone matrix (DBM) induces bone formation
when implanted in the loose extraskeletal tissues; then he isolated from the demineralized
bone matrix a protein called bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) (fig.1).
growth factor supergamily called TGF- (transforming growth factors). The most used BMP-s
are BMP-2 (Yang 2006, Patel 2006, Sciadini 2000, Singh 2006) and BMP-7 or the
osteogenic protein (OP-1) (Tsiridis 2006). An important study in the BMP study is
represented by the vehicle through which these proteins are adminstered locaaly. First, a
powder demineralized bone matrix was used. The mainly contains a type I collagenand
represented the golden standard for the comparison with later synthetised materials (Maeda
2004, Kim 2002). Many other biocompatible materials were evaluated as BMP carriers:
-Extracellular matrix components: various collaen types, fibrin, fibronectin, hialuronic acid,
glycosaminoglycans
-Ceramic materials: hydroxiapatitis, calcium triphosphate -Synthetic polymers:
polylactic and polyglycolic acid -Bone grafts: autogenous and allogenous
1.2. The second research direction is represented by the discovery, synthesis and
usage of the osteoconductive bone subtitutes.
Osteoconductive materials gain an increased importance in the biomaterial field, especially
for bone pathology while serving as bone substitutes. These substances has a composition
similar to the bone mineralized matrix and are also biocompatible. Their main function is of
bone support, allowing aposition of the new bone on their surface for this reason they are
used especially in the treatment of bone defects. Recently, they were used as vehicle for the
osteoinductive substances, augmenting the bone forming.
3. Actual directions
In the past years, the literature is mentioning more and more the guided tissue regeneration
term. This treatment method was successfully used in stomatology, maxillofacial surgery and
experimental repair of the peripheral nerves. It consists in building a physical barrier around
the diseased organ and to isolate it from the surrounding parts, facilitating the healing process.
Using a tubular membrane around a diaphyseal bone defect has the following advantages
(Belloti 2006): 1. Confers a space for bone regeneration, 2. Build a bridge over the defect 3.
Impede the loose tissues to colonize the defect; 4. represent a scaffold for periosteal
regeneration, 5. creates an open space with an increased density of proosteogenic factors that
cannot diffuse in the surrounding tissues. Various membrane types have been used:
biodegradable polylactic (Belloti 2006, Simamora 2006), biodegradable polyurethanic (Chia
chondrocyte carriers for cartilage repair. Tissue Eng. 2006 Jul;12(7):1945-53. Indexat ISI ISSN:
1076-3279
1
Constantz BR, Barr BM, Ison IC, Fulmer MT, Baker J, McKinney L, Goodman SB, Gunasekaren S,
Delaney DC, Ross J, Poser RD. Histological, chemical, and crystallographic analysis of four calcium phosphate
cements in different rabbit osseous sites. J Biomed Mater Res. 1998 Winter;43(4):451-61. Indexat ISI ISSN:
1549-3296
2
Feifel H, Gerner A, Schmidt KH, Wimmer F, Schmitz HJ. Die Beeinflussung der Knochenregeneration in
phykogener Hydroxylapatitkeramik durch einen osteoinduktiven Proteinkomplex. Dtsch Z Mund Kiefer
GesichtsChir 19, 25-27 (1995).
3
Frankenburg EP, Goldstein SA, Bauer TW, Harris SA, Poser RD. Biomechanical and histological
evaluation of a calcium phosphate cement. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1998 Aug;80(8):1112-24. Indexat ISI ISSN:
0301-620X
4
Giardino R, Fini M, Aldini NN, Giavaresi G, Rocca M, Martini L, Zaffe D, Cane V. A reabsorbable tubular
chamber for the treatment of large diaphyseal bone defects. Experimental study in rabbits. Int J Artif Organs 1998
Aug;21(8):473-82. Indexat ISI ISSN: 0391-3988
5
Kim HD, Valentini RF., Retention and activity of BMP-2 in hyaluronic acid-based scaffolds in vitro. J
Biomed Mater Res. 2002 Mar 5;59(3):573-84. Indexat ISI ISSN: 1549-3296
6
Maeda H, Sano A, Fujioka K., Controlled release of rhBMP-2 from collagen minipellet and the
relationship between release profile and ectopic bone formation. Int J Pharm. 2004 May 4; 275(1-2):109-22.
Indexat ISI
ISSN: 0961-7671
1.
Mihil RI, Thurnher M, Schwarz N, Redl H. Studiul histoligic comparative ntre Norian i Biobon n
Substituenii de os n tratamentul defectelor osoase, Mihil RI, Redl H, Antonescu D, Schwarz N, Srbu PD,
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Mihil RI, Thurnher M, Kropik K, Moser Doris, Spassova Else, Redl H. Tratamentul cu Algipore al
defectelor osoase segmentare diafizare la iepure n Substituenii de os n tratamentul defectelor osoase,
Mihil RI, Redl H, Antonescu D, Schwarz N, Srbu PD, Casa de Editur Venus, Iai, 2006, Editura
Indexata CNCSIS
Ohura K, Bohner M, Hardouin P, Lemaitre J, Pasquier G, Flautre B. Resorption of, and bone formation from,
new beta-tricalcium phosphate-monocalcium phosphate cements: an in vivo study. J Biomed Mater Res 1996
Feb;30(2):193-200. Indexat ISI ISSN: 1549-3296
Ohura K, Hamanishi C, Tanaka S, Matsuda N. Healing of segmental bone defects in rats induced by a betaTCPMCPM cement combined with rhBMP-2. J Biomed Mater Res 1999 Feb;44(2):168-75. Indexat ISI
ISSN: 15493296
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Patel AD. Bone morphogenetic proteins in orthopaedic trauma: recent clinical findings with human bone
morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2).Curr Med Res Opin. 2006;22 Suppl 1:S1-5. Indexat ISI ISSN: 03007995
Popescu Negreanu T. Utilizarea biovitroceramicilor i materialelor compozit pe baz de biovitroceramici
colagen n ortopedie, Revista de Ortopedie i Traumatologie (Bucureti), 2001, vol. 11, nr. 1-2, 3-13, Indexat
CNCSIS
Sciadini MF, Johnson KD. Evaluation of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 as a bone-graft
substitute in a canine segmental defect model. J Orthop Res 2000 Mar; 18(2):289-302. Indexat ISI ISSN:
07360266
8.
Singh K, Smucker JD, Boden SD., Use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 as an adjunct in
posterolateral lumbar spine fusion: a prospective CT-scan analysis at one and two years. J Spinal Disord
Tech.2006 Aug;19(6):416-23.PMID: 16891977 Indexat ISI ISSN: 1536-0652