Cement &Concrete Composites 12 (1990) 87-94

Evaluation of Shear Strength of Fibre-Reinforced

Concrete Beams
S. A. A1-Ta'an & J. R. A1-Feel
Civil Engineering Department, Mosul University, Iraq
(Received 23 January 1989; accepted 29 January 1990)

Abstract

A method is proposed to calculate the ultimate

shear strength of fibre-reinforced concrete rectangular beams without stirrups. The method shows
good agreement with published test results of 89
beams which failed in shear. The published data
were also used in a regression analysis to identify
the factors influencing the shear strength of fibre
concrete beams. These factors were found to be the
shear span-to-depth ratio, main reinforcement
ratio, compressive strength of concrete and the fibre
volume, dimensions, and type. Two formulae are
presented to predict the cracking and ultimate
shear strength and these show good correlation
with published test results.
Keywords: Reinforced concrete, beams (supports), fibre concrete, steel fibres, shear strength,
cracking (fracturing), regression analysis, bond
strength, compression strength, fibre pull-out,
structural engineering.
INTRODUCTION
Shear failure of conventional reinforced concrete
beams usually occurs by tensile failure of concrete
in the shear span. For this reason, shear failure in
general is brittle, and in practice shear reinforcement, in the form of stirrups, is incorporated to
prevent this type of failure, and to increase the
shear strength of the beams. Tests on reinforced
concrete beams with steel fibres as substitutes for
stirrups have been reported. ~-s These results show
that steel fibres increase the shear resistance of
the beams considerably.
Steel fibres have some advantages over vertical
stirrups or bent-up flexural steel. First, the fibre

spacing is much closer than the practical spacing

of stirrups, 1 since the former is randomly and
more or less uniformly distributed throughout the
concrete volume. Secondly, the first crack and the
ultimate tensile strength of concrete are increased
by the presence of steel fibres. This results in an
increase of the load necessary to produce shear
cracking as well as the ultimate shear resistance of
the beams. Thirdly, stirrups require a high labour
input for cutting, bending and fixing and in thin
webs, they can be impractical and difficult to fix.5
Lastly, in relatively shallow beams, the necessary
development length of the stirrups may not be
available because of the short distance between
the mid-depth and the compression face of the
member, and therefore the use of stirrups may not
be economical.
The methods recommended in codes of practice for calculating the ultimate shear strength of
ordinary beams 9,10 cannot be used for fibre concrete beams because of the different properties of
the plain and fibre concretes. Considerable
amount of experimental data are available on the
shear strength of steel fibre mortar and concrete
rectangular beams. Predictive equations for shear
strength of fibre-reinforced concrete beams have
also been suggested by some previous investigators. 3,5-7 Some of these equations are generally
based on tests of a particular type of steel fibre.
The need for a generalised shear strength equation is therefore obvious if steel fibres are to be
used in actual structural members.
In this paper, predictive equations are suggested for evaluating the cracking and ultimate
shear strength of rectangular fibre-reinforced concrete beams without stirrups. The methods
include all the important parameters influencing
shear strength such as compressive strength of

87
Cement & Concrete Composites 0958-9465/90/$3.50 1990 Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd, England. Printed in
Great Britain

S. A. Al- Ta'an, J. R. Al-Feel

88

concrete, ratio of reinforcement, and the volume,

type and geometry of the fibres.

ULTIMATE SHEAR STRENGTH OF

FIBRE-REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS

The shear resistance of conventional reinforced

concrete beams without web reinforcement is
influenced by the shear force in the uncracked
compression zone, the aggregate interlock force in
the cracked tensile concrete, and the dowel force
in the main steel (Fig. 1 ). The aggregate interlock
force decreases with crack width, and therefore,
can be neglected. The dowel force is of uncertain
nature and probably of minor value. All three,
however, are dependent on concrete strength and
reinforcement ratio. A n equation developed by
Zsutty ~ and Placas & Regan 12 in terms of shear
strength of the uncracked compression zone took
into account the other two effects and complied
with test data. The equation gives the ultimate
shear strength of a rectangular beam without web
reinforcement and is converted here to the SI
units to give the following form:
V.c = (10/9 f'c dlas) '/3

for as~d> 2-5

v, c =(160pf'c) '/3 (dlas) 4/3

for a,ld< 2"5

(1)
(2)

CONTRIBUTION OF STEEL FIBRES TO

SHEAR STRENGTH

Figure 2 shows the forces on one side of the shear

crack that maintain equilibrium. The difference
between a conventional reinforced concrete
beam, Fig. 1, and a fibre-reinforced concrete
beam, Fig. 2, lies in the forces that maintain the
equilibrium across the crack width which are
exerted by the steel fibres bridging the shear
crack.
To estimate the contribution of steel fibres to
the shear resistance, the neutral axis depth (c) has
to be calculated first. The external moment
( V,. as) is equated to the internal ultimate resisting
moment (Mu)
Mu= Vu .a,~=Vuc .b.d.a,~= ~b0"85 f ' c a . b , ( d - a / 2 )
(3)
where Vuc= value from eqns (1) or (2),
= reduction factor = 0.9, 9
a = equivalent stress block depth = fl 1. c,
fll = ratio of equivalent stress block
depth to the neutral axis depth, equal
to 0.85 for f'c < 28 MPa and decreasing at a rate of 0-04 for each 5-MPa
increase in f'c,9
b = beam width.

where /9 = reinforcement ratio

f'~ = cylinder strength of concrete (MPa)
d = effective depth (m)
as = shear span (m).

The above equations were used in this investigation to estimate the ultimate shear strength but
exclude the influence of steel fibres on shear
strength.

~
_]J
.........

-1y~ >Nt
Vd D o w e l

Nc

Vc
ate
interlock

|fL

>',

o.85f,:'

T
Fig. 2. Forces within fibre-reinforced concrete beam with
diagonal tension crack.

It may be noted from eqn (3) that the effect of

steel fibres on ultimate flexural strength is
neglected, since it has been shown that the
increase is only marginal 3A3,14 and in most cases
not more than 10%. This increase in moment
resistance therefore can be compensated for by
dropping the c-factor and eqn (3) can be rewritten
as"

Vuc.b.d.as=O.85f'c.a.b(d-a/2)
force

Fig. 1. Forces within reinforced

diagonal tension crack.

concrete beam

with

(4)

If the beam contains compression steel, its

effect on the ultimate flexural strength can be
added to the fight-hand side of eqn (4).

Shear strength offibre-reinforced concrete beams

Rearranging and solving for a, the following
equation is obtained:

a/d--1-,ll-2"353(Vu/f'~)(as/d)

(5)

After the stress block depth a is found, the

neutral axis depth is calculated as c = a/fl 1.
Referring to Fig. 2, the length of the inclined
shear crack is equal to (h - c ) / s i n a, and the area
through which the steel fibres contribute to the
shear resistance of the beam is b(h - c)/sin a. The
number of fibres crossing a unit area of the crack,
Fig. 3, may be taken as: 15

N = O'Svf/( at r 2)

(6)

where vf-- volume fraction of fibres,

rf = fibre radius.
At failure, fibre pull-out invariably occurs,
since the fibre length (/f) is usually less than the
critical length necessary to develop the ultimate
tensile strength of the fibre, and also due to the
displacement of the two faces of the crack. Since
failure is by fibre pull-out, it has been shown that
the mean fibre pull-out length is (/f/4) as (Fig. 4).
The average pull-out force per fibre (f) is given
by:

f= r.~.df.lf/4

(7)

"

."

" .~

,,,......

N'.

,.,

",

Fig. 3. Changein fibre orientation at a crack.

tf
B

P
p

~
~'

I
o,

Fig. 4.

P
p

lid

~
P"

"

(8)

Substituting eqn (6) into eqn (8), the following

equation is obtained for trc~:

Ocu=O'5v.vf.lf/df

(9)

The total force (F) perpendicular to the crack is

therefore:

F= Ocu.b.(h -c)/sin a

(10)

The vertical component of this force is equal to

the increase in shear resistance of the beam due to
the presence of steel fibres and is equal to:

V = F sin ct = Ocu. b.(h - c )

(11)

and the unit stress provided by the steel fibres can

be written as:

vuf = Vf/(b. d ) = Ocu(h - c)/d

(12)

The total shear strength of a fibre concrete beam

can be calculated as the sum of rue [eqn (1) or (2)]
and vuf [eqn (12)]:
Vu : Vuc -1"-Vuf

(13)

INTERFACIAL B O N D S T R E S S

,4~ "~,

. o ..,

Ocu= N. f = N. r.zg.df.lf/4

-;

..]..x,,-.-..
..

The ultimate stress sustained by a unit area of

the crack at failure is therefore given by (N.f):

In eqn (5), v u can be substituted for Vuc to

account for the contribution of steel fibres to
shear strength, and the steps are continued to eqn
(13). For beams containing a small amount of steel
fibres this iteration process is not necessary, whilst
for beams containing a considerable amount of
steel fibres this iteration has to be repeated a few
times till the final values of vu converge.

where r = average bond strength.

.aC.

89

il
~

J'

I "~-'df
P

lip

g,

Averagepull-out force per fibre.

Swamy & Mangat 16,17 reported different values of

interracial bond stress (r) of plain fibres for a wide
range of fine to coarse aggregate volume fractions
and water/cement ratios. The values are computed indirectly from flexural strength results
which are more representative of the randomly
oriented fibres in a flexural tension zone than the
pull-out tests on single fibres. Some of these
values are used in this investigation. However, in
the absence of such data, an average value of 4.15
MPa can be used which is derived from a wide
range of mix proportions, aggregate sizes, and
fibre geometries that are likely to be met in practice. For Duoform or crimped fibres, the average
interracial bond stress is greater than that for

90

S. A. A l - Ta'an, J. R. Al-Feel

Table 1. The results of Uomoto et al. 3

b = 100 mm; r = 3"78 MPa for sheared fibres; r = 4.91 MPa for indented cut wire
Reinforcement
ratio

h
(mm)

d
(mm)

a~/d

2'2
2"2
2'2
2"0
2"0

200
200
200
300
300

182
182
182
280
280

1"5]
2"0
2"5
2"5
3"0

3-54
3"54
1'84
2"2
2"2
2"2
2-0

100
100
100
200
200
200
300

80
80
85
182
182
182
280

1"5]
2-0
1'5
1'0
1"5
2'0
2'0

1"16
2"2
2"2
2'2
2'2
2'2
2'0

150
200
200
200
200
200
300

130
182
182
182
182
182
280

2'0]
1'5
2"0
2'5
3"0
3'5
2-0

1'16
2"2
2-2
2"2
2"0

150
200
200
200
300

130
182
182
182
280

1"5 ]
1"5
2"0
2-5
2"0

v t.
(%)

0"75

lf/ df

k~bm
type

6O

Indented
cut wire
1-5

0'75

1"5

6O

53/

Sheared

f~

(MPa)

Exp.

Calc.

Uu

Uu

Calc. Vu/ EXp. t'u

(MPa)

(MPa)

53
53
53
53
53

5'44
3"57
3"41
3-22
2"63

4"29
3-23
2"63
2"56
2'41

0'79
0"90
0"77
0"80
0"92

50
50
50
50
50
50
50

6-52
5"58
5'51
7"24
6-02
4-23
3'81

5"85
4"58
5'05
7'42
5'07
3"97
3"86

0"90
0'82
0"92
1"02
0"84
0'94
1'01

48
48
48
48
48
48
48

2"39
4"55
3"15
2"53
2"30
2"02
2-45

2'50
3"88
2"85
2-29
2"16
2"07
2'78

1"05
0'85
0-90
0"91
0"94
1-02
1"13

54
54
54
54
54

4"0
5"35
3"30
3"20
3-64

3"62
4"63
3"55
2'94
3'45

0'91
0"87
1"08
0"92
0"95

Table 2. The results of Batson et al.

Reinforcement ratio= 0.031; h = 152 mm; d = 127 mm; b = 102 mm; r = 3.74 MPa for flat and round fibres; r = 4"86 MPa for
crimped fibres
aJ d

vf
(%)

lf/ df

4"8
4"8
4"34"24"6

0"22 }

4-2
4"0

0'44
0"44

4'6}1
4"0
4"6
4'4
5'0
4'8
4'0}
4"2
3"43"2

100}

Fibre
type

f'c
(MPa)

Exp.
vu
(MPa)

Calc.
vu
(MPa)

Cale. vu/ Exp. v u

Flat
crimped

33.2
33.2
33.2
33.2
33.2
33"2
40.2
40.2
33.2
33.2
33.2
33.2
33-2
33.2
40-2
40.2
40-2
40.2
39.7
39'8
39-8
39.8
33.2

1.70
1.70
1.65
1.95
1.74
1.78
2.04
2.01
1.71
1.92
1.60
1.63
1.51
1.66
1"94
1.98
2.27
2.12
2"36
3.47
4.76
8.80
1.52

1.36
1.52
1"62
1-64
1.69
1-69
2.10
2"13
1.64
1.59
1.52
1'54
1.47
1.49
1'89
1.86
2.02
1.98
2.37
3-19
4.33
6.26
1.49

0.80
0"89
0"98
0.84
0.97
0.95
1.03
1"06
0.96
0"83
0'95
0.94
0-97
0"90
0.97
0.94
0.89
0"93
1.00
0.92
0"91
0.71
0'98

Round

0'22

Crimped
0"44 f

3"4

0"88 /

1'8
1"2
4'8

1"76

0"22J

46

Shear strength of fibre-reinforced concrete beams

91

Table 3. The results of Kadir & Saeed 4

Reinforcement ratio p = 0.0155; h = 150 ram; b = 75 ram; d = 135 ram; T-- 3.61 MPa

as/ d

vf
(%)

lJ df

Fibre
type

f'c
(MPa)

Exp.
vu
(MPa)

Calc.
v~
(MPa)

Calc. vu/ Exp. v u

2.5
2"5
2"5
2.5

0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75

50
62.5
83.3
100

Duoform

31.4
30"6
29.2
31.2

2"15
2"37
2.72
2.70

1.85
1"97
2"15
2-34

0.86
0"83
0"79
0.87

Table 4. The results of Narayanan & Darwish 7

b = 85 ram; h = 150 mm; crimped steel fibres 0.3 mm diameter; r = 3"61 or 5"65 MPa for mixes A or B

Longitudinal
reinforcing
P

P'

2'0
2"0
2"0
2"0
2"0
2"0
2-0
2-0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2-0
2.0
2.0
3"69
5.72
3.69
5.72
3.69
5.72
5.72
5.72
3.69
5.72
5.72
5.72
5.72

0"91
0"91
0"91
0"91
0"91
0-91
0.91
0.91
--0-91
0-91
0-91
0.91
0-91
0.91
0.91
0.91
--0-91
0.91
3.69
3.69
2.0
2.0
2.0
3.69
3.69

d
(mm)

130
130
130
130
13.0
130
130
130
130
130
130
130
130
130
130
130
128
126
128
126
128
126
126
126
128
126
126
126
126

aJ d

vf
(%)

2"0
2'5
3"0
2"0
2"5
3"0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3-0
2-0
2-5
3.5
2.0
2.5
3.5
3.0
3.1
3.0
3.1
3.0
3-1
3-1
3.1
3.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0

0"25]
0"25|
0"251~
0"25[
0"25|
0.25J
0.5
1.0
0.5
1.0
0-5
0.5
0-5
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.0
1.0
1.5 "1
2-0 I
1.5
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0

lf/ df

100
133
133
133
100

133

100

f~.
(MPa)

61"7
61"7
61"7
39"9
39"9
39.9
61.7
71.5
42.3
41.4
61.7
61.7
55"7
67-2
67-2
71.9
55-7
55-7
42-3
42.3
71-9
71.9
67.0
55.9
67.0
59.3
60-0
67.0
55.9

Exp.
vu

Calc.
v.

(MPa)

(MPa)

2"96
2"67
2"77
2"71
2"07
1.94
3.23
3.66
1.97
2.97
4.62
3.69
2-61
5.57
4.42
2-97
2.96
3.55
2.24
2.33
4.37
5-00
4.85
4.93
4.46
5.46
6.77
7.15
6.30

2"81
2"26
2"14
2"27
1"79
1.69
2.99
4.11
2.28
2.64
3.77
3.18
2.77
5.10
4.39
3.89
3.20
3.40
2.54
2.73
4.43
4.63
4.67
4.73
4.49
4.21
5.18
6.10
6.38

Calc. vJExp, vu

0"95
0"85
0"77
0.84
0"86
0.87
0.93
1.12
1.16
0.89
0.82
0.86
1.06
0.92
0.99
1.31
1.08
0.96
1.14
1.18
1.02
0-92
0.96
0-96
1-01
0.77
0.77
0.85
1.06

Table 5. The results of Mansur et al. s

b = 150 mm; h = 225 mm; d = 197 mm; r = 3"3 MPa (calculated from modulus of rupture results); hooked end fibre, Lf= 30
mm, df = 0"5 mm

Reinforcement
ratio
(%)

as/ d

1"34
1"34
1"34
1"34
1"34
2"0
1"34
2"0
2"0

2"0 )
2"8
3"6
2"0)
2"8 1
2-8
2-8
2"8
2"8

vf
(%)

0"5

0"75

f'c
(MPa)

Exp.
vu
(MPa)

Calc.
vu
(MPa)

Calc. vJExp, v=

29"1
29"1
29"1
29-9
29-9
29"9
20"6
20"6
33"4

2"54
1"78
1"52
2"88
2"03
2"20
1"52
2"03
2-91

2"03
1"57
1-45
2"26
1"78
1-92
1"59
1"70
1"99

0"80
0"88
0"95
0"78
0"88
0"87
1"05
0"84
0"68

92

S. A. Al-Ta'an, J. R. Al-Feel

smooth round fibres due to the surface identations or the wavy shape of the fibres. Henager 18
used a bond efficiency factor of 1-1 for Dramix
fibres and 1.2 for Ribtec fibres and Duoform
fibres. CP 110 "J recommends an increase of
about 40% for the ultimate anchorage bond
stresses of deformed bars over that of plain bars
and about 25% for the ultimate local bond
stresses. Although the behaviour of steel bars and
fibres is not comparable, these values may give
some indication of the improved bond stresses
due to surface deformations. In this investigation a
value of 1.3 is used as the bond efficiency factor
for Duoform and crimped fibres, and 1.2 for
hooked fibres. The average bond stress values
used in this investigation were selected from Ref.
16 and they correspond to mixes which have
nearly the same proportions as those used in Refs
1, 3, 4, 7 and 8.

TEST RESULTS
The above procedure was used to calculate the
shear strength of 89 fibre-reinforced concrete
rectangular beams which were tested by Batson et
al., ~ Uomoto et al., 3 Kadir & Saeed, 4 Narayanan
& Darwish, 7 and Mansur et al. s The beams which
failed in flexure were excluded. Tables 1 to 5 show
the details of the beams. The tables show that
there is a good agreement between the calculated
and the experimental values of the ultimate shear
strength. The average ratio of the calculated to the
experimental values is 0.93 with a standard deviation of 0"11, i.e. a coefficient of variation of 11%.
These results prove that the proposed method
is reliable.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS

1"3, and for hooked fibres K was given a value of

1.2 as used in the previous method of analysis.
For the cracking shear strength, test results of
38 beams were used, 29 beams from Ref. 7 and
nine beams from Ref. 8. The analysis yielded the
following equation:
vcr = [f.~ + 260 p(d/as), e + 4.4 K . vf(lf/df)]/8.5

(14)
where e is the dimensionless factor that takes into
account the effect of the arch action, and the
values given by Zsutty ~ are used in this investigation:
e = 1"0

when

a J d > 2"5

e = 2"5 d/as

when

a J d < 2.5

The correlation coefficient (R) for eqn (14) is

equal to 0.92 as found from statistical analysis at
the 0"95 confidence level. Figure 5 shows the calculated values of cracking shear strength using
eqn (14) versus the experimental values. The
mean ratio of the calculated to the experimental
was 1.0 with a standard deviation of 0.115, i.e. a
coefficient of variation of 11.5%.
The regression analysis of the 89 beams
yielded the following equation for the ultimate
shear strength:
Vu= [1"6 f ~ + 9 6 0 p ( d / a ~ ) e + 8"5 K.vf(lf/df)]/9

(15)
4

o/
I1.
v

The 89 beams whose details are shown in Tables

1-5 were used again in a regression analysis to
find the most important factors influencing the
cracking and the ultimate shear strength of rectangular fibre-reinforced concrete beams and to formulate predictive equations containing these
factors. The factors included in the analysis were:
reinforcement ratio, shear span-to-effective depth
ratio, compressive strength of concrete, volume
fraction of the fibres, aspect ratio, and fibre type.
A factor K is introduced to reflect the fibre shape.
For plain fibres, K was given a value of 1.0, for
crimped or Duoform fibres K was given a value of

>
"U

/oo

o~

"5
u

/
0

o
o

~4

/
I

M e a s u r e d Vcr ( M P a )

Fig. 5. Measured and calculated cracking shear strength:

o, Ref. 7; zx, Ref. 8.

Shear strength of fibre-reinforced concrete beams

10

93

4. The cracking and ultimate shear strength of

rectangular fibre-reinforced concrete beams
without conventional shear reinforcement
can be predicted by the methods proposed
in this study. These are shown to be applicable for a wide range of variables and are
validated by tests carried out by several
investigators.
5. More tests and studies are required towards
a better understanding of the role of fibres
in shear strengthening. Full-scale beam tests
are also required to check the validity of the
above findings and the proposed methods.

0.

13
4
U
U

REFERENCES
'

Fig. 6.

4
6
Measured V u (MPa)

lo

Measured and calculated ultimate shear strength.

where e is as defined previously. The statistical

analysis showed that the terms (d/as)e/~c,
K.vf.(lf/df)/~c, and vf.(lf/df)/~c have correlation coefficients equal to 0.883, 0-651, and 0"645
respectively. This means that the second term of
eqn (15) has the strongest influence on the
ultimate shear strength among the three investigated variables. The correlation coefficient for
eqn (15) is 0"94 at the 0"95 confidence level.
Figure 6 shows the calculated values of the
ultimate shear strength using eqn (15) versus the
experimental values. The mean value of the calculated to the experimental values was 1.01 with a
standard deviation of 0.147, i.e. a coefficient of
variation of 14.7%.
CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusions can be drawn.
1. Shear strength of rectangular fibrereinforced concrete beams depends mostly
on the shear span-to-depth ratio, reinforcement ratio, concrete strength, and fibre properties.
2. The product Kvflf/df simulates the role of
fibres in increasing the shear strength of
fibre concrete beams better than the individual fibre properties.
3. Shaped fibres such as duoform, crimped,
and hooked fibres increase the shear
strength more than the plain fibres, due to
their better bonding characteristics.

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