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No Affix

Level Example 1

Example 2

Meaning

Grammatical
Function

1 a-

atypical

asexual

not

2 a-

ahead

aside

toward

3 ab-

abuse

abnormal

away from

4 anti-

anti-social

anti-government

against

5 arch-

archbishop

arch-rival

main

6 auto-

autobiography

autopilot

self

7 be-

belittle

befriend

8 bi-

biplane

bisexual

two

9 circum-

circumpolar

circumnavigate

around

10 co-

co-worker

co-exist

together

11 counter-

counteract

counter-productive opposite

12 de-

decompose

decode

opposite

13 dis-

disappear

disorder

not

14 em-

empower

embody

verb

15 en-

ensure

enable

verb

16 ex-

ex-wife

ex-member

earlier

17 fore-

forewarn

foresee

in advance

18 hyper-

hypertension

hyperactive

too much

19 il-

illegal

illogical

not

20 im-

impossible

impersonal

not

21 in-

independent

informal

not

22 inter-

international

interface

between

23 ir-

irregular

irrelevant

not

24 mal-

malfunction

malnutrition

bad

25 micro-

microcomputer microfilm

small

26 mid-

midnight

midsummer

halfway

27 mis-

misuse

mislead

wrongly

28 mono-

monotone

monoculture

one

29 multi-

multinational

multicultural

many

30 neo-

neo-classical

neo-Gothic

new

31 non-

non-existent

non-stop

not

32 post-

post-war

postmodern

after

33 pre-

pre-war

pre-school

before

34 pro-

pro-democracy pro-life

supporting

35 re-

replay

rebuild

again

36 semi-

semi-final

semi-skilled

half

37 sub-

sub-committee

subgroup

under

adverb

verb

No Affix

Level Example 1

Example 2

Meaning

Grammatical
Function

38 super-

supernatural

superhuman

beyond

39 sur-

surpass

surreal

over

40 trans-

transform

transplant

change

41 un-

unable

unlikely

not

42 uni-

unisex

unicycle

one

43 -able

acceptable

predictable

can be

44 -age

shortage

coverage

noun

45 -al (a)

personal

traditional

adjective

46 -al (n)

proposal

approval

noun

47 -an

European

American

48 -ance

performance

assistance

noun

49 -ancy

expectancy

consultancy

noun

50 -ant (a)

resultant

pleasant

adjective

51 -ant (n)

consultant

servant

52 -ar

circular

angular

adjective

53 -ary (a)

revolutionary

parliamentary

adjective

54 -ary (n)

secretary

commentary

55 -ate (a)

passionate

fortunate

adjective

56 -ate (v)

formulate

activate

verb

57 -atic

systematic

problematic

adjective

58 -ation

consideration

presentation

noun

59 -atory

preparatory

exploratory

adjective

60 -cy

bankruptcy

accuracy

noun

61 -dom

freedom

boredom

a state of

62 -ee

trainee

employee

person

63 -eer

mountaineer

engineer

person

64 -en (a)

wooden

golden

made of

65 -en (v)

tighten

weaken

verb

66 -ence

difference

existence

noun

67 -ency

tendency

dependency

noun

68 -ent (a)

different

excellent

adjective

69 -ent (n)

president

respondent

person/thing

noun

70 -er

manager

leader

person/thing

noun

71 -ery

cookery

robbery

72 -ese

Japanese

Vietnamese

73 -esque

picturesque

statuesque

74 -ess

actress

princess

adjective

person/relating to

person/thing

person/thing

noun

noun

noun
adjective

noun
person/relating to
adjective
female
2

No Affix

Level Example 1

Example 2

Meaning

Grammatical
Function

75 -et

packet

owlet

small

76 -ette

kitchenette

cigarette

small

77 -fold

twofold

threefold

times

78 -ful (a)

successful

useful

79 -ful (n)

handful

mouthful

amount

80 -hood

childhood

motherhood

a state of

81 -i

Israeli

Iraqi

person/relating to

82 -ian

musician

Egyptian

person/relating to

83 -ible

accessible

convertible

can be

84 -ic

strategic

historic

adjective

85 -ify

classify

simplify

verb

86 -ion

discussion

action

noun

87 -ise

specialise

generalise

verb

88 -ish

childish

selfish

adjective

89 -ism

socialism

nationalism

theory of

noun

90 -ist

specialist

artist

person

noun

91 -ite

Israelite

socialite

person

92 -ition

addition

opposition

noun

93 -ity

majority

reality

noun

94 -ive

active

effective

adjective

95 -ize

specialize

generalize

verb

96 -less

endless

useless

without

97 -let

booklet

droplet

small

98 -ling

weakling

underling

connected with

99 -ly (a)

lively

friendly

adjective

100 -ly (adv)

clearly

finally

adverb

101 -ment

development

management

noun

102 -most

topmost

uppermost

103 -ness

awareness

illness

104 -or

editor

governor

105 -ory

sensory

contradictory

adjective

106 -ous

dangerous

continuous

adjective

107 -ship

leadership

friendship

108 -some

troublesome

fearsome

109 -ster

youngster

gangster

110 -th

warmth

growth

111 -th

fourth

sixth

adjective

adjective

adjective

the furthest
noun
person/thing

noun

a state of
adjective
person
noun
number
3

No Affix

Level Example 1

Example 2

Meaning

Grammatical
Function

112 -ty

safety

uncertainty

noun

113 -ure

pressure

failure

noun

114 -ward

upward

backward

direction

115 -ways

sideways

lengthways

direction

116 -wise

clockwise

stepwise

direction

117 -y (a)

lucky

healthy

adjective

118 -y (n)

difficulty

honesty

noun

Note: Level 1 = easy, Level 2 = middle, Level 3 = hard. The level was determined based on Rasch item
difficulty. The two example words are most frequent, semantically transparent, and regular in
connection (the least change is caused when the affix is attached to its base). The meaning is written
using the most frequent 2,000 word families in the British National Corpus.

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