An

Industrial Tour Report on

Industrial visit
At
All India Radio Jodhpur
Submitted
In partial fulfillment
For the award of the Degree of
Bachelor of Technology
In Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Submitted To:

Submitted By:

R. K. Sharma
(Deputy Director, Engineering)

Parikshit Kuldiya
(11ejiec739)

JODHPUR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

MOGRA N.H. 65, PALI ROAD,
JODHPUR-342001
1

Preface

Practical training is an important constituent of any curriculum and the B.Tech course is
no exception to this general rule. Practical training helps a Student in getting acquainted with the
manner in which knowledge is being practically used outside his institute and this normally
different from what he has learnt from books. Hence, when he switches from the process of
learning to that of implementing his knowledge, he finds an abstract change. This is exactly why
practical training session during the curriculum becomes all the more important. This report
describes in detail my training after third year of engineering session which I have completed at
ALL INDIA RADIO JODHPUR. The training was in the form of practical study. The training
was in the form of practical study. The report gives an introduction of AlR and its different
section this complete chain is divided in different segment for clear understanding.

SCOPE OF TRAINING
The main aim of training is to put over practical knowledge into use. This training puts us
in the actual field and to overcome practical situations faced in real life and to interact with
people keeping our calm and patience in case of difficulties. This practical training will be very
useful for further respects and offer a very useful for calm and patience in case of difficulties
This practical training provides us introductory knowledge about Radio communication.
This training will be very useful for further aspects and offer a very bright scope in field of
communication (especially RADIO broadcasting) and satellite communication.
Therefore the knowledge gained in the training will be very helpful while applying in
various communication fields.

Introduction
ALL India RADIO is a premier institute in the field of broadcasting and communication. It is a
branch of PRASAR BHARTI CORPORATION OF India which broadcasts educative,
informative and entertaining programs throughout the country by its wide network of AIR and
DOORDARSHAN" the country's first broadcasting station was established on July 23, !927,
Mumbai. AIR had a network of six stations and a complement of 1B transmitters covering to
area of country. Today AIR has a network of 208 broadcasting centers with 150 MW transmitter,
L28 FM transmitters and 4BHF (SW) transmitters
AIR JODHPUR is a major center in field of rural, cultural, informative programs, at poata c road
is broadcasting two channels:
1. Primary channel
2. FM carrying Vividh Bharti Commercial broadcast service.
It is having two separate transmitters for both channels. AIR JODHPUR was established on
August 15, l-965. The first transmitters were 1KW medium wave transmitter which aired only
Vividh Bharti. The studio set up was inaugurated by SHRI H.K.L.Bhagat. The FM transmitter
was inaugurated by SHRI Pramod Mahajan on B July 1999. The new medium wave (3O0KW)
Transmitter was commissioned on April, 2002.
Since then this institution is working efficiency to play the role of a national broadcaster utilizing
all its available resources. It is being supported by a sufficient number of programs and it also
has an efficient technical staff to maintain the whole setup and production work.

COMPANY PROFILE
AIR one of the largest radio networks in the world. The head quarter is at the
AKASHWANI BHAWAN, NEWDELHI. Akashwani bhawan house the drama section and the
national service.
The broadcasting in India with the formation of private service in Chennai in 1924.
in year of 1936 government of India controls the radio broadcasting in India on 1957 AIR was
renamed as Akashwani. There are five regional headquarters for AlR. In north zone New Delhi,
the east zone in Guwahati, the west zone in Mumbai and the south zone in Chennai. The
commercial radio service in India was started in the year 1967 by vividh bharti with its
headquarters at Mumbai.

Radio Broadcasting
AIR broadcasting international, regional and local channels in all genres (music, current
affairs, and news, general entertainment etc.), AIR has network of 229 broadcasting center with
148 MW frequency 54 high frequency (SW) and 168 FM transmitters.
A national service planned, developed and operated by the prasar bharti broadcasting
started in India in 1927 with the proliferation of private radio clubs. The operation of air begins
formally in l956 as a government organization with clear objective to inform educates and
Entertains the masses the first radio programmed in India was broad cast by radio club of
Mumbai in June 1923.

Radio frequency spectrum

In radio communication system, carriers of wide range of frequency are used for different
types of services, ln fact, sometime, communications system also categorized in terms of
frequency of carrier. Radio frequency spectrum may be defined as a portion of electromagnetic
spectrum which is used for electronic communication.

Radio frequency spectrum

S.NO.
1

Frequency range
30-300Hz

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

300-3000 Hz
3-30 kHz
30-300kHz
300-3000kHz
3-30 MHz
30-300 MHz
300-3000 MHz
3-30 GHz
30-300 GHz

Destination
Extremely low
frequency
Voice freq.
Very low freq.
Low freq.
Medium freq.
High freq.
Very high freq.
Ultra high freq.
Super high freq.
Extra high freq.
4

Abbreviation
Elf
Vf
Vlf
Lf
Mf
Hf
Vhf
Uhf
Shf
Ehf

During last few years, an increasingly bigger portion of the electromagnetic spectrum has been
used for transmitting from one place to other place. This due to fact that, in electronic
communication system, message signal into high frequency carrier signal. According to
information theory, the amount of information which can be transmitted is directly related to the
frequency range of carrier signal.

Communication
Communication is the process of establishing connection or link between two points for
information exchange. In communication system to communicate with audio frequency wave
Audio frequencies are modulate with higher frequencies wave. These wave travel long distance
with help of transmitter.

Satellite Communication

Earth station create info signal (such as drama, music, etc.) and its retransmitted by parabolic
antenna to satellite studio receive the signal by parabolic antenna.
5

Some specification of satellite communicationGain of satellite uplink channel

67db

Gain of satellite downlink channel

70db

Gain of uplink antenna

47db

Receiving antenna gain

41db

Uplink of loss

-200db

Download link path loss

-193db

Up link frequency

6 to 7 GHz

Down link frequency

2 to 4, 5 GHz

Distance of satellite from earth station

36000km

Transponder gain

100db

For transmit and receive signal from parabolic antenna, two angle two be set called
elevation and azimuthal angle.

ELEVATTO N (ZEINTH)
Elevation refers to the angle between the dish pointing direction, directly towards the satellite,
and the local horizontal plane. It is the up-clown angle.

AZIMUTH
Azimuth refers to the rotation of the whole antenna around a vertical axis, it is the side to size
angle. Typically you loosen the main mount bracket. And swing the whole dish all the way
around in a 360 degree circle.

We can calculate azimuth angle and elevation angle by these parameters

Az = 180` + [tan-1(cos D / tan )
EI = [tan-1 (cos .cos D -r/R)/(I cos .cos D)
Where:R = synchronized orbit radius
r = earth radius
D = a-b
Studio receive signal by satellite and signal is regenerated in studio and then it's send it to
transmitter by a microwave link.

STUDIO
There are following studio in AIR JODHPUR: --_
1. DRAMA STUDIO: Recording of Drama, discussion, chat, phone in Program.
2 TALK STUDIO: For live program like talk and rural programs.
3. MUSIC STUDIO: Recording of musical programs and concerts.
4. CBS: Purely dedicated to commercial broadcasting service of Vividh Bharti
5. PLAYBACK STUDIO: For announcing and playback of songs and records.
6. DUBBTNG STUDIO: dubbing and editing of tapes.

The multifunction stereo audio console of up to 12 input modules, two output modules, one
monitor and a power supply module. The input module can be configured from mono mic/line
inputs with or without equalizer and stereo line inputs with or without remote selection.
1.

POWER SUPPLY

The power supply has output of +48V, +24V, +-l-8V, and (excite). The DC voltage
through the motherboard to power supply (excite). The various module of the console the 4BV is
used for exciting.

2. TALK BACK MODULE (two way communication)

A. The oscillators generated sine wave signals at 100H2, lKHz,l-0KHz at 0db, -70db levels.
The frequency is selectable.
B. The announcer can invited a talk with any one of the eight stations AUX1. AUX 2 or
studio by pressing the talk switch of the corresponding Section.
C. The return signals from eight stations is mixed and level controlled before sending to due
monitor module for listening.
3. MONITOR MODULE
This module of console contains the H/W for selection and monitoring of different
signals on the console.
Signals can be modulated in two modes.
a) Mono mode
b) Stereo mode
The stereo PFL signals from different modules are mixed in this module. he left and right signals
are summed to obtain a mono signals for a console monitoring amplifiers.
4. INPUT MODULE
Mono mic/line:Line level signals from mono source and mic level signals from announcer/ studio Mics are feed
to the mic/line modules.
Stereo High level: - (two types)
One with other remote source selector and the other without ..; source selection. These both are
identical but different is the logical circuits used in the remote source selector.
5.

REMOTE SOURCE SELECTOR

This standalone unit is capable of routing any one of eight mono sources to the output
depending on the selection logic sent from the source selector input module of the console.
6. CONSOLE METER PANEL
There are indications for READY, ON AlR, SI-UDIO LIVE, and OSC ON<PHASE L RROR
and POWER Supply.
7. OUTPUT MODULE
Signals on Master l and Master 2 buses routed from the input modules as left and right channels
are mixed in the modules.
TECHNICAL SPECI FICATION OF CO NSOLE
10

1. INPUT IMPEDENCE
Microphone: > 2K ohm
Line :> 10K ohm
2. INPUT LEVELS
Microphone: -7O/-6A/-50/-40/-30d8
(Selectable)
Line: 20d B
3. INPUT HEAD ROON1
Microphone: 20 ciB
Line: 20d B
4. OUTPUT LEVELS
Output impedance : < 50O
Frequency response: 40Hz +0.5dB
5. Cross TALK
Master: better then 75dB
Stereo: better then 60dB
6.

Noise
Signal to noise ratio: better then -80dB

PHONE IN PROGRAIU CONSOLE

THIS CONSOLE IS GEENRALLY USED FOR THE PRODUCTION OF LISTENER
INTERACTTVE RADTO/TV PROG RAM.
This is used to interface telephone line with the broadcast mixing console which is turn
interfaces with the experts sitting in the studio.
This unit has provision for receiving 3 telephone line at a time. This system gives a new
dimension and proves to be valuable medium to disseminate listener's information oriented live
interactive program.

11

SYSTEM FECILITIES
A.
B.
C.
D.

Interface with telephone line

Interface with telephone equipment
Optional facility for headset if required
Optional facility for direct broadcast on air using headset/handset lf required.

FEATURES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Conversion with the remote participant in the live program.

Feed responses from the expert in the studio to the listeners through telephone line.
Facilitate live broadcast of both the listen enquiry and expert's responses.
Provide music on hold
Provide signaling facilities for indicating incoming calls.

12

STUDIO TRANSMITTER LINK

Studio transmitter link equipment in 1.5 GHz frequency band can be used for
transmission of signal music channel (STL-O1). STL link consist of two terminal i.e. one
receiver and one transmit the music program from AIR.
Receiver terminal consist of only receiver modules required to receive the studio program
and then this music is given to AIR transmitter. Both transmitter and receiver terminals are with
standby modules the switch over operation to standing module is automatic without any time
Delay.
CHARACTERISTICS
The studio transmitter link equipment satisfy highly specific requirement such as....
1. High operation reliability.
2. High quality transmission.
3. Use of synthesizer for selection of oscillator frequency. Integrated operation and faults
diagnosis.
4. Transmitter and receiver local monitoring facilities. Simple Direct and easy access to
channel signal easy replacement of subunits on site.
5. No periodically maintenance necessary.
PROGRAMME INPUT RACK
It has following component 15 in different rack
1. Cathode ray oscilloscope to see the audio signal which is received From the studio and is
now modulated by transmitter. (model of Tektronix tds 3032 300 mhz).
2. Monitoring amplifier to amplify the signal received.
3. Hooter to alert before starting the transmission.
4. Modulations monitor to monitor the modulated signal. There is a Small receiver located
at hpt soorsagar which receives the Modulated signal which is to be transmitted and fed
to the program Input rack's modulation monitor.
5. Patch panel to terminate circuits and facilities provided for Interconnecting between
circuits by means of jacks and plugs. It Consists of receptacles into which jumpers can be
inserted.
6. Limiters to limit the modulated signal.
7. Dual output regulated power supply.
8. Equalizer a network usually adjustable, which corrects the Transmission frequency
characteristics of a circuit.

13

Antenna
The stl uses a parabolic dish antenna and line of sight transmission And reception is used
(uhf range).
The entire incident is reflected back at the focus of the parabolic Dish. At its focus a low
noise balloon is there which means balanced to Unbalanced it is a matching tuner with a certain
impedance say 30 ohm Balanced antenna terminal to say 75 ohms coaxial lines or wave guide.
At Air jodhpur circular wave guides are used since losses are less in it. The Directional pattern of
parabolic reflector has 3 very sharp main lobe Surrounded by a number of minor lobes which are
much smaller.
The fm operating in vhf range uses yagi Broadcasting, mounted on high mast and
broadcast the Distances. Lt used space waver propagation. The high power transmitter at
soorsagar lises a Having considerable height (186 m) and an impedance Ground wave
propagation.

TRANSMITTTR
In electronics and Telecommunications a Transmitter or radio transmitter is an electronics
device which, with the aid of antenna, produces radio waves. The transmitter itself generates a
radio frequency alternating current, the antenna radiates. When excited by this alternating
current, the antenna radiates Radio waves. In addition to their use in broadcasting, transmitters
are necessary component parts of many electronics device that communicate by radio. The terms,
transmitter is usually limited to equipment that generates radio waves f or communications
purposes.
A radio transmitter is an electronic circuit which transforms electric power from a battery
or electrical mains into a Radio frequency alternating current.
FM TRANSMITTER
INTRODUCTION
The VHF FM transmitter is design to meet the high performance standards required for mono
stereo sound broadcasting applications over band-II channel frequencies (87.5 to 108 N4Hz).
The transmitters adopts the advance trends in design such as use of solid state VHF power
amplifier, VHF exciter with synthesizer technique permitting fast frequency section in 10kHz
steps, with stereo coder for mono as well as stereo transmission. A simple automatic switch over
operation in passive VHF exciter standby is incorporated GCEL 3 VHF FM has been designed
for use.

14

Features
1. The system is fully solid state design conforming to the state of art technology in the field
of sound broadcasting equipments.
2. The vhf exciter equipped with stereo coder sends a frequency modulated mono or stereo
signal in the frequency range 87.5 MHz to 108 MHz
3. The transmitter frequency is crystal controlled and can be set up in steps of 10 kHz over
the entire frequency range using synthesizer.
4. The switch on the control board is equipped with simple automatic switchover for
operation in passive VHF exciter standby.
5. The solid state VHF power amplifier connected with suitable power couplers. ln case of
testing or failure, it can be suitable patched to dummy antenna, manually.
6. Overall efficiency of total transmitter is high to economize the power requirement.
7. Plug-in RF Power transistor and the use of -strip line circuits provide increase servicing
ease.
COMBINING SYSTEM
The combining system is composed of;
1. Monitoring and metering panel
2. Patch panel (U link panel)
3. 3 dB, 90 degree 2 way hybrid combiner
4. Reject load
5. Dummy load
6. Directional couplers, tuning and detectors
The overall insertion loss of combining system should be within 0.4dB. The VSWR between
transmitter output and combiner input to be within 1.15. Under normal conditions, the RF power
to reject load should be within 75 WATTS. If VSWR between transmitter and combiner input
become worse than 1.5 the transmitter automatically taken care to bring down the RF power.
Phase errors are minimized by providing optimum line length to combine at a center
frequency of 97 MHz's
Rigid lines, elbows, straight couplings etc.

15

Patch panel has the provision for connecting transmitter A and B output in different
configuration.

In normal mode 2x3 KW outputs are combined at 3dB hybrid combiner and combined
output power is connected to the antenna.
Transmitter A connected to antenna, transmitter B connected to dummy load in case of
failure of transmitter B.
2*3 KW output are connected in 3db hybrid combiner and combined output power is
connected to dummy load for testing the transmitter as whole.
Forward power or reflected power in the combined out coaxial line
RF Power into reject load.
16

Composition of system
The VHF FM transmitter system comprises of following sub system:A. VHF FM TRANSMITTER RACK
The 2*3 KV transmitters are made up of the following rack mounts and modules
accommodated in a common rack:1. VHF exciter (main and standby)
2. 4 VHF power amplifiers
3. Harmonic filter modules provided with two harmonic filters each.
4. Power divider and power coupler
5. Switch on control unit
6. FM monitoring demodulator, FKDL
7. Adaptor unit
8. Transformer carriage (transformer, recti-fier, filter')
9. Power distribution panel
10. Blower set
VHF POWER AMPLIFIER
The RF output power of the exciter is distributed in phase to the amplifiers via power
divider. The amplifier unit is composed of a driver (30W), two pre-amplifiers (120W) and eight
parallel connected amplifiers (200W) stages decoupled via coupling networks. The output power
of these amplifiers stages are combined to an overall power of 1,5 kW via coupling networks.
The overall power is routed to the power coupler via a harmonic filter".
RF power transistor used in power amplifiers in the transmitters assembly contain
Beryllium oxide material which is not properly handle can constitute a serious hazard to health.
Two amplifiers of 1.5 kW power each, supply power to the dual power coupler with
harmonic filter. The absorbers with corresponding feed liner and provided on the heat sink.
SWITCH ON CONTROL UNIT
The switch on control unit carries out switch On of the operating voltage as well as
carrier enable according to the selection. Also, switch on control unit companies a simple
automatic switch over permitting operation as selectable passive exciter standby.
Moreover, it can be used for adjusting the transmitter output power!' which can be read
from a built in meter,. The operating state of the system is indicated by LEDs.
THE TRANSFORMER CARRIAGE
The FM monitoring demodulator FKDL, continuously tunable within frequency range 87,5 to
108 MHz is used for monitoring carriers signals modulated with !-!1ono and stereo signals in
accordance with the relevant CCIR recommendation. It is connected to transmitter via

17

directional couplers or voltage dividers and delivers demodulated mono, multiplexed L and R
signals for the usual performance checks on FM transmitter
The FM monitoring demodulator FKDL (transformers, rectifiers, tilters) provides the
smoothened DC voltage for the amplifier. Power relays energize the transformers tapings
whenever the AC power supply deviates from the nominal values.
POWER DISTRIBUTION
For regulating, monitoring and isolation facilities from the line
B. Combining rack
The 5.5 KW combing rack is made up of the following rack mounts and components
accommodated in a common rack.
1. Metering and monitoring panel
2. Patch panel
3. 3 dB 6Kw RF combiner
4. Reject load, 3 KW
5. Elbows, straight coupling

Metering and Monitoring Panel

In metering and monitoring panel, meters are provided for measuring and monitoring forward
and reflected RF output power from 3 dts combiner going to transmitter antenna. Also power
going to dummy local and reject load is monitored.
For metering, combined output power directional coupler GD-412 and RF detector GD-013 are
provided. Directional coupler. Provides 40 db DOWN RF signal. For operating RF detector, +12
v supplies are taken from RF transmitter rack connector X22A. Output of transmitter A (TX-A)
output of transmitter B (Tx-B), input to antenna and dummy load are brought a patch panel.
interconnection can be made manually connecting u links.
Micro switches are provided to ensure that:1. All outputs are terminated.
2. No wrong connections is grade (which may be lead to failure) 3dB RF combiner and reject
load is provided to combiner RF output power of TX-A and Tx-B to get 5.5 KW output power.
C. 3-0 VOLTAGE STABLTZER, 25 KVA
The 3-cf ,4t5v, voltage stabilizer is supplied along with the VHF FM transmitter system. The
unit supplies very stable line AC (415t1%l voltage to transmitter rack and automatic dehydrator.
D. AIJTOMATTCDEHYDRATOR/PRESSURING UNIT
This unit is mainly used for pressuring the RF feeder cable and to dehydrate moisture,
collected inside the feeder cable after some time. Pressurization and dehydration of feeder cable
help to maintain the low VSWR and low RF feeder cable power loss.
18

E. DUMMY LOAD
The dummy local with 10 KW power capacities is supplied along with VHF FM transmitter
system to serve as a dummy antenna at the of installation and maintenance to divert total or
partial power. This load is provided with thermal protection. In case of dummy load, this switch
will cut off the RF loop up the transmitter and the power will be automatic cut off.
POWIR DISTRIBUTION PANEL
Power distribution panel has to be well mounted. ln this panel 3- wires and neutral wire
are connected on 60 amp terminal blocks. Subsequently, these wires get connected through the 30 MCB and again get terminated on another terminal block. Red, blue and yellow colored neon
lamps are provided to indicate the availability of three phases. To monitor the individual phase
voltages and voltages between various phases, voltmeter is provider with selector switches.
For monitoring current drawn from various phases, current transformers inside the
distribution panel in each phase line are provided on front panel. Form line distribution panel,3
phase supply goes to 25 KVA voltages stabilizer, from which stabilized supply return to this
panel and form here three phase and single phase power line connections are distributed. Various
terminal blocks are provided with the two 40 amp circuit breakers and 6 amp circuit breakers
inside the power distributor panel. From this panel, wires are run to voltage stabilizer, automatic
dehydrator/pressuring unit and dummy load blower. For any extra three phase or single phase
connections, extra blocks with circuit breakers are also provided.
SPECIFICATIONS OF SYSTEM
1. Transmission system recommendation As per
2. Class of emission
3. Frequency range band
4. RF output power
5. Input impedance
6. Shift of center frequency

CCIR
F3E (F3)
87.5 MHz to 108 MHz
5.5 KW
600 ohm (balanced)
2 KHz

M ODULATION
1. Stereo channel separation
2. FM noise dB (stereo)
3. Asynchronous Am noise
4. Power factor
5. Operating temperature
6. AC input line voltage
7. Power consumption
8. Cooling

40 dB between l-00 Hz and 15 kHz

60 dB (mono) and 54 dB (stereo)
46 dB down
0.9
-10 to 50C
3- + neutral, 415 v at 47 to 63 Hz,
11.5 KVA
air cooling with built in blowers

19

9. Permissible electric stray field

Strength
10. Permissible magnetic stray field
Strength
11. Dimensions
Transmitting rack
Combing rack.

10 v/m
4 amp/meter
582x2026x1000mm
587x2060x1000mm

KW VHF AMPLIFIER
This amplifier is the basic module in the transmitter. It has a broad band design so that no
tuning is required for operation over the entire FM broadcast band. RF power transistor of its
output stages is of; lug in type which are easy to replace and no adjustment are required after
Replacement. Each power amplifier gives an output of 1.5 kW. Depending on the required
configuration of the transmitter, output of several such amplifiers is combined to get the desired
output of the transmitter, For instance, for a 3 kW setup two power amplifiers are used whereas
for a 2*3 kw setup, 4 of 1.5 kW power such amplifiers are needed. The simplified block diagram
Amplifiers is given in fig...

20

This amplifier requires an output power of 2.3 to 3 W and consists of a driver stage
(output 30 W) followed by a pre amplifier stage (1,20 W). The amplification from 120 W to
L500 W in the final stage is achieved with the help of eight 200 W stages. Each 200 W stage
consist of two output transistors (TP 9383, SD 1460 or FM 150) operating in parallel. These RF
transistors operate in wide band class C mode and are fitted to the PCB by means of large gold
plated spring contacts to obviate the need for soldering. The output of all these stages is
combined via coupling networks to give the final output of 1.5 kW, a monitor in each amplifier
controls the power of the deriver stage deepening on the reference voltage produced by the
switch on control by the switch on control unit. Since the reference voltage is same for all the
VHF amplifiers being used, all of them will have the same output power.
Each amplifier has a meter for indicating the forward and reflected voltages and transistor
currents. Also a fault is signaled if the heat sink temperature of the VSWR exceeds the prescribed
limits. In both cases, the amplifier power is automatically reduced to protect the transistors.

HIGH POWER TRANSMTTTER {300KW)

INTRODUCTION
The purpose of the transmitter is to broadcast an audio frequency signal by amplitude
modulation of a carrier in the medium waver range. Carrier modulation is achieved by digital
processing of audio signal. Use of transmitter is simple and entirely automated. The equipment,
Control systems and transmit parameters are automatically controlled by the system; operation
and maintenance are controlled by through a man machine interface (MMI).
The equipment is designed to ensure optimum service availability and functional
reliability. The modular architecture of the transmitter is design to compensate for failures in
certain modules. Incidents, faults and cutouts on the network are acknowledge and managed.
The transmitter is design to ensure personal safety. The amplifier block is autonomous
and self-protected. A locking system prevents access inside the block when the latter is in
operation.
Features

Fully solid state

Plug in design
Interchangeable Modules,
No returning at module levels.
Less maintenance cost.
Minimum inventory cost,
Easy to operate.
Optimum service availability.
Redundant modular architecture.
21

At RF level transmitter used efficient N-1 active redundancy strategy where automatic
switching in the transmitter combiner connects all operational blocks in parallel and adjusts the
combine impedances of the system to operating value. During fault in one of the transmitter gets
connected to the dummy load for preventive or corrective maintenance and working TX remains
connected to the antenna.

Highest overall efficiency

Overall efficiency is 80% (MW)
Module efficiency is 94%

22

Description of transmitter (TMW 2400Tx)

Company: Thom cast (France)
Model: S7H P
The transmitter comprises of the following sub-assemblies:

One autonomous amplifier block comprising two amplification line (left and right lines) and
is composed of1. 4 amplification racks containing 64 amplifiers modules associated with RF Transformers
grouped in central cabinet of the block, in each amplifier block 8 MOSFET are there and
each of it contributes 2.4 KW.
2. One adoption unit ensuring coupling of the amplification line.
3. One management and control rack ensuring management of the redundant crystal pilots
and modulation of the RF signal.
4. One electro technical rack constraining the power supply, protection circuits and relays.
5. One man machine interface (MMI) dedicated to operation and maintenance.
6. One power supply enclosure comprising the 25V DC (Vint) auxiliary
23

Power for the amplifiers modules.

7. The 330 v power supply rectifier supply by a power transformer. The rectifier supplies
the main 330V DC power supply for the amplifier modules and pre charge 330V DC
power supply for the filtering capacitors, the amplifier block locking and grounding
circuits.
One power transformer associated with amplifier block, converting a high voltage input
power into 330V power supply.
One RF filter associated with the amplifier block, composed mainly of the RF filtering
signal components.
One power input system ensuringDistribution of the HT energy to the power transformer associated with amplifier blocks
Distribution of LV supplies (410V AC)"
One ventilation system comprising one independent ventilation caisson associated with the
amplifier block.
One cooling system.

PRINCIPLES

RF generation principle

The signal to be transmitted is generated by a crystal master oscillator. This signal is

controlled by a digital modulator (encoder) which modulates the amplitude of the carrier signal
according to audio signal.
Each module forms a switch producing a rectangular RF signal with in times the amplitude
of an elementary module. The rectangular RF signal is filtered so that only the fundamental
frequency of the signal passes at transmitter output.

Principle of operation of an amplifier module

Due to limited power capacity of the transistors, the amplifier blocks contains several'
medium power (about 2.4kw) amplification sub-assemblies. Each model forms a switch
producing a rectangular RF signal" Modulation is obtained by digitally processing of the audio
input signal.
MOSFECT act like switches and are connected in a h-bridge to work as full QUAD
configuration to give rectangular RF signal with amplitude equal to the twice the power supply
voltage. The phase of RF drive signals to gates of n.-channels MOSFETs is such that only two
configurations are possible for operation of switches unless MOSFET IS SHORTED.
During positive half cycle of input RF S1, 54 are saturated, and S2, 53 are driven to cut
off. This switching action of half QUAD at a time delivers rectangular RF to toroidal transformer
as shown in fig. The output of no. of active module is coupled to get required FR output.
24

DISTRIBUTION OF RF SIGNAL AND COMMAND TO AMPLIFIRE MODULES

The amplifier block has 255 RF amplifier modules. The modules are physically
distributed among four 64 modules rack (two racks on the left coupling line and two on the right
coupling line).
From the management point of view 255 modules are organized into 4 assemblies
comprising 64 modules each. An amplifier assembly comprises two sets of 32 modules, one on
right line and one on left line.
Each of the amplifier assemblies has two remote distribution ckts. Each remote
distribution ckt distribution the RF signals from the exciter to a 32 module group (including one
dedicated module). The module control information generated by the encoder is carried through
remote distribution ckts.

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Modulation processing principle

The amplitude modulation principle applied here consists in, varying the no. of amplifier
modules active with amplitude and thus the rate of modulation on the signal to be transmitted.
This result in stepped variation of the amplitude of the signal transmitted. The encoder
determines, at each moment of RF half period (sampling period) the no. of modules to be
activated.
To reproduce the audio signal wave shape, a sufficiently high no" of elementary steps
(amplified- modules) is required. However for various technical reasons it is better to limit the
no. of modules coupled in series.

Principle of Fine Modulation

The purpose of fine modulator system is lo supplement the main modulation system by
correcting the error amplitude of the Modulation RF signal envelope generated by the main
modulation system. The fine modulation system instantly corrects this amplitude for each half
cycle of RF signal.

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Coupling principle
The various amplification sub-assemblies of the transmitter are connected is series or in
parallel. The amplification sub-assemblies N-2 (amplifier modules) are associated in series while
the sub-assemblies N-1 (amplifier modules line) are associated parallel in series coupling
arrangement, RF transformers associated to the amplifiers modules are used to.
A. Transfer to the coupling line, the energy generated to the modules.
B. Match the impedance on the line with that required for correct operation of the amplifiers
modules. Parallel coupling of the lines requires impedance matching by means of an LC
Circuit.
The resultant signal of n modules is a rectangular wave with amplitude of an elementary
module.
Vo = nxv
Where is the output voltage of an elementary module.

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Power Supply principal

The energy required for operation of the transmitter is supplied by the power input
assembly comprising:

A Three phase HV power supply (HTA): This circuit supplies the transformer associated
with amplifier block, enabling the amplifier to generate its own 330V DC power supply by
rectification of 260V AC coming from the secondary coil of the transformer in the power
supply enclosure. A 330V Dc main power supply is generated using a power transformer. Its
voltage is rectified by a water cooled. Semiconductor diodes. Then smoothened by a board
of RF amplifier modules. To avoid surges on the closure of circuit due to changes in the
smoothing capacitors. The capacitors are pre charged prior to start up by a low power 330V
DC auxiliary power supply. The power transformer is a three phase dry encapsulated
transformer. The. Low voltage output windings are combined into two secondary circuits,
each with a delta connection. Each circuits drives a bridge rectifier located in the power
supply enclosure.
A three phase 400 V AC low voltage power Supply: This supply is used for all the
transmitter sub-assemblies requiring an electrical power supply source.

Cooling System
Two types of cooling is arranged in HPT:
1. AIR COOLING: for PA component, toridal TX, LT power supply.
2. WATER COLLING: for MOSFET, H I rectifiers, vint rectifiers (driver circuit).

AIR CONDITIONING
ITNTRODUCTION
The primary function of an air conditioning system is to maintain conductive condition for
human comfort. Comfort air condition system is defined as the process by which simultaneously
the temperature, moisture contents, movement and quality of all in enclosed space, intended for
Human occupancy many by within required limits.
In order to satisfy the requirements a complete air-conditioning system is to perform the
following functions:A. Cooling and dehumidification for summer conditioning.
B. Heating and dehumidification for winter conditioning.
C. Air filtration and proper ventilation the year round.
REFRIGERANT CYCLE

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Mechanical refrigeration is achieved by alternately compressing and expanding the

refrigerant with the help of a compressor and pressure reducing device (such as expansion
valve).
Compressor serves two purposes; first it draws the refrigerant from evaporator (cooling
coil) and forces it into the condenser and secondly it increases the pressure of the refrigerant.
By sucking the refrigerant, the compressor reduces the pressure in the cooling coil and maintains
it at a level it at a level low enough to permit the refrigerant to boil the vaporize and
consequently absorb the heat in the process, (refrigerant boils at a relatively low temperature
when pressure is reduces).
By discharging refrigerant vapor into the condenser the pressure and temperatures. The
hot vapor flows to the condenser, where it condensed into liquid at high pressure. Giving up heat
to atmospheric air or water depending on whether the condenser [s air cooled or water cooled.

System components
Compressor:
This equipment used for compression of the refrigerant from the heart of the refrigerant unit.
Condenser:
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It is heat exchanger and it is in the condenser that the refrigerant must give up heat absorbed in
the evaporator plus the heat added by compressor.
Cooling tower and spray ponds: cooling towers may be classified as atmospheric
draft/draught of natural and as mechanical draft draught.

Evaporator (cooling coil):

This is a component that is common to both the air cycle and refrigeration. It cycle it is the
cooling coil where heat from circulating air is absorbed by the refrigerant.
Expansion Valve:
The expansion value reduces the pressure of the refrigerant liquid and in doing so, cools the
liquid.
1. Distribution strategy

The module pairs to be activated are distributed in an equal number (to within one) on the
four amplifier assemblies of a block. By retaining the active modules (controlled by encoder).
The work load in distributed over 31 pairs (3'2 less the dedicated module pair) of amplifier
modules in an amplifier assembly, to equalize the average load of all modules, The list of valid
module pairs sent by module fault management function is used to automatically disregard any
faulty modules. The identification of modules to be activated is sent to remote distribution ckts
which control the amplifier modules. When the status of a module needs to [e changed, the
encoder. generates the status and no. of modules (encoded in binary) to the daughter board of
remote distribution circuits. This board decodes the information and control the change of state
of the module.
2. Fine modulation strategy
The overall modulation management function is performed by encoder board. It manages
both of the main and dedicated modules. This output amplitude of modulated RF signal is
obtained by vector summing of the main and of dedicated module output signals. For each 2
MHz the encoder determines the no. of main and dedicated modules to be activated. The no. of
dedicated modules to be activated is calculated from the no. of main and dedicated modules
activated at time in relation to value to be reached at time t+1.
The time interval between two calculations is too closed to 0.5 sec. and no. of dedicated
modules to be activated can range from 1. To 7 these dedicated are placed at position no. 32,
64,96, 1-28 and224. These seven are not having any rotation these are always ON.
3. Man machine interface
A. MMI of amplifier block is used to:

Monitor overall protection of the block

Modify certain block adjustment
Control, in test mode only, tests within the block or relates to its cooling system

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B. Transmitter local MMI (Optional):

The transmitter is designed to be operated locally and also supports a remote control
capability.
The optional MMI is used to:

Control transmitter operation

Switch the amplifier block to local control operations using the block MMI
Report on all the transmitter multi functions.
Display the information and operating indications.

RF filter architecture

A low pass filter made of 1.2 inductive resisters and two capacitor assays, C2 and C3.
Discharger placed at each capacitor assay.
A feed earthing.
Photocells located opposite the discharges to inform the control and management
(GESMOD) of electric is formed in cession.

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CONCLUSIONS
The training at RADIO broadcasting station indeed adds knowledge of wide concept of wireless
communication especially for broadcasting purpose. The study of operation and maintenance of
studio consoles and the medium wave high power transmitter as well as FM low power
transmitter help in relating theoretical concept of communication with the practical.
Also, the measuring instrument used there give better understanding of the monitoring and
control of audio signal as well as modulated signal" It was very satisfactory period of training
where I gained very useful overall training. It also provided me an opportunity to develop myself
as an engineer with Competitive edge.

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REFERENCES
[1] http://prasarbharati.gov.in
[2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast_radiator
[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(radio)
[4] www.allindiaradio.org
[5] http://india.gov.in/knowindia/radio.php
[6] Electronics Measurements and Instruments A.K. Sawhney
[7] Electronic Communication systems in advance by Wayne Tomasi
[8] Taubs Principles of communication by Herbert Taub, Donald L Schilling
[9] www.howstuffworks.com

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