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1 Re · O
—— = 2 · lg (————)
O 2.51
The internal surface roughness of the pipe is within the boundary layer and has no
influence.
x for the extreme case of a hydraulically rough pipe, where O is only dependent on
the internal roughness and diameter of the pipe and can be determined from:
1 k
—— = 1.14 y 2.0 · lg ——
O D
where k = internal surface roughness of the pipe
The surface roughness of the pipe penetrates the boundary layer to some extent
and affects the main flow.
For the usual pipe materials, diameters and flow velocities, there is a relationship
between hydraulically smooth and hydraulically rough. For this transition range, the
coefficient of friction O has the following equation according to PRANDTL-
COLEBROOK:
178
In this range, the Reynolds number Re and the condition of the pipe expressed as
absolute roughness k or relative roughness k/D, will affect the magnitude of the
coefficient of friction O.
For pipes with non-circular cross section, the diameter of an equivalent circular pipe
which would have the same head losses for the same flow velocity, roughness and
length can be calculated from:
4A
Dequivalent = ——— in mm
U
where A = cross sectional area in mm²
U = wetted circumference in mm
This equivalent formula is also valid for open channels, on the assumption that the
free surface of the liquid does not affect the resistance, (which is not entirely correct).
This diameter can also be used for calculating the Reynolds number Re.
D·U 354 · Q
Re = ——— · 10³ or Re = ————— · 10³
Q D · Q
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180
Table 6.01 Roughness values k for various materials and conditions of pipe
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184
400 m
HJ = 4.1 m · ———— = 16.4 m
100 m
1.236
a) Q = Qx · ——— in m³/h with Q in m³/h and Q in mm²/s
Q
b) from table 6.03, HJ is evaluated as described in section 6.1.2 for the flowrate Q
and the given nominal bore of pipe.
c) HJ x is then obtained from:
Q²
HJx = HJ · —— in m per 100 m pipe
1.236
with HJ in m per 100 m pipe and Q in mm²/s
Example:
Given: Liquid with Q = 20 mm²/s, Q = 150 m³/h
New cast pipe, bitumen coated (k = 0.1 mm), DN 100, l = 50 m
354 · 150
Re = ————— · 10³ = 2.65 · 104 = turbulent flow
100 · 20
185
The flow velocity is obtained from table 6.03 for Q = 150 m³/h and DN100
as U = 5 m/s.
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Pump intake
conical ] = 0.20
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Confluence
Qa = 0 Qa = 0.5 Q Qa =0.8 Q Qa = Q
D=90° ]d 0.04 0.35 0.5 -
]a - 0.3 0.7 0.9
D=45° ]d 0.04 0.2 0.1 -
]a - 0.15 0.35 0.4
Divergence
Qa = 0 Qa = 0.5 Q Qa =0.8 Q Qa = Q
D=90° ]d 0.04 0.01 0.2 -
]a - 0.9 1.1 1.3
D=45° ]d 0.04 0.02 0.2 -
]a - 0.4 0.35 0.5
191