EME-701

Computer Aided Design

Unit II

Reflection
By using this routine, it is possible to obtain the mirror of an object.
Reflection is always carried out about an axis called axis of reflection.
If the axis of reflection is x-axis then x-coordinate of the point remains
unchanged while y-coordinate changes sign.
Similarly, when the axis of reflection is y-axis, the y-coordinate of the
reflection remains the same while the x-coordinate changes its sign.
Reflection about X-axis : Reflection of point P about x-axis is P
The reflection matrix is given by [Rx] =

Hence if after reflection, coordinates are (X, Y) then, *X Y 1+ = *X Y 1+ x *Rx+

Reflection about Y-axis : Reflection of point P about x-axis is P

The reflection matrix is given by [Ry] =

Hence if after reflection, coordinates are (X, Y) then, *X Y 1+ = *X Y 1+ x *Ry]

Reflection about line passing through origin : The equation of a line

passing through origin is y = mx, where m is the slope (m = tan )
The following steps should be taken.
1. Rotate the line that is axis of reflection y=mx,
in clockwise direction by angle = tan-1 m
to align it with x-axis. Rotation matrix is given by [A1]

2. Reflection about x-axis is obtained. Let [A2] represents the reflection matrix,
then

3. Now the line is rotated by angle in counter clockwise direction

so that original position is restored.

The resultant reflection matrix [R] is obtained by concatenating [A1], [A2], [A3] as
[R] = [A1] x [A2] x [A3]

Reflection about a line y = mx + c (line not passing through the origin)

The following steps are involved.

1. Translate the line so that it passes through origin
2. Rotate so as to align it with one of the axis
3. Reflection about this axis is obtained
4. The line is rotated back to its original inclination
5. The line is translated back to its original position
Definition of a Line

Step 1

Step 3

Step 2

Step 4

Step 5

Example : Find the reflection matrix when the axis of reflection is line
Y = 2X.

Example : Find the reflection matrix when axis of reflection is Y = 3X + 2.

Shear
When a tangential force is applied to an object, it distorts the shape of
the object.
The transformed shape appears as if the object is composed of internal
layers that have been caused to slide over each other
This is called shearing of object and the transformation is called shearing
transformation
This is called shearing of object and the transformation is called shearing
transformation

There are two type of shear

1. in x-direction
2. in y-direction
In x-direction shear, the x-coordinate will change while y-coordinate will remain
same. If Shx is the shearing factor in x-direction then the basic equations are
X1 = X + Shx . Y
Y1 = Y

Thus, transformation matrix for x-direction shear is

Similarly, transformation matrix for y-direction shear is

When shearing is applied both in x-direction and y-direction, it is referred as

simultaneous shearing and as represented by the following homogeneous
matrix.

Example : A square PQRS having coordinates P (0,0), Q (2,0), R (2,2),

S (0,2) is subjected to shearing. The shearing factors are 2 and 4 in x
and y direction respectively. Determine the new coordinates after
shearing.

Example : A square PQRS having coordinates P (0,0), Q (2,0), R (2,2),

S (0,2) is subjected to shearing. The shearing factors are 2 and 4 in x
and y direction respectively. Determine the new coordinates after
shearing.

Example : Show that simultaneous shearing in both x and y directions

is not equal to the composite shear along x-axis followed by shear
along y-axis.