KNL 3183 Microelectronics

Assignment 1-Solution
1.1. The straight line in Figure 1 (b) is described by N 1610 100.1548(Year1970). Based on a straight
line projection of this Figure, what will be the number of transistors in a microprocessor in the
year 2020?

(a)

(b)
Figure 1

Solution:

N 1610 100.1548( 20201970) 8.84 1010 transistors.

= 88.4 billion transistors -> Ultra-Large-Scale Integration (ULSI) (>109) components/chip
2. An analog signal in the range 0 to 10V is to be converted to an 8-bit digital signal.
(i) What is the resolution of the conversion in volts?
(ii) What is the digital representation of an input of 6V?
(iii) What is the digital representation of an input of 6.2V?
(iv) What is the error made in the quantization of 6.2V in absolute terms and as a percentage of
the input?
(v) What is the largest possible quantization error as a percentage of full scale output voltage?
Solution:
The digital signal ranges from 0000 0000 to 1111 1111 corresponding t0 1 to 10V analog signal.
(i)

The resolution is:

10
0.0392 V.
2 1
8

Dr Lakshmanan, Dept of Electrical and Electronic Engg., Faculty of Engineering, UNIMAS, Sept 2015.

(ii) For an input signal, Vin of 6V, the corresponding digital signal is:

Vin
6

153 = 10011001
N
V 2 1 10 28 1

ref

6.2
(iii) For an input of 6.2V, the digital signal is:
158.16
8
10 2 1
Which is quantized to 158 = 10011110.
(iv) The quantization error is:

v Vin (Vquantized resolution ) 6.2 158 0.0392 0.0064 V

That is, the digital representation is less than the analog signal by 0.0064V, a quantization

0.0064
100% 0.1% .
6.2
0.0064
(v) As percentage of full scale voltage
100% 0.064%
10
error of -0.0064V =

3. (a) Use voltage and current division to find V1, V2, I2 and I3 in the circuit of Figure 2 if V = 10V,
R1 = 4.7k , R2 = 2.2k and R3 = 18k .
(b) Find the worse-case values of V1, I2 and I3 for the circuit if the resistor tolerances are 10%
and the voltage source tolerance is 5%.

V1
R1

I2

I3

R2 V
2

R3

Figure 2
Solution:
(a)

4.7
7.06 V
4.7 2.2 || 18
1.96
V2 10
2.94 V
4.7 2.2 || 18
18
10

18
I 2 I1

1.34m A
2.2 18 4.7 1.96 2.2 18
18
10

2.2
I 3 I1

0.164m A
2.2 18 4.7 1.96 2.2 18
V1 10

(b) Let R x R2 || R3 then V1 V

V
R1

R1 Rx 1 R x / R1

Dr Lakshmanan, Dept of Electrical and Electronic Engg., Faculty of Engineering, UNIMAS, Sept 2015.

2.2(0.9)(18)(0.9)
2.2(1.1)(18)(1.1)
1.78k Rmax
2.18k
2.2(0.9) 18(0.9)
2.2(1.1) 18(1.1)
10(1.02)
Vmax

7.59 V
min
max
1 1.78 / 4.7(1.1)
1 Rx / R1

Rmin

V1

max

V1

min

I1

I 2max

R1

min

Vmin
1 Rx

max

/ R1min

10(0.98)
1 2.18 / 4.7(0.9)

6.47 V

V
R3
V
and I 2 I1

R1 Rx
R 2 R3 R1 R2 R1R2 / R3

R2

min

V max
10(1.02)

min
min
max
4.7k (0.9) 2.2k (0.9) 4.7k (0.9)2.2k (0.9) / 1.8k (1.1)
R1 R2
/ R3

= 1.54mA

min
2

R1

max

R2

max

V min
10(0.98)

max
max
min
4.7k (1.1) 2.2k (1.1) 4.7k (1.1)2.2k (1.1) / 1.8k (.98)
R1 R2
/ R3

= 1.17mA
Similarly, I 3 I1

I 3max

R1

min

R3

R2
V

R 2 R3 R1 R3 R1 R3 / R2

min

V max
10(1.02)

min
min
max
4.7k (0.9) 1.8k (0.9) 4.7k (0.9)1.8k (0.9) / 2.2k (1.1)
R1 R3
/ R2

= 0.209mA

I 3min

R1

max

R3

max

V min
10(0.98)

max
max
min
4.7k (1.1) 1.8k (1.1) 4.7k (1.1)1.8k (1.1) / 2.2k (0.98)
R1 R3
/ R2

= 0.128mA
4. An op amp that has a slew rate of 1V/ s and a unity-gain bandwidth f t 1MHzis connected in
the unity-gain follower configuration. Find the largest possible input voltage step for which the
w t
output waveform will still be given the exponential ramp of v0 (t ) V (1 e t ) .
For this input voltage:
(i) What is the 10% to 90% rise time of the output waveform?
(ii) If an input step 10 times as large is applied, find the 10% to 90% rise time of the output
waveform.

Dr Lakshmanan, Dept of Electrical and Electronic Engg., Faculty of Engineering, UNIMAS, Sept 2015.

Solution:
vo

Slope

tV SR
0

Figure 3

106
0.16 V
2 106
6
(ii) The rise time tr 2.2 2.2 / t 2.2 / 2 10 0.35s
(i)

Vt SR , V SR / 2f t

6
(iii) If the input step is 10 times 0.16 10 =1.6V, tr 0.8 1.6 / 10 1.28s

Dr Lakshmanan, Dept of Electrical and Electronic Engg., Faculty of Engineering, UNIMAS, Sept 2015.