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Engineering discipline
F
Maxwell's equations:
Gauss's Law for Electricity
Gauss's Law for Magnetism
Faraday's Law
Ampere-Maxwell's Law
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Faraday's law
If the magnetic flux through a surface changes, an electric
field is induced along the boundary of the surface. If a
conducting material is present along that boundary, the
induced electric field provides an emf that drives a
current through the material
Faraday's law
Faraday's law
The induced electric fields produced by changing magnetic
flux are very different from the electric fields produced by
electric charge.
The field lines of induced electric fields form closed loops,
so this fields are capable of keep driving charged
particles around continuous circuits
Charge moving through a circuit is the very definition of
electric current, so the induced electric field may act as a
generator of electric current
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Faraday's law
The circulation of the induced electric field around a path is
the work that the electric field does when moving a test
charge around the path.
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Faraday's law
It is important to understand that changing magnetic flux
induces an electric field whether or not a conducting
path exists in which a current may flow.
If you find the idea disturbing think of an unconnected
battery. The battery emf is there whether we attach the
battery to something or not. The emf is produced by the
chemical work that happens inside the battery.
VB
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Faraday's law
The emf produced by a changing magnetic flux is due to
the work spent to make the magnetic flux change (e.g.
moving a magnet to change B, or moving a loop within
a magnet to change dA).
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Ampere-Maxwell's law
A magnetic field is produced along a a path if any current is
enclosed by the path or if the electric flux through any
surface bounded by the path changes over time
It is important to understand that the path may be real or
purely imaginary the magnetic field is produced
whether the path exists or not
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Ampere-Maxwell's law
The magnetic fields induced by changing electric flux are
extremely weak
A changing electric field produces a magnetic field even
when no charges are present and no physical current
(i.e. no physical movement of charges) flows.
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Electromagnetic waves
Since changing magnetic
fields induce electric fields,
and changing electric fields
induce magnetic fields
electromagnetic waves
can propagate even
through a perfect vacuum
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From Physics to EE
VB
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20
!#
speed of light
f max
highest frequency of operation
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c
f max
"d
1
f max
d
c
To assume that in a lumped system there is no e.m. wave
propagation means that:
propagation delay through the circuit:
td #
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From an EE perspective
we'd like to treat any
lumped element in the
system as a black-box
accessible through its
terminals.
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%d & B
dt
!!d !l
E
!!d !l
E
%d & B
(
(
' E)d l # dt *
C
%d & B
(
(
(
(
+ E)d l ,+ E)d l # dt
x
y
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%d &B
(
(
(
(
+ E)d l ,+ E)d l # dt
x
y
y
=0
( (l #%+ (
E)d (l
+ E)d
V yx
%V xy
d &B
#0
dt
Ix
x
Sx
Iy
d(
S
d(
S
Sy
(J
total amount of charge
enclosed by S
dqenc
*
dt
dq enc
(
(
(
(
+ J)d S,+ J )d S #% dt
S
S
x
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!J
d !S
d !S
!J
=0
dq enc
(
(
(
(
J
)d
S
,
J
)d
S#%
+
+
dt
S
S
x
%+ (J)d (
S #+ (J)d (S
Sx
%I x
Sy
Iy
dqenc
#0
dt
IB
+
VB
Vxy
-
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a?
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dI # (
J )d (A
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(J
!
E
L
+
Vxy
Resistivity
It depends on the geometry
! E()d (l
V xy L
EL
EL
L
1 L
#
#
#
#
#.
I
! (J)d (l J A - E A - A A
A
/R
Resistance
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Lumped abstraction
for the light bulb
The only property of interest for the bulb is its resistance
VB
VB
y
I#
V
with V #V B
R
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