OBSERVATIONS:

Sl.No Event
1

IVO

IVC

EVO

EVC

Position with
Respect to
TDC/BDC

Circumferential
Distance (dc)
cm

Subtended Angle
in deg

Ex. No.1
VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM OF A FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
Aim:
To determine the opening and closing of the inlet and exhaust valves in a four stroke
diesel engine and draw the valve timing diagram.
Apparatus / Equipments / Instruments Required:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Four stroke diesel engine test Rig

Chalk
Measuring tape
String

Description:
The Four stroke engine has two valves namely inlet valve and exhaust valve. The cycle of
operation is completed in two revolutions of the crank shaft.
During suction stroke, only air is charged into the cylinder. Theoritically this stroke is
executed for 180 of crank shaft rotation. In actual practice the suction stroke starts before TDC
and continues few degrees of crank rotation after BDC.
During compression stroke, the air is compressed. Theoritically this stroke should be
executed for 1800 of crank shaft rotation. Before few degrees from TDC the fuel injection beings
and ceases at few degrees after TDC with simultaneous auto ignition.
During power stroke, very high pressure developed by the combustion of fuel pushes the
piston at fast rate, both suction and exhaust valves remain closed.
During exhaust stroke, the exhaust valves remain closed, gases are left out of the engine
cylinder. The actual exhaust stroke starts before the BDC and continues a few degrees after TDC.
Procedure:

The inlet and exhaust valves are identified.

The direction of rotation of the fly wheel has to be ascertained by observing the
correct sequence of opening and closing of valves.
The fixed reference point is selected near the fly wheel periphery.
The circumference of flywheel is measured using a string and tape.
The piston is moved to the top position by rotating the flywheel in the correct
direction (clockwise) and a marking is made on the fly wheel against a reference
point. This is the top dead center (TDC).
2

Another mark is made on the flywheel at 1800 from the TDC and this is the
bottom dead center (BDC)
The fly wheel is rotated slowly in the same direction and the opening and closing
of the inlet valve are marked on the fly wheel as IVO and IVC.
The timing at spark occurrence is also measured by looking into the opening of
Cylinder block.
Similarly the opening and closing of the exhaust valve are also marked on the
flywheel as EVO and EVC.
Circumferential distances between the various markings are measured with
respect to the nearest dead center and the lengths are converted into suitable angle
() and tabulated.
The valve timing diagram is drawn.
The duration in degrees for which both the valves remain open is noted as the
angle of valves overlap.

Result:
Angle of valve
IVO
IVC
EVO
EVC
Thus the valve timing diagram of the given four stroke diesel engine is drawn.

OBSERVATIONS:
3

Circumference of Brake drum = D = ________ m; D = _______m

Circumference of Rope drum = d = ________ m; d = _________m
Mean effective Radius of brake drum (Rm) = _________m

TABULATION:
Sl.
no

Crank
shaft
speed
range
(rpm)

Retardation Load
Time with (kg)
no
load(sec)

W-S
(N)

Retardation Braking Brake

Time with Torque Power
load(sec)
(Tb)
N-m

Frictional mech
Power

Ex.no.2
Determination of mechanical efficiency by retardation test
4

Aim:
To conduct the retardation test on a single cylinder diesel engine and to determine the
frictional power and thereby the mechanical efficiency.
Apparatus / Equipments / Instruments Required:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Diesel Engine Test Rig

Stop Watch
Measuring Tape
Tachometer

Engine Details:
Type

: Reciprocating Engine

Cooling

: Water cooling

Rated power

: 6Hp

Rated Speed

: 750 rpm

Type of Loading

: Rope brake drawn dynamometer (mechanical loading)

Fuel specifications:
Fuel

: High speed diesel (HSD)

Calorific value

: 43,500 KJ/Kg

Density of fuel

: 0.86 g/cc

Procedure:

Calculate Wmax
Check the engine for no load, coolant supply, fuel levels.
Start engine, allow it to run for 3 minutes.
Adjust fuel rack to obtain 1500 rpm.
Cut off fuel supply by pulling fuel rack level and simultaneously note down time
taken for a fall in speed of 200 rpm. Soon after speed falls by rpm restore fuel
supply immediately so that engine does not stop.
Repeat step 5 for a fall in speed of 400, 600 and 800 rpm.
Now apply Wmax gradually.
Repeat steps 5 and 6.
Remove load gradually, run engine for 3 minutes, stop the engine by cutting of
fuel supply and close coolant supply.
5

Formulae:
Braking Torque (Tb)

= (W-S) X Rm

Brake power (BP)

Frictional Torque (Tf)

Frictional Power (Fp)

Indicated Power (Ip)

= BP + FP

Mechanical Efficiency (mech)

X 100

Result:
Thus the Retardation test on single cylinder diesel engine is conducted and
friction power and mechanical efficiency are calculated.
W-S (N)

mech

TABULATION:
Sl.no

Temperature 0C

Observation

Ex.no.3
Testing of Fuels Open Cup Apparatus
Aim:
To determine the flash point and fire point of the given sample of oil using Cleveland
open cup apparatus.
Principle:
Mineral Oil when heated sufficiently to high temperature decomposes chemically to
hydrocarbons chemically breakup into volatile combustible gases Flash point is the lowes
temperature at which the decomposition of oil becomes demo stable. This is the formation of
compressible and slightly explosive gas mixture before the surface of the oil. Fire point or the
burning point is the lowest temperature at which the production of combustible gases from the
oil is enough to maintain steady state after ignition.
Apparatus Required:
(1) Electric Heater
(2) Rheostat
(3) Thermostat
Procedure:

The open cup is filled with the given sample oil up to the standard filling mark in
the cup.
The thermometer is held in the oil in such a way that it does not touch the metallic
part.
The sample of oil is heated so that it gives on vapour.
At the testing time the test flames is applied by heating short distance over the
surface of oil and watched for flickering sound.
The minimum temperature at which a momentary flash is obtained is called flash
point.
Heating is continued after obtaining the flash point. The lowest temperature at
which the ignited vapour continues to burn is called fire point.
Note the flash point and fire point of the given oil in a separate tabular column.

Result:
Thus the flash point and fire point of given sample oil are found out as follows:
Sample Oil Flash point
Fire point

Sl.No

Piston
movement
direction

Event

Position with
respect to
TDC/BDC

Cirucmferential Subtended
Distance (Dc)
Angle () in
in cm
deg

Ex.no.4
PORT TIMING OF A TWO STROKE PETROL ENGINE
Aim:
To draw the port timing diagram of a two stroke engine.
Apparatus Required:
1.
2.
3.
4.

2-stroke cut section

Measuring tape
Chalk
String

Procedure:

The Circumference of a flywheel is measured using the tape.

Inlet, Exhaust and transfer ports are identified.
The direction of rotation of flywheel is ascertained.
The TDC and BDC are marked on flywheel.
The opening and closing of all the ports are marked on flywheel.
The timing at spark occurrence is also measured by looking into the opening of CBG
points.
The PTD is drawn from the angles calculated.

Formula:
=
Where,
Subtended angle in degree
Dc Circumferential Distance in cm
2R Circumference of flywheel in cm
Result:
The point timing diagram of the given two stroke petrol engine is drawn.
IPC =
IPO =
EPO =
TPD =
TPC =
EPC =

10

OBSERVATION:
T1 Room temperature
T2 Temperature of Water inlet temperature to the engine
T3 Temperature of Water Outlet temperature to the engine
T4 Temperature of Water outlet after calorimeter
T5 Temperature of Exhaust gas before calorimeter
T6 Temperature of Exhaust gas after calorimeter
Sl Speed
no

Speed
(rpm)

Load Time
for
10cc
of
fuel

Heat
Supplied
KW

Time
for
x
litres
of
water

Manometer
readings
TFC

% of Heat
supplied

T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

T6
h1

Heat utilized
and losses

In KW

h2

h3

In %

BP
Qw
Qeg
Qun

11

Ex.no.5
HEAT BALANCE TEST ON DIESEL ENGINE
Aim:
To prepare a heat balance sheet and to draw the heat balance chart for the given diesel
engine by performing heat balance test on the engine using air flow.
Apparatus Required:
1. Diesel Engine
2. Stop Watch
3. Tachometer
Procedure:
Before starting the engine, keep the fuel cut off switch in ON position.
Start the engine
Allow the engine to run at no load for about 10minutes to warm up and to attain steady
state condition, hence bring the engine to its rated speed.
Distribute the load equal so as to get at least 3 trial runs during the test from no load to
full load.
At no load the following observations are to be taken.
a. The speed of the engine by means of Tachometer.
b. The time taken for every 10cc of fuel flow.
c. The rate of flow of cooling water using water flow meter and stop watch.
d. The temperature of the exhaust flue gas.
e. U tube manometer reading in terms of height of water column.
f. Repeat the same procedure at different load.
g. Be sure to allow sufficient time for the establishment of a steady state before taking a
new set of readings.
h. Remove the load from the engine and stop the engine.
Formula:
(1) TFC = kg/sec
Where,
X consumption of petrol in ml.
t- time taken for X ml of petrol consumption.
(2) Heat input = TFC X Cv of petrol

(3) Heat equivalent to BP =

X 3600KJ/hr

12

Where,
N Speed in Rpm
W Load in kg
S Spring balance reading
R - Radius of brake drum in m

(4) Heat Carried away by cooling water =

X Cpw (T3 T2) KW

Where,
x- litres of water
t- time taken for x litres of water
Cpw Specific heat of water to the engine.
T2 Inlet temperature of water to the engine
T3 Outlet temperature of water from the engine
.
(5) Heat carried away by exhaust gases = mCpt(T6 T5) KW
Cpt Specific heat of flue gases
T1- Exhaust gas inlet temperature to the calorimeter.
T2- Exhaust gas out temperature from the engine.
(6) m- mass flow rate of air X flow rate of fuel (TFC) = air X Cd X a X V kg/sec
where, Cd = 0.64
a = area of orifice
V=
.hd = manometer difference
.hm = hd
(7) Friction Power = From graph plotted between BP Vs TFC
(8) % of heat equivalent to break power =

(9) % of heat carried by cooling water =

(10)

% of heat carried by exhaust gases =

(11)

Percentage of Unaccounted Heat = 100 (BP + Qw + Qeg)

13

Speed

Condition
of working
of Engine

Load
( Kg)

Brake
Power
(KW)

Indicated
Power
(KW)

Frictional
Power
(KW)

Mechanical
Efficiency
(%)

TABULATION:

14

Ex.no.6
Morse Test on Multi Cylinder Petrol Engine
Aim:
To perform the Morse test on the given multi cylinder petrol engine and to determine the
efficiency at the given load.
Equipment / Accessories Required:
1. Multi Cylinder Petrol Engine Test Rig
2. Tachometer
3. Stop watch
Procedure:
Before starting the engine keep the fuel cut off level in ON position.
Start the engine using starter motor.
Allow the engine to run at no load for about 10 minutes to warm up and attain steady
state condition.
Load the engine to the required level.
When the engine is loaded to the required load adjust the throttle to maintain the speed of
the engine at its rated rpm.
Allow few minutes for the engine attains steady state condition and note down the load
when all the cylinders are developing power.
Cut off cylinder no.1 by lifting the cutoff switch no.1
Bring the engine again to rated speed by adjusting the load on brake drum and not by
adjusting the load on brake drum and not by adjusting the throttle and note down the
corresponding load on the engine.
Similarly cut off the cylinder.2,3,4 and repeat the above procedure to find the load on the
engine for cylinder.

15

Remove the load from the engine and stop the engine by switching off the ignition
switch.
Formulae:
Indicated power when:
Cylinder 1 is cut off IP1 = BPn - BP1 KW
Cylinder 2 is cut off IP2 = BPn - BP2 KW
Cylinder 3 is cut off IP3 = BPn - BP3 KW
Cylinder 4 is cut off IP4 = BPn - BP4 KW
Total Indicated Power = IP1 +IP2+IP3+IP4 KW
Total Frictional power loss when all
cylinders are working (FPn)

= IPn + BPn KW

Mechanical efficiency (mech) =

16

Result:
Thus the Morse test on Multi Cylinder petrol Engine is done the
following observations are made.

OBSERVATION:
Room temperature TR = 320 C
Density of oil at room temperature =0.85 gm/cc
TABULATION:
Sl.no
Temperature
Of oil (0C)

Time taken to
fill 50 ml
Flask in sec

Kinematic
Viscosity in
Centistokes

Density in
gm/cc

Dynamic
absolute
viscosity
centistokes

17

Ex.no.7
VISCOSITY TEST ON REDWOOOD VISCOSMETER

Aim:
To determine the kinematic viscosity and absolute viscosity of lubricating oil at different
temperature using redwood viscometer
Apparatus Required:
Redwood viscometer
Thermometer
Stop watch
Standard narrow necked flask
Given sample of oil
Theory and description
Viscosity is the property of fluid. It is to defined as the internal resistance offered by the
fluid to the movements of one layer of fluid over an adjacent layer. It is the due to the cohension
between the molecules of the fluid. The fluids which obey the Newton law of viscosity are called
as Newton fluid.
The dynamic viscosity of fluid is defined as the shear stresses required to produce
unit area of deflection or deformation
Kinematic viscosity = A t B/t in strokes (or) centi strokes
Where
A= 0.0026 in strokes
B= 1.72
18

A= 0.026 in centi strokes

B= 1.72
Density of oil at particular temperature (t)
t = R- 0.000625
T= Temperature at which density is required.
TR= room temperature
R= density of oil at room temperature in gm/ cm3
0.84 (0r) 0.85 gm/ cm3.

Procedure:
Clean the cylindrical oil cup and ensure the orifice tube is free from dirt.
Close the orifice with ball valve.
Place the 50 ml flask below the opening of the orifice.
Fill the oil in the cylindrical oil cup to the mark in the cup.
Fill the water in the water bath.
Insert the thermometer in their respective places to measure the oil and water bath
temperature.
Heat the oil by heating the water bath strimes water bath and maintain the uniform
temperature .
At particular temperature lift the valve and collect the oil in 50 ml flask and note the time
taken in seconds for collecting 50 ml 0f oil.
A stop watch is used to measure time taken; this time is red wood seconds.
Increase the temperature and respect the procedure and note down the red wood seconds
for different temperature

GRAPH
The following graph has to be drawn.
1 Temperature vs redwood seconds
2 Temperature vs kinematic viscosity.
3 Temperature vs dynamic viscosity.

RESULT
The kinematics and dynamic viscosity of given oil at different
temperatures were determined.
19