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the concept of 'needs', in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which
overriding priority should be given; and
the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the
environment's ability to meet present and future needs.
Here needs meant basic human needs (food, shelter, water, sanitation) and development
referred primarily to improving the living standards of the worlds poorest. Thus the original use
of the term sustainable development was a compromise or consensus between those world
countries who sought development (eradication of poverty) and those who sought to protect the
environment.
This report led to the UN Conference on Environment & Development in Rio de Janeiro in 1992
(the Earth Summit), which produced the Rio Declaration on Environment & Development
and Agenda 21.
Rio Declaration: http://www.un.org/documents/ga/conf151/aconf15126-1annex1.htm
Agenda 21: http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/Agenda21.pdf
These are widely cited documents that promote international cooperation for environmental
protection along with other global concerns, including the eradication of poverty.
The Brundtland Commission Report also first proposed the idea that there are three components
to sustainable development: environmental, social, and economic, as illustrated below:
1 Griggs, D., Stafford-Smith, M., Gaffney, O., Rockstrm, J., hman, M. C., Shyamsundar, P.,
Steffen, W., Glaser, G., Kanie, N., Noble, I. (2013), Sustainable development goals for people
and planet, Nature 495, 305-307, March 21, 2013.
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Deforestation
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CO2 emissions
Ozone depletion
Biodiversity loss
Access to safe drinking water and sanitation
Reducing slums
For detailed progress toward sustainable development under the Millennium Development
Goals, see the Millennium Development Goals Report 2012
(http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/publications/mdg-report-2012.html (scroll down and
pick a language)). The first page of the chapter that discusses Goal 7 is cut and pasted on the
following page.
developed by the United Nations, is the geometric mean of three indices that assess standard of
living:
Using the human development index, each country is ranked annually in terms of the individual
indices and the overall HDI, as a way of tracking and quantifying development.
II. Impacts of growth on climate and ecosystems
A recent article by Steffen et al. (2007)2 argues that we have entered a new period in earths
history, called the Anthropocene, in which humans, and not natural forces, exert the greatest
influence on earth. The following figure was copied from that article:
2 Steffen, W., Crutzen, P. J., McNeill, J. R. (2007), The Anthropocene: Are humans now overwhelming the great
forces of nature? AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 36(8):614-621. 2007.
The trends illustrated in this figure above correspond to many of those in the assigned reading
from the book Limits to Growth, which postulates that exponential growth (in population, the
economy, and other human and technological indices) cannot continue indefinitely. For example,
world population has grown exponentially in the last three centuries (see figure below):
The extent of population growth and the specifics of industrial growth from 1950-2000 are also
illustrated in the following table:
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A. What are the impacts of industrial and population growth on ecosystems and climate?
1. CO2 emissions from motor vehicles, energy production, and industrial activity (e.g., steel,
aluminum, and concrete manufacturing) (see below), will lead to global climate change, which
will impact people in numerous ways, including agricultural productivity, and water resources.
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2. We have probably reached the limits of grain production per capita (cant produce any more
food per person).
Between 1950 and 2000, the area cultivated worldwide for grain per person fell from 0.23
hectares per person to 0.12 hectares per person. (1 hectare = 10,000 m2 = 2.47 acres). This trend
was due to increased population (i.e., the population grew more than the available land). The
loss in cultivated area was in some regions compensated by an increase in agricultural
productivity. But the grain production per person still decreased during some years in some
areas of the world (see figure below). In most world regions, food production per capita has
leveled off (suggesting that future increases are limited).
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3. Deforestation
Four fifths of the Earths original forest cover has been cut down. Deforestation leads to loss of
biodiversity and may contribute to global warming (through release of carbon formerly
sequestered in trees as CO2). The following data showing deforestation rates were copied from
Carley and Christie 2000):
World region
East Asia and Pacific
Europe and Central Asia
Latin America and the Caribbean
Middle East and North Africa
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
High income countries
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References
Carley, M. and Christie, I. (2000), Managing Sustainable Development, Earthscan Publications,
Ltd., London, Chapter 1.
Griggs, D., Stafford-Smith, M., Gaffney, O., Rockstrm, J., hman, M. C., Shyamsundar, P.,
Steffen, W., Glaser, G., Kanie, N., Noble, I. (2013), Sustainable development goals for people
and planet, Nature 495, 305-307, March 21, 2013.
Meadows, D., Randers, J., Meadows, D., (2004), Limits to Growth: The 30 Year Update, Chelsea
Green Publishing Company, White River Junction, VT, Chapters 1-3.
Steffen, W., Crutzen, P. J., McNeill, J. R. (2007), The Anthropocene: Are humans now
overwhelming the great forces of nature? AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment,
36(8):614-621. 2007.
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