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What is GIS?
WhatisGIS?
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WhatisGIS?
GeographicalInformationSystems(GIS)canberegardedasthe
hightechequivalentofthemap.
Hydrology
GISintegrateshardware,software,anddataforcapturing,
managing,analyzing,anddisplayingallformsofgeographically
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referencedinformation.
Parcels
AerialPhotos
Elevation
WhatisGIS?
WhatisGIS?
Anindividualmapcontainsalotofinformationwhichisusedin
differentwaysbydifferentindividualsandorganizations.
GISallowsustoview,understand,question,interpret,and
visualizedatainmanywaysthatrevealrelationships,patterns,
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,
andtrendsintheformofmaps,globes,reports,andcharts.
DataAnalysis
DataStorage
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DataInput
WhatisGIS?
DataVisualization
WhatisGIS?
ThepowerofaGIScomesfromtheabilitytorelatedifferent
informationinaspatialcontextandtoreachaconclusion
aboutthisrelationship.
Mostoftheinformationwehaveaboutourworldcontainsa
locationreference,placingthatinformationatsomepointon
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theglobe.
CIVL 1101
What is GIS?
WhatisGIS?
Whenrainfallinformationiscollected,itisimportanttoknow
wheretherainfallislocated.
Thisisdonebyusingalocationreferencesystem,suchas
longitudeandlatitude,andperhapselevation.
WhatisGIS?
Whenrainfallinformationiscollected,itisimportanttoknow
wheretherainfallislocated.
Thisisdonebyusingalocationreferencesystem,suchas
longitudeandlatitude,andperhapselevation.
WhatisGIS?
Comparingtherainfallinformationwithotherinformation,
suchasthelocationofmarshesacrossthelandscape,may
showthatcertainmarshesreceivelittlerainfall.
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WhatisGIS?
Thisfactmayindicatethatthesemarshesarelikelytodryup,
andthisinferencecanhelpusmakethemostappropriate
decisionsabouthowhumansshouldinteractwiththemarsh.
WhatisGIS?
AGIS,therefore,canrevealimportantnewinformationthat
leadstobetterdecisionmaking.
WhatisGIS?
Manycomputerdatabasesthatcanbedirectlyenteredintoa
GISarebeingproducedbyFederal,State,tribal,andlocal
governments,privatecompanies,academia,andnonprofit
organizations.
DifferentkindsofdatainmapformcanbeenteredintoaGIS.
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U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) digital line graph (DLG) data of roads.
CIVL 1101
What is GIS?
WhatisGIS?
Manycomputerdatabasesthatcanbedirectlyenteredintoa
GISarebeingproducedbyFederal,State,tribal,andlocal
governments,privatecompanies,academia,andnonprofit
organizations.
DifferentkindsofdatainmapformcanbeenteredintoaGIS.
p
WhatisGIS?
Manycomputerdatabasesthatcanbedirectlyenteredintoa
GISarebeingproducedbyFederal,State,tribal,andlocal
governments,privatecompanies,academia,andnonprofit
organizations.
DifferentkindsofdatainmapformcanbeenteredintoaGIS.
p
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WhatisGIS?
AGIScanalsoconvertexistingdigitalinformation,whichmay
notyetbeinmapform,intoformsitcanrecognizeanduse.
Forexample,digitalsatelliteimagescanbeanalyzedto
produceamapofdigitalinformationaboutlanduseandland
cover.
WhatisGIS?
AGIScanalsoconvertexistingdigitalinformation,whichmay
notyetbeinmapform,intoformsitcanrecognizeanduse.
Likewise,censusorhydrologictabulardatacanbeconvertedto
amaplikeformandserveaslayersofthematicinformationina
GIS.
WhatisGIS?
Manycomputerdatabasesthatcanbedirectlyenteredintoa
GISarebeingproducedbyFederal,State,tribal,andlocal
governments,privatecompanies,academia,andnonprofit
organizations.
DifferentkindsofdatainmapformcanbeenteredintoaGIS.
p
USGS geologic map
WhatisGIS?
HowcanaGISusetheinformationinamap?
Ifthedatatobeusedarenotalreadyindigitalform,thatis,in
aformthecomputercanrecognize,varioustechniquescan
capturetheinformation.
CIVL 1101
What is GIS?
WhatisGIS?
HowcanaGISusetheinformationinamap?
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WhatisGIS?
Two andthreedimensionalcontourmapscreatedfromthe
surfacemodelingofsamplepointsfrompHmeasurements
AGIScanbeusedtoemphasizethespatialrelationships
amongtheobjectsbeingmapped.
Whileacomputer
While a computeraided
aidedmappingsystemmayrepresentaroad
mapping system may represent a road
simplyasaline,aGISmayalsorecognizethatroadasthe
boundarybetweenwetlandandurbandevelopmentbetween
twocensusstatisticalareas.
WhatisGIS?
SincemuchoftheinformationinaGIScomesfromexisting
maps,aGISusestheprocessingpowerofthecomputerto
transformdigitalinformation,gatheredfromsourceswith
differentprojections,toacommonprojection.
WhatisGIS?
GISisntlimitedtoflatmapsanddatabases.
Therearemanyextensionsthatenablethingssuchasthree
dimensionalvisualizationandanalysisandmuchmore.
WhatisGIS?
Itisimpossibletocollectdataovereverysquaremeterofthe
Earth'ssurface.Therefore,samplesmustbetakenatdiscrete
locations.
AGIScanbeusedtodepicttwo andthreedimensional
characteristicsoftheEarth'ssurface,subsurface,and
,
,
atmospherefrompointswheresampleshavebeencollected.
Forexample,aGIScanquicklygenerateamapwithisolines
thatindicatethepHofsoilfromtestpoints.
Two andthreedimensionalcontourmapscreatedfromthe
surfacemodelingofsamplepointsfrompHmeasurementscan
beanalyzedtogetherwithanyothermapinaGIScoveringthe
area.
WhatisGIS?
GISisntlimitedtoflatmapsanddatabases.
Therearemanyextensionsthatenablethingssuchasthree
dimensionalvisualizationandanalysisandmuchmore.
CIVL 1101
What is GIS?
WhatisGIS?
Havethereeverbeengasstationsorfactoriesthatoperated
nexttotheswamp?
Wereanyoftheseuphillfromandwithin2milesofthe
swamp?
AGIScanrecognizeandanalyzethespatialrelationships
A GIS can recognize and analyze the spatial relationships
amongmappedphenomena.
Conditionsofadjacency(whatisnexttowhat),containment
(whatisenclosedbywhat),andproximity(howclose
somethingistosomethingelse)canbedeterminedwithaGIS.
WhatisGIS?
Sourcesofpollutionarerepresentedaspoints.Thecolored
circlesshowdistancefrompollutionsourcesandthewetlands
areindarkgreen.
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WhatisGIS?
AGIScansimulatethemovementofmaterialsalonganetwork
oflines.
Theseillustrationsshowtherouteofpollutantsthrougha
streamsystem.Flowdirectionsareindicatedbyarrows.
WhatisGIS?
Usingmapsofwetlands,slopes,streams,landuse,andsoils,
theGISmightproduceanewmaplayeroroverlaythatranks
thewetlandsaccordingtotheirrelativesensitivitytodamage
fromnutrientrunoff.
WhatisGIS?
Whennutrientsfromfarmlandarerunningoffintostreams,it
isimportanttoknowinwhichdirectionthestreamsflowand
whichstreamsemptyintootherstreams.
Thisisdonebyusingalinearnetwork.
Itallowsthecomputertodeterminehowthenutrientsare
It allows the computer to determine how the nutrients are
transporteddownstream.
Additionalinformationonwatervolumeandspeedthroughout
thespatialnetworkcanhelptheGISdeterminehowlongitwill
takethenutrientstotraveldownstream.
WhatisGIS?
Usingmapsofwetlands,slopes,streams,landuse,andsoils,
theGISmightproduceanewmaplayeroroverlaythatranks
thewetlandsaccordingtotheirrelativesensitivitytodamage
fromnutrientrunoff.
CIVL 1101
What is GIS?
WhatisGIS?
Usingmapsofwetlands,slopes,streams,landuse,andsoils,
theGISmightproduceanewmaplayeroroverlaythatranks
thewetlandsaccordingtotheirrelativesensitivitytodamage
fromnutrientrunoff.
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WhatisGIS?
Thelanduseandlandcovermapforthetwoareasshowsthat
theareaispartlydeveloped.
WhatisGIS?
AcriticalcomponentofaGISisitsabilitytoproducegraphics
onthescreenoronpapertoconveytheresultsofanalysesto
thepeoplewhomakedecisionsaboutresources.
Wallmaps,Internetreadymaps,interactivemaps,andother
ggraphicscanbegenerated,allowingthedecisionmakersto
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visualizeandtherebyunderstandtheresultsofanalysesor
simulationsofpotentialevents
WhatisGIS?
Thelanduseandlandcovermapforthetwoareasshowsthat
theareaispartlydeveloped.
Land use
View
showing
and land
a half-mile
cover data
buffer
forzone
the area
drawn
around the
bounded
byservice
a half-mile
areabuffer
of the zone
Somers
around
Water
the
Company.
water
company service area.
Thedevelopedareaswereeliminatedfromfurtherconsideration.
WhatisGIS?
TheU.S.GeologicalSurvey(USGS),inacooperativeproject
withtheConnecticutDepartmentofNaturalResources,
digitizedmorethan40maplayersfortheareascoveredbythe
USGSBroadBrookandEllington7.5minutetopographic
quadranglemaps.
ThisinformationcanbecombinedandmanipulatedinaGISto
addressplanningandnaturalresourceissues.
WhatisGIS?
Someofthestreamsinthestudyareawereknowntobe
unusableasdrinkingwatersources.Toavoidpullingwater
fromthesestreamsintothewells,100meterbufferzones
werecreatedaroundtheunsuitablestreams.
CIVL 1101
What is GIS?
WhatisGIS?
Themapshowingthebufferedzoneswascombinedwiththe
landuseandlandcovermaptoeliminateareasaround
unsuitablestreamsfromtheanalysis
WhatisGIS?
PointsourcesofpollutionarerecordedbytheConnecticut
DepartmentofNaturalResources.Theserecordsconsistofa
locationandatextdescriptionofthepollutant.
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WhatisGIS?
Thisinformationwascombinedwiththeprevioustwomap
layerstoproduceanewmapofareassuitableforwellsites
A
new map
created
in a GIS
eliminating
Buffer
zonesisof
500 meters
areby
drawn
the
buffered
sources
of pollution
from the
around
the point
sources
of pollution.
previously selected areas
WhatisGIS?
Themapofsurficialgeologyshowstheearthmaterialsthatlie
abovebedrock.
SincetheareaunderconsiderationinConnecticutiscovered
byglacialdeposits,thesurfaceconsistslargelyofsandand
ggravel,withsomeglacialtillandfinegrainedsediments.
,
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Points sources
Buffered
streams
of pollution
area subtracted
in the water
from
areas previously
service
area are identified
selected with
and the
entered
land into a
use and land cover data.
GIS.
WhatisGIS?
Toavoidthesetoxicareas,abufferzoneof500meterswas
establishedaroundeachpoint.
WhatisGIS?
Ofthesematerials,sandandgravelarethemostlikelytostore
waterthatcouldbetappedwithwells.Areasunderlainbysand
andgravelwereselectedfromthesurficialgeologymap.
Points zones
Buffer
sources
of of
500
pollution
meters in
are
the
drawn
water
around the
service
areapoint
are identified
sources ofand
pollution.
entered into a
GIS.
Selection areas of sand and gravel from
the map of surficial geology.
CIVL 1101
What is GIS?
WhatisGIS?
Thesesdatawerecombinedwiththeresultsoftheprevious
selectionstoproduceamapconsistingof:(1)sitesinunder
developedareasunderlainbysandandgravel,(2)morethan
500metersfrompointsourcesofpollution,and(3)morethan
100metersfromunsuitablestreams.
WhatisGIS?
Amapthatshowsthethicknessofsaturatedsedimentswas
createdbyusingtheGIStosubtractthebedrockelevation
fromthesurfaceelevation.
WhatisGIS?
Forthisanalysis,areashavingmorethan40feetofsaturated
sedimentswereselectedandcombinedwiththeprevious
overlays.
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WhatisGIS?
Theresultingsiteselectionmapshowsareasthatare
undeveloped,aresituatedoutsidethebufferedpollution
areas,andareunderlainby40feetormoreofwatersaturated
sandandgravel.
WhatisGIS?
Becauseofmapresolutionandthelimitsofprecisionin
digitizing,theverysmallpolygons(areas)maynothaveallof
thecharacteristicsanalyzed,soanotherGISfunctionwasused
toscreenoutareassmallerthan10acres.
WhatisGIS?
Thefinalsixsitesaredisplayedwiththeroadandstream
networkandselectedplacenamesforuseinthefield.
Potential water well sites, roads,
streams and place names.
Potential
with saturated
of
A bedrocksites
elevation
subtractedthickness
from surface
sediments
greater
than
40 feet.
elevation by
a GIS to
show
the thickness of
water-saturated sediment.
CIVL 1101
What is GIS?
WhatisGIS?
Siteselectionanalysishasmanycommonapplications,include
ing transportationplanningandwastedisposalsitelocation
WhatisGIS?
Thetechniqueisparticularlyusefulwhenseveralphysical
factorsmustbeconsideredandintegratedoveralargearea.
WhatisGIS?
Moredetailedinformationcanbefoundaboutthis
presentationat:http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/gis_poster/
AnyQuestions?
yQ
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