Welcome to

OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

INTRODUCTION
Structured programming was most common

way to organize a program.

A programming paradigm defines the
methodology of designing and implementing
program using the key features and building
blocks of a programming language

PROCEDURAL PROGRAMMING
Lays more emphasis on procedure than data
Separates the function and data manipulated

by them
Whenever the definition of a type changes,
the functions referring to this type must also
be changed to reflect the change

PROCEDURAL PROGRAMMING
The change in the design must also be

modified to copy with the change in structure

that shows procedural programming is
susceptible to design changes
As design changes lead to many modification
in the code this lead to increased time and
cost overheads at times

OBJECT BASED PROGRAMMING

In object based programming data and its

associated meaningful function are enclosed in

one single entity a class
Class are allowed to access its interface (how
the uses views) but cannot access its
implementation details (how the process is
actually taking place)

OBJECT BASED PROGRAMMING

Whenever any change in the definition of type

users interface remains unaffected generally

The user cannot access the data of the class
directly which is possible in procedural
programming
the change is localized to the definition of
the change function

OBJECT BASED PROGRAMMING

Subset of object oriented programming
Implement some feature of OOP like

information hiding, abstraction, classes,

function overloading but not implement
inheritance and polymorphism

OBJECT BASED PROGRAMMING

Advantages :
overcome most shortcoming of procedural

programming
it localizes the changes and hide
implementation details from user
It support user defined types
Implement information hiding and abstraction

OBJECT BASED PROGRAMMING

Limitation
One major limitation is ability to represent

real world relationships that exist among

object for example both car and truck are
vehicles this cannot be represented in OBP as
it not support inheritance

OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

Superset of OBP
All the features of OBP and overcome its

limitation by implementing inheritance so that

real world relation among object can be
represented programmatically

OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

OOP Concepts are data abstraction, data

hiding, data encapsulation, classes, objects,

inheritance and polymorphism.
Implementing OOP Concepts in C++
1. Approach for writing software in which data
and behavior are packed together
2. An abstraction is a named collection of
attributes and behavior relevant to
modeling a given entity

OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

A class is a named software representation for

an abstraction
An object is a distinct instance of a class
Software code in OOPs is written to define
classes, objects and manipulate these object

Implementing objects
Real World objects have physical characteristics

(state) and behavior e.g., motorbike

Characteristics current gear, two wheel etc
Behavior braking, accelerating etc
Their state is maintained through variables or data
items
Their behaviour is implemented through function
generally called methods

Mapping
Real
world

an Abstraction
into
software
Abstraction
software

attributes

{data,data}

entity

{method,method}
behaviour

Implementing Data hiding, Data

Abstraction and Encapsulation
Encapsulation is wrapping up of

characteristics and behaviour into one unit

A class bind together data and its associated
functions under one unit thereby enforcing
encapsulation
Abstraction means representation of essential
features without including the background
details or explanation

Implementing
Encapsulation
Anything that an object does not know or
cannot do is excluded from the object
Encapsulation is used to hide unimportant
implementation details from the objects
Packing an objects variables within the
protective custody of its methods is
encapsulation and this task is accomplished
through classes

General structure of a
class
{data,data,.}
Private

{method,method,}

Protected
Public

A Class is define as
Class <class name>
{
private:
// hidden members/methods
protected:
//unimportant implementation details
public :
// exposed important details
};

Implementing
Inheritance
Inheritance is implement in C++ specifying the
name of the (base) class from which the class being
defined (the derived class) has to inherit from it.
Class <derived class name>:<base class name>
{
derived class own features
}

Abstract class and Concrete

class
Which defines an interface but does not provide
implementation for all its member function
An abstract class is meant to be used as the base
class from which other classes are derived
The derived class is expected to provide
implementations for the member functions that
are not implemented in the base class
A derived class that implements all the missing
functionality is called a concrete class
A concrete class drives from abstract class

Abstract class and Concrete

class
Example
Concrete class
Circle class
Abstract class
Shape

Concrete class
Recantagle class

Concrete class
Triangle class

Implementing
polymorphism
Polymorphism is the attribute that allows one

interface to be used with different situation

C++ implement polymorphism through virtual
functions, overloaded functions and overloaded
operators.
A virtual function is used to specify the interface
in abstract class but its implementation details are
made available in concrete class (es)
Overloading means a name having two or more
distinct meaning

Function Overloading
A function with same name having several

definitions that are differentiable by the

number or types of their arguments is known
as overloaded function and this process is
known as function overloading
Example float sum (int a, int b);
float sum (float x,float y);

Function
Overloading
Function overloading not only implement
polymorphism but also reduce number of
comparison in a program

Push(int)

Push(float)

Pop(int)

Pop(float)

Declaration and
Definition
A function argument list is known as
functions signature
Example
void squar (int a, float b); //function 1
Void squar (int x, float y);// same signature
as
function 1

Declaration and
Definition
Different signatures
void
void
void
void

prnsqr
prnsqr
prnsqr
prnsqr

(
(
(
(

int i);
char c);
float f);
double d);

Declaration and
Definition

When a function name is declare more than once in a

program the compiler will interpret the second (and

subsequent) declaration (s) as follows :
1) If the signatures of subsequent functions match the
previous functions then the second is treated as a redeclaration of the first
2) If the signature of the two functions match exactly but the
return type differ,the second declaration is treated as an
erroneous re-declaration of the first and is flagged at
compile ttime as an error for example;
flaot square (float f);
double square (float x); // error

Declaration and
Definition
Function with same name and same signature but
different return type are not allowed in C++
You can have different return types, but only if the
signature are also different:
float square (float f);// different signature
double square (double d); // allowed
If the signature of the function differ in either the
number or type of their arguments, the two
function are considered to be overloaded

Questions OOP
Q1 write briefly about different programming

paradigms ?
Q2 Discuss major OOP concepts briefly?
Q3 what is the signifance of private, protected
public specifiers in a class?
Q4 Discuss the relation between abstract and
concrete classes ?
Q5 How polymorphism implemented in c++ ?
Q6 How does the complier interpret more than
one definitions having same name ? What steps
does it follow to distinguish these ?

Questions OOP
Q7 what will be the output of following program?

#include<iostream.h>
Int area (int s)
{
Return (s*s);
}
Float area (int b,int h)
{
Return (o.5 * b* h);
}
Int main ( )
{
Cout <<area(5)<<endl;
Cout<<area(4,3)<<endl;
Cout<<area(6,area(3))<<endl;
Return 0;
}

0rganization of data and functions in

OOP
object

object
data

data
function

function

data
function

Structural of procedural programming

Main function

Function

Function

Function

function

Function

Function

Function

Function

Restrictions on Overloaded Functions

Any two functions in a set of overloaded functions

must have different argument list

Overloading functions with argument lists of the
same types, based on return type alone is an error
Member function cannot be overloaded soley on
the basis of one being static and other non static
Typedef declarations do not define new types:
they introduce synonyms for existing types,they
do not affect the overloading mechanism

Restrictions on Overloaded Functions

Example typedef char * PSTR

void Print(char *szToPrint);

void Print(PSTR szToPrint);
The preceding two function have identical lists.
PSTR is synonym for char*.

Calling overloaded
functions
A function call first matches the prototypes
available with number and type of arguments
provided with the function call and then call
the appropriate function for execution

Step involved in Finding the best match

A match: A match is found for the function call
No match: No match is found for a function

call
Ambiguous match: More than one defined
match for the function call

Step involved in Finding the best match

Search for exact match :if the type of the actual

argument exactly matches the type of one defined

instance
A match through promotion : if no exact match is
found an attempt is made to achieve a match
through of the actual argument
A match through application of standard C++
conversion rules : if no match or through a
promotion is found an attempt is made to achieve
a match through a standard conversion of the
actual argument

Step involved in Finding the best match

A match through application of a user-defined

conversion: if all the above mentioned step

fail, then the compiler will try the user-defined
conversions in combination with integral
promotions and built-in conversion to find a
unique match

Advantages of OOP
Re-use of code : linking of code to objects and explicit
specification of relations between objects allows related
objects to share code
Ease of comprehension: the classes can be set up to closely
represent the generic application concepts and process
Ease of fabrication and maintenance : the concepts such as
encapsulation, data abstraction allow for very clear designs
when an object is going into disallowed states, which are not
permitted only its methods needs to investigated
Easy redesign and extension : the same concepts facilitate
easy redesign and extension