Acids, Bases, Salts, Physical and Chemical Change

Short Notes (NCERT Science)

Acids, Base and Salts

Curd, lemon juice, orange juice and vinegar taste sour. These substances tas
te sour because they contain acids.The chemical nature of such substances is aci
dic.Citrus fruits like lemons and oranges have citric acid in their juice. This
is what makes lemons taste so sour.
Substances like these which are bitter in taste and feel soapy on touching a
re known as bases. The nature of such substances is said to be basic. Ex: Baking
Soda
The solutions which do not change the colour of either red or blue litmus ar
e known as neutral
Blue litmus paper turns red under acidic conditions and red litmus paper tur
ns blue under basic or alkaline conditions, with the color change occurring over
the pH range 4.5-8.3 at 25 C (77 F). Neutral litmus paper is purple. Litmus can a
lso be prepared as an aqueous solution that functions similarly.
If it has a lot of hydrogen ions, then it is an acid. If it has a lot of hyd
roxide ions, then it is a base.
From 0 to 7 are acids, with 0 being the strongest. From 7 to 14 are bases wi
th 14 being the strongest base. If a liquid has a pH of 7, it s neutral. This woul
d be something like distilled water.
Indigestion : Our stomach contains hydrochloric acid. It helps us to digest
food, But too much of acid in the stomach causes indigestion. Sometimes indigest
ion is painful. To relieve indigestion, we
take an antacid such as milk of magnesia, which contains magnesium hydroxide
. It neutralises the effect of
excessive acid.
Ant bite: When an ant bites, it injects the acidic liquid (formic acid) into
the skin. The effect of the acid can be neutralised by rubbing moist baking sod
a (sodium hydrogen carbonate) or calamine solution, which contains zinc
carbonate.
Soil treatment: Excessive use of chemical fertilisers makes the soil acidic.
Plants do not grow well when the soil is either too acidic or too basic. When t
he soil is too acidic, it is treated with bases like quick lime (calcium oxide)
or slaked lime (calcium hydroxide). If the soil is basic, organic matter is adde
d to it. Organic matter releases acids
which neutralises the basic nature of the soil.
Factory wastes: The wastes of many factories contain acids. If they are allo
wed to flow into the water bodies, the acids will kill fish and other organisms.
The factory wastes are, therefore, neutralised by adding basic substances.
Our stomachs use hydrochloric acid to help digest foods. This strong acid al
so kills bacteria and helps to keep us from getting sick. Our muscles produce la
ctic acid when we exercise. Also, our pancreas uses a base called an alkali to h
elp with digestion.
Physical and Chemical Changes
Properties such as shape, size, colour and state of a substance are called i
ts physical properties. A change in which a substance undergoes a change in its
physical properties is called a physical change. A physical change is generally
reversible. In such a change no new substance is formed.
A change in which one or more new substances are formed is called a chemical
change. A chemical change is also called a chemical reaction.
The process of depositing a layer of zinc on iron is called galvanisation.
Crystallization is an example of a physical change.
Acids and bases can help neutralize each other.
Acids turn litmus paper red, bases turn it blue.
Strong bases can be slippery and slimy feeling.

Acids taste sour, bases taste bitter.

Proteins are made up of amino acids.
Vitamin C is also an acid called ascorbic acid.
Ammonia is a base chemical
Some important questions to be solved:Qus 1: What do you mean by universal indicator and its use ?
Qus 2: If we react magnesium with HCL what gas will be produced ?
Qus 3: Nitric acid + sodium hydroxide ?
Qus 4: Carbonic acid is used in which human consumables ?
Qus 5: Antacid contains which two bases ?
Qus 6: Chemical name of vitamin C is ?
Qus 7: Name the gas used in making of TNT and urea ?
Qus 8: which acid is known as Oil of Vitriol ?
Qus 9: Contents of

Royal Water