English Grammar - Nieizv

Unit 1 - Present continuous (I
am doing)
Unit 2 - Present simple (I do)
Unit 3 - Present continuous (I
am doing) or present simple (I
do)?
Unit 4 - Present tenses
Unit 5 - to be going to do
something
Unit 6 - Will (1)
Unit 7 - Will (2)
Unit 8 - Will or going to?

Unit 9 - When and if sentences
(When I do... / if I do...)
Unit 10 - Will be doing and will
have done
Unit 11 - Past simple (I did)
Unit 12 - Past continuous (I
was doing)
Unit 13 - Present Perfect (I
have done) (1)
have done) (2)
have done) (3)

Unit 16 - Present perfect
continuous (I have been doing)
Unit 17 - Present perfect
continuous (I have been doing)
or present perfect simple (I
have
Unit 18 - Present perfect (I have
done/ I have been doing) with
how long, for, since
Unit 19 - Present perfect with
since, for, how long. Past
simple with when.

done) or past simple (I did)?
(1)
done) or past simple (I did) ?
(2)
Unit 22 - Past perfect (I have
done) - (I had done)
Unit 23 - Past Perfect
Continuous (I had been doing)
Unit 24 - Have and have got
Unit 25 - Used to (I used to do)
Unit 26 - Can, could and be
able to
Unit 27 - Could(do) and could
have(done)
Unit 28 - May (have) and might
(have) (1)
Unit 29 - May (have) and might
(have) (2)
Unit 30 - May and might
(future)
Unit 31 - Can, could, may and
would
Unit 32 - Must and have to
Unit 33 - Must, mustn't, needn't
and needn't have

Unit 34 - Should (1)
Unit 35 - Should (2)
Unit 36 - If sentences
(present/future)
Unit 37 - If and wish sentences
(present)
Unit 38 - If and wish sentences
(past)
Unit 39 - Would
Unit 40 - In case
Unit 41 - Unless, as long as and
provided / providing (that)
Unit 42 - Passive(1) (be

done/have been done)
Unit 43 - Passive (2) (Present
and Past Tenses)
Unit 44 - Passive (3)
Unit 45 - It is said that.../He is
said to...etc. and supposed to
Unit 46 - Have something done
Unit 47 - Reported speech (1)
Unit 48 - Reported speech (2)
Unit 49 - Questions (1)
Unit 50 - Questions (2) (She
asked me why... / Do you know
when...)
Unit 51 - Auxiliary verbs in
short answers, short question
etc. So am I / Neither am I I
Unit 52 - Question tags (are
you? doesn't he? etc.)
Unit 53 - Verb + -ing
Unit 54 - Verb + infinitive
Unit 55 - Verb + object +
infinitive
Unit 56 - Infinitive or -ing?(1)
like, would like etc.
Unit 57 - Infinitive or -ing?(2)
begin, start, intend, continue,

remember, try
Unit 58 - Infinitive or -ing?(3) be afraid, need, help
Unit 59 - Preposition + -ing
Unit 60 - Verb + preposition + ing
Unit 61 - Expressions + -ing
Unit 62 - Be / get used to
something (I'm used to...)
Unit 63 - Infinitive of purpose
and as an attribute
Unit 64 - Prefer and would
rather
Unit 65 - Had better do
something It's time someone
did something
Unit 66 - See someone do and
see someone doing
Unit 67 - -ing clauses
Unit 68 - Chance and
opportunity
Unit 69 - Uncountable nouns
Unit 70 - Countable nouns with
a/an and some
Unit 71 - A, an and the
Unit 72 - The (1)

Unit 73 - The (2)
Unit 74 - Plural and
uncountable nouns with and
without the
Unit 75 - School / the school,
prison / the prison etc.
Unit 76 - Geographical names
with and without the
Unit 77 - Names of streets,
buildings, etc. with and without
the
Unit 78 - Singular or plural?
Unit 79 - ...'s (apostrophes) and

of ...
Unit 80 - A friend of mine, my
own house. On my own / by
myself
Unit 81 - Reflexive pronouns
(myself/yourself etc.)
Unit 82 - All/all of,no/none of,
most/most of etc.
Unit 83 - Both / both of, neither
/ neither of, either / either of
Unit 84 - Some and any
Some/any + -one/-body/-thing/-
where
Unit 85 - No/none/any No/any
+ -one/-body/-thing/-where
Unit 86 - Much, many, little,
few, a lot, plenty
Unit 87 - All, every and whole
Unit 88 - Relative clauses (1) clauses with who/that/which
Unit 89 - Relative clauses (2)
cluses with or without who/that
Unit 90 - Relative clauses (3) whose, whom and where
Unit 91 - Additional
information relative clauses (1)

Unit 92 - Additional
information relative clauses (2)
Unit 93 - Participle clauses
Unit 94 - Adjectives ending in ing and -ed
Unit 95 - Adjectives: word
order...
Unit 96 - Adjectives or adverbs
(1)
Unit 97 - Adjectives and
adverbs (2) (good/well,
fast/hard/late, hardly)
Unit 98 - So and such

Unit 99 - Enough and too
Unit 100 - To + infinitive after
adjectives
Unit 101 - Comparison (1)
Unit 102 - Comparison (2)
Unit 103 - Comparison (3) - as
... as / than
Unit 104 - Superlatives the
longest, the most enjoyable etc.
Unit 105 - Word order (1) verb + object; place and time
Unit 106 - Word order (2) -
adverbs with the verb

Unit 107 - Still and yet Any
more / any longer / no longer
Unit 108 - Quite and rather
Unit 109 - Although / though /
even though In spite of /
despite
Unit 110 - Even
Unit 111 - As (reason) and as
(time)
Unit 112 - Like and as
Unit 113 - As if
Unit 114 - At / on / in (time)
Unit 115 - For, during, while

Unit 116 - By and until
Unit 117 - In, at, on (position)
(1)
Unit 118 - In, at, on (position)
(2)
Unit 119 - To, been to, into By
car / in my car
Unit 120 - On time/in time At
the end/in the end
Unit 121 - Noun + preposition
(`reason for', `cause of' etc.)
Unit 122 - Preposition + noun
(`by mistake', òn television'

etc.)
Unit 123 - Adjective +
preposition (1)
Unit 124 - Adjective +
preposition (2)
Unit 125 - Verb + preposition
(1)
(2)
(3)
Unit 128 - Verb + Object +
preposition (1)
Unit 129 - Verb + Object +
preposition (2)
Unit 130 - Phrasal verbs (get
up, break down, fill in etc.)
Appendix 1 - List of present
and past tenses
Appendix 2 - Regular and
irregular verbs
Appendix 3 - Spelling
Appendix 4 - Short forms (I'm /
you've / didn't etc.)
Appendix 5 - American English

,

.

,

,
-
.

:
http://www.gerasoft.com/englis
,
EMail
Unit 1
Present continuous
(I am doing)
(a) present
continuous,
-,
.
:
The dog is playing with its

,

- Why are you crying?

- I've broken my favourite

Tears are running down h
(is crying)
).
C pre
I am (= I'm)
he/she/(it)is (= he's etc.)

we/they/you are (= we're
etc.)
Kate is in her car.

She is on her way to mark
- She is driving to the mar
,
,
- May I see your husband? Is he
having a rest?
- That's OK. He is not sleeping.
Come in.
(b) present
continuous,
- ,
,

:
- Who is that man at the bar?
- Oh, this is James Feather, a
famous playwriter. They say, he is
writing a new play now.

The delegation is carrying on
negotiations with our firm.
Today they are having an
excursion to our plant.
are
having. to
have ontinuous
Tense "to possess"
(). are
having an excursion = are going
sight-seeing.
,

ontinuous Tense .Unit 3.
(c) present
continuous,
.
: today, this season
..:
- We are leaving tomorrow at six.
- They are playing with this team in
a week.
(d) present
continuous,
:
- The population of the world is
rising very fast. ( `rises')
- Is your French getting better? (
`does ... get')
Unit 2
Present simple
(I do)
(a) :
- .
.
: He is not writing a b
(he is asleep).
: He writes books.
present simple:
I / we / you / they write

he / she / (it) writes
Every day my husband and I get up
at 7 o'clock. We have our
breakfast and go to the office. It is
seven o'clock now, but we are
sleeping because it is Saturday and
we don't have to go to the office.
We get up, have breakfast, go to
the office -
,
,
.
present simple ,
,
,
.

, ,

. ,

:
- I always put down the new words

into my notebook.
- Does she study French three

times a week?
- They do not watch TV every
evening.
- Who does the shopping in your
family?
- My mother does. She goes
shopping twice a week.
, : he / she / it
-s.
s:
- I work with the computer every

day.My friend works every day
too.
(b) do / does,

.
do I/we/you/they
does work?
he/she/it//sh/she/it
- Excuse me, do you speak English?

- `Would you like a cigarette?' `No,
thanks. I don't smoke'.
- What does this word mean? (
`What means this word?')
- Rice doesn't grow in Britain.
.Unit 49.
(c) present simple,

,
:
- Every Saturday we go to the

cinema. ( ?-1
)
- She doesn't often read
newspapers.
- How often do they come to see
you?
(d) present
simple , ,
:
- The Earth is round. It goes round

the Sun.
- In Britain most of the shops close
at 5.30 p.m.
Unit 3
Present continuous (I am
doing)
or present simple (I do)?

Unit1 Unit2.
(a)
:
Present continuous Prese

(I am doing)
Present continuous
,

:
I am doing
past now future
The bell is ringing,
the lesson is over.
Prese
past
As a r
rings
(
)
There is no rain.
The Sun is shining
brightly. Let's go
for a walk.
-Where is Ann?
-She is having her
English lesson now.
Present continuous
is ove
(
The S
day-t
it doe
She h
twice
Prese
The vacuum cleaner The v

is not working
does
It broke down
You'd
yesterday.
new o
(b) Unit 1
,
ontinuous tenses.
simple
tenses.
,
Ì am liking'.
I like .
(
),

continuous tenses:
want like belong know suppose

need
love see realise mean forget prefer
hate hear believe understand
remember seem
have ( '' . Unit 24 )
think ( '')
- I have many books by this writer.
( )
- I hate doing nothing
- She doesn't like reading
newspapers.
- This car belongs to our
neighbours.
- They can't hear us. They are too
far away.
- She seems very tired.
- What do you think Tom will do?
( '')
Unit 4
Present tenses
,
, present
continuous
(I am doing).
present simple (I
do).
She is speaking with her

friends.
They are cleaning the
appartment.
,

ontinuous tenses,
"- "
,
.
:
belong know prefer suppose

see realise mean remember
hear believe cost understand
want like hate contains
seem love need forget
,
Present Simple c :
I hate being interrupted all

the time.
The book contains many
chapetrs devoted to the history of
the country.

can+see,hear
..,
,
:
- I can see someone through the

window,
but I can't hear what they're
saying.

ontinuous
tenses, :
to think - ""
to see - ""
to have - ,
to have breakfast, to have dinner,
to have a good time,
to have supper, to have troubles,

..
- I'm thinking of going to the
cinema tonight.
- She is having a rest. She is very
tired.
- I'm seeing my manager tomorrow at 8.
Unit 5
to be going to do
something
(a) to be going to
do something,
,
:
- I'm going to do my laundry next
Monday.
- When are you going to buy me
new shoes?
- John is not going to tell her
anything about it.

will going to
Unit 8
(b)
present continuous (I
am doing),
-
- ,
,

-. Unit 4.
(c) was/were
going to do, ,

( ):
- I was going to return your book
today but left it at home.
- They were going to swim, but the
weather was too cold.
(d) to be
going to do something,
,
,

.
:
,

He is going to fall into the
,
,
,
.
going to
,

(

,
- Mother has bought lots of cakes
for our party.
It's going to be a joilly good party.
- It's going to be another warm

day.
Unit 6
Will (1)
(a) will ('ll),
-
:
- Oh, He's left the door open. I'll

go and shut it.
- `What would you like to eat?' Ì'll
have a sandwich, please.'
- Did you visit Mary? Òh no, I
forgot. I'll do it now.'
- I'm too tired to walk home. I
think I'll take a bus.

present simple
(I do) .
- I'll go and lock the door. ( Ì

go and lock the door.')
will,
,
( )
:
- He can't visit you tomorrow
because his parents are coming to

see him.
( `his parents will come')
will
won't ( will not):
- :I'm afraid Mr Fred
can't see you until 8 o'clock.
-: Oh, in this case I won't wait.
I think I'll ...
I don't think I'll ..,
- :
- I think I'll stay at home and read

tonight.
- I don't think I'll go out this
evening. I'm too busy.
(b) will
:
- :
- That box seems to be heavy. I'll
help you with it. ( 'I help')
- Ì need a pen.' `Don't worry. I'll
lend you mine.'
-
:
A: You know that money I lent
you? Can I have it back?
B: Of course. I'll bring it back
tomorrow. ( Ì bring')
- We've asked him to help us but
he won't.
- The bike won't start. ( = the bike
`refuses' to start)
- :
- Thank you for lending me the car.
I'll give you it back on Sunday. (
Ì give')
- I won't tell Sally what you've

said. I promise.
- I promise I'll inform you as soon
as I arrive.
- -
(Will you...?):
- Will you make coffee, please?
- Will you please be a little
quieter? I'm trying to concentrate.
will .Unit 7. will going to
.Unit 8
Unit 7
Will (2)
(a) ,
,
- .
will :
- Jim is playing golf on week-end.

( `Jim will play')
- Is she going for a walk this
evening? ( `will she walk')

.Unit 4 Unit 5
, ,

.
:
Ted: I'm very worried abo

examination next month.
Jack: Don't worry, Ted. Yo
`You'll pass'
.
(,
):
.
(
will/won't.
- When you ome back home, you'll
notice a lot of changes.
- This time next year we'll be in
USA. Where will you be?
- When will he know his

examination results?
- I won't pass the exam. I haven't
done any work for it.
will

:
probably I'll probably be a

tonight.
(I'm) sure You must meet M
I'm sure you'll make
friends with her.

(I) expect I expect Antonio
that job.
(I) think Do you think we'l
contest?
(b) Will shall
Shall will
I we :
- We shall ( we will) probably
go to France in September.

I'll we'll:
- We'll probably go to France in
September.
shall
shan't
( shall not):
- I shan't ( I won't) be here at 3
o'clock.
shall
he /she /it/you/they.
,
shall I... ? shall we... ?
shall ( will) (
,
..):
- Shall I order a taxy? (= ,

?)
- I've got little money. What shall I
do? (= , -,
?)
- What concert shall we go this

evening to?
will Unit 6,Unit 8 Unit
9
Unit 8
Will or going to?
(a)
will,
going to,
,
.
:
wil

wil
.
Peter: My new car has
a flat tyre.
Can you repair it?
Father: OK, but now
I'm very busy.
I'll repair it tomorrow.

goi
to
Mother: Can you
repair Peter's
new car?
It has a flat tyre.

Father: Yes, I know. He
told me.
I'm going to repair it

tomorrow.
:

, :
Mother: Ted, we don't have any
sugar.
Ted: Oh, don't we? If so, I'll get
some from the shop.
(
)
:
Ted: I'm going to get some sugar
from the shop.
( )
Can I get you anything, John?
(b) ,
( )
will,
going to,
:
- Do you think Jim will buy that

house?
- Oh darling, it's already 6 o'clock.
We're going to be late for the
party.
going to ( will),

-, ,
(
).
. ,
,
.(
Unit 5d:
- Look at those black lines. The

TV-set's going to break. (the lines
are there
now)
- I feel awful. I think I'm going to
be ill. (I feel awful now)
e will ,
.

will
( Unit 7):
- Mike will probably arrive at

about 10 o`clock tomorrow.
- I'm sure she will like the present
you want to give her.
Unit 9
When and if sentences
(When I do... / if I do...)
(a) :
- If I have spare time I'll go to the
cinema.

:
I'll go to the cinema -

If I have spare time -
().

,
will, shall
be going to
.
present simple (I do).
- When we get off the train, I'll buy

an ice cream for you.
I'll buy an ice cream for you
- When we get off the train -

present simple
tense

.

(when?)
(under what condition?)
present
future .

:
- I shall tell him about it (under

what condition?) if I see him
tomorrow.
- We shall go for a walk (when?) as
soon as the rain stops.
- You can have the book (when?)
when I've read it.
present perfect
(I've read)
,
when -

(a)

(when - )
,
, :after,
before
while, until/till, as soon as, when.
(under what
condition)

: if, unless,
provided(that),
on condition(that).
(b)
when
if. when ,
,
:
- I'm going shopping this afternoon.
When I go shopping, I'll buy
some food.
if ( when)
,
:
- If you miss this train, you'll be
late for your work.
- If he does not come soon, I'm not
going to wait.
(c)

:
- He does not know if he will come

to see us tonight .
- I do not know, when I'll be back.
,
if when,

,
,

.

(object-)
"what?".

:
- I 'll go shopping with you (under
what condition?) if I have time
tomorrow.
present simple
tense ,
"
under what condition?":
- I do not know (what?) if he will
come on time.

what?,
when,
future tense .
Unit 10
Will be doing and will have
done
(a) :
.
:
- Mary, what about going to the

cinema at 12 o'clock?
- I'm sorry, but I can't. I promised
mom to help her in the garden.
I'll be planting flowers this time
tomorrow.
- Then what about going to the
cinema at six?
- Well, at 6 o'clock I'll be cleaning
my room, but I'll have cleaned it
in half an hour, so we can go to the
cinema at 7 o'clock.
'll be planting, 'll be cleaning Future Continuous Tense
Future Continuous(will
be doing),
Past(was doing)
Present Continuous (am/is/are
doing), ,
,

.

will be doing
continuous:
- My friend has her English lessons
every day at 5 o'clock.
- Yesterday at 5 o'clock she was
having her English lesson. (.Unit
12)
- It is 5 o'clock now she is having
her English lesson. (.Unit 1)
- At 5 o'clock tomorrow she will be
having her English lesson.
(b) 'll have

cleaned Future
Perfect Tense .
(will have done ),
, -

.

:
- He says that before he leaves
(this is a certain moment in the
future),
he'll have seen every show in the
town.
- By this time next month, all the
roses will have died.
- When you are my age you'll have
learnt much about the weakness of
man.
Future Continuous Tense (will be

doing) :
,
:
- Here is John's schedule for the
next Saturday:
-in the morning he will be working
in the garden.
-in the afternoon, when it is very
hot he will be repairing his
car in the garage.
- And what is he doing in the
evening? He is taking Mary to the
cinema.
Unit 11
Past simple (I did)
(a) :
- I wrote a letter to my gra

yesterday.
wrote - Past sim
Past simple ,

.
- Mr. Gosselyn read The Times,

went to church on Sunday and
accompanied his wife to teaparties.
- She won every prize that was
open to her.
- It was two years later that
Jimmie Langton discovered her.
- He blushed and his blue eyes
shone.
- Her aunt talked in a deep loud
voice.
(b)
Past simple tense c

, :
yesterday, last night, last week,
last month,
last year,last summer(autumn,
winter, spring),
at six(seven...) o'clock on
Sunday(Monday...),
an hour(a week...) ago, the other
day,
in 1994(1966), during the war(the
revolution..)
- Mr. Smith began teaching in a

secondary school in England in
1988.
- On Monday he came to the office
by taxi.
- I went to Ireland in a fishing boat
two years ago.
- Last month Tom and Jim visited
Scotland and climbed
the mountains.
(b) Past simple

tense
-ed d.

.
:
- She walked round the garden with

the colonel and listened
intellegently while he talked of
peace.
- Her beauty created a sensation in
Middlepool.
- He stayed in Middlepool for two
years.
- She looked straight into his eyes.
- Julia smiled at the complacency

on her husband's handsome face.
- Michael stared at them gravely.

Appendix 3.
(d)
(irregular). , past
simple
-ed.
:
1.,
tell - told Mrs. Gosselyn told her

about India.
give - gave He gave a little laugh
of embarrasment.
take - took She took him into a
small room behind the dining-room.
fly - flew The children flew to meet
their mother.
see - saw I last saw Jill over three
years ago.
2.,
-d
-t:
teach - taught Her aunt taught her

how to walk and how to hold
herself.
leave - left He left the room an
hour ago.
sell - sold The baker sold good
cakes.
bring - brought John brought his
little brother to school.
buy - bought They bought that fruit
from Greece.
catch - caught Mr. Brown caught

the eight o'clock train.
3.,
d t:
send - sent He sent a letter to his
aunt yesterday.
build - built Jack built his house last
autumn.
bend - bent That stormy night trees
bent before the wind.
lend - lent The other day Dolly lent
them money.
4.,
infinitive Past simple :

cut - cut Aunt Aggie cut the cake.
hit - hit The cruel driver hit the
horse.
put - put Yesterday the
worshippers put their gifts before
the gods.
set - set The sailors, after
quarreling with their captain,
set him adrift on the ocean in an
open boat.
split - split The ship split in two

under the force of the stormy
waves.
burst - burst Dolly burst into
laughter.
let - let The prisoner let himself
down from his window with
a rope made of knotted sheets.
5.,
:
go - went Ann went up to the
drawing-room.

Appendix 2.
(e)

:
burn - burnt burned

:
The old house burnt down The old

house burned down
last night in the big fire. last
night in the big fire.

smell - smelt smelled
The dog smelt at the stranger for
The dog smelled at the
stranger for
a minute but did not recognize him.
a minute but did not recognize him.
dream - dreamt dreamed
I dreamt of my old home last night.
I dreamed of my old home last
night.

Appendix 2.
(f) past simple

be (am/is/are)
was/were :
I/he/she/it was we/yo

Julia was quickShe was a born a
Michael's eyes were hea
(g)

Past simple
did/didn't +
(do/open/rain ..):
- Did they like the idea of his going

on the stage?
They didn't like the idea of his
going on the stage.
- Did Tom dance with Helen
yesterday?
No, Tom didn't dance with Helen
yesterday.
- She knew that she didn't look
well in costume.
(h) ,
did/didn't have :
- Did you have a bath this morning?

- We didn't have any more flowers
in the garden.
be (was/were )
did:
:- Was he at home
yesterday?
- He was not exactly mean, but he
was not generous.
past simple Unit 12,
Unit 20, Unit 21.
Unit 12
Past continuous (I was
doing)
(a) :
Yesterd
was pla
was playing - ,

,
P
Past continuous,
,

- .
:
- She was sitting comfortably on

the floor.
- The boy was throwing stones at a
kitten which was sitting on
the fence across the street.

Past continuous
- .
,
, - .
:
- She was cooking the supper. (past
continuous) = ,
,
.
- She cooked the supper. (past
simple) =
.

,
. :
- Red Chief was sitting on Bill's

chest holding him by hair with one
hand.
He was trying to take Bill's scalp.
- He was standing in front of him
ready to strike him with a big
stone.
(b) Past continuous

to
be
. :
I/he/she was
playing
we/they/you were
(c) Past
continuous, ,
-
-

.

,
.
- This time yesterday the Time

Traveller was talking to a group of
his
friends about the problem of
travelling in time.
(d)
, :
- The Time Ttraveller was moving

further and further into the future.
(e) Past continuous

Past simple ,
, -

:
- Just at daybreak I woke up

because Bill was screaming.
- When I came back to a cave I saw
that Bill was standing with his
back to the wall.

,
,
past simple :
- Arthur gave the sailor his watch

and money and the salor went
away.
(f) Past continuous

,
:
the whole day, all day long.
- The car was waiting for them at

the stage door the whole day.
- All day long he was walking
noiselessly, like a scout.
(g) Past continuous

,

.

, :
always, ever, constantly.
- His photograph was always

appearing in the illustrated papers.
- Ann was constantly complaining
of being lonely.
:
(
know),
continuous tenses.

Unit 3b.
Unit 13
Present Perfect (I have
done) (1)
(a) Present Perfect

,

!
Present Perfect

,

,

.
- I have broken my pe
- I can not write the dic
,
got no pencil now.
:I have no penc
P
(Simple)
I/we/they/you
have(= I've etc.)
broke
he/she has (= he's
etc.)
I (etc.)
haven't
he/she
hasn't
you
broken
has h
- She has gone off to the woods. (=

She is in the woods now.)
- Have you washed your hands? (=
Are they clean now?)
Present Perfect
have/has + the past participle .

Past Participle
-ed
(opened, decided),

(broken,lost, written, done ..
.Appendix 2).
(b) C
just
(
)
already(
, ):
- Whats the matter? Why are you

so sad?
- I have just received a letter from
my friend. She is ill.
- Do you know that Tom...?
- We have already heard about

that!
- May I go for a walk?
- You must do your homework.
- I have already done it.
- Lets water the plants! - I have
just done it.
(c)
gone to been to.
. Unit 119.
- Pussy Cat, Pussy Cat,

Where have you been?
- I have been to London
To look at the Queen.
,
, .
- Dont look for the cat. It has gone
to the garden. (= The cat is not
here, it is either in the garden on

its way
to the garden.)
Unit 14
done) (2)
(a) :
Jane: Have you read any
books by Dostoyevsky?
Mary: Yes, I have read
some.
Jane: And have you read
any books by Chekhov?
Mary: Of course, I have
read his plays and short
stories.
He is my favorite
Russian writer.
Jane: And what about
Belyaev?
Mary: I have never
heard of this writer!

,
(

).
Present
Perfect,

,

.

:
- Have you ever been to France?

- She has been to this museum
several times.
- Have you ever heard his story?
- I have never seen such a terrible

film.
present perfect
,
,
-
-
,

.
c
present perfect ever
never:
- She has never read a single book!
- I havn't read the paper for the
last two days.
- She has not written to me for a
year,- said Roy.
(b) Present
Perfect
This is the first
time...,
Its the first time..., ..
- This is the first time, I have

visited the USA.
- It is the first time, they have
come to our new flat.
Unit 15
done) (3)
(a) :
Roy: Have you seen
Mary?
Ann: No, I havent.

I hope to see her at
your party.
,
Present Perfect Tense .
:
- They have translated many

interesting articles recently.
- Why have not you gone with
them?
- Ive completed writing my
exercises at last!
(b)

present perfect
yet
(. Unit 107). Yet

,
, .
- She has not read the article yet.

- Has Mr. Smith left his house yet?
(c)

this year, this
week, this
morning, this evening, this term,
today
..(.. ,

):
- I have not even had coffee this

morning.
- This year we have taken only one
assistant. ( ,
,
.)
- I have had only one new dress this
summer.- exclaimed Jane.
( .)
(d) ,

,
Present Perfect
Continuous (I have been doing):
- They have been talking all the

morning.
Present perfect continuous .Unit
16, Unit 17, Unit 18.
Present perfect past simple
.Unit 20, Unit 21.
Unit 16
Present perfect continuous
(I have been doing)
(a)
:
- Is the tea cattle

boiling?
- No, it is not. But the
water is quite hot.
h
h
sl
- It has been boiling.

C
- I have been sleeping
to
for more than ten
hours!
P
Continuou
I/we/they/you have
(= I've ..)
been
he/she/it has (= he's
..)
Present
Perfect
Continuous,

(
),

(
)
.

:
- She has been washing

her hair, but it may be
dry now.
- Bill has been dining
with us tonight.
- Ive just been having
such a delightful chat
with Margaret.
(b)
Present
Perfect Continuous,

,
- .

(),
,

(
).
:
- I have been writing for

more than an hour.
- Weve been staying
here nearly a week.
- You have been making

excuses for him all your
life.

Present
Perfect Continuous
how long, for since

- She has been having

English lessons since she
was five.
- How long have you
been playing tennis?
Present
Perfect + since /for
. Unit 18 - Unit 19.

Present Perfect
Present
Perfect Continuous .
Unit 17 - Unit 18.
Unit 17
Present perfect continuous
(I have been doing) or
present perfect simple (I
have done)?
(a)
- Th
- He is exhausted.
brok
- He has been riding
- He
a bicycle.
Has been riding - bicy
Has
present perfect
continuous.
pres
simp

.
,

.

continuous,
,

:
(b)

- She has been
reading all day long. - She

- They have been
who
washing the car
- Th
for two hours.
wash
- You have been
-Ih
talking with her
ever
all the morning.
. Unit 18

present perfect how long?
(c)

continuous, , know.
have known
`have
been knowing'.

.
Unit 3b.
- I have known her since my
childhood.
Unit 18
Present perfect
(I have done/ I have been
doing)
with how long, for, since
(a) Present
Perfect Present Perfect
Continuous
, ,

.
- I have been thinking

about it for a long time.
- They have been married
for many years.
- He has been reading since
he came.
(b) Present
Perfect (I have done)
Present Perfect
Continuous (I have been
doing)
,

. .
Unit 16b.
- She has been playing

chess for 10 years.
- She has played chess for
10 years.
Present
Perfect (I have done )
,

(,
always).
,
:
- My parents have always

lived in this small town.
- He has looked after Miss
Gregg for many years now.
,
,
Present Perfect
Continuous (I have been
doing):
- My friend has been
staying with us for several
days.
- I have been learning
English since September.
(d) ,
, be , have , know
( Unit 3b
have
Unit 24)

Present Perfect
Continuous
Continuous
Present Perfect:
- I've loved her since she

was a child.
- But we have been in
conference for two hours he said.
(d)
,

,

,
Present
Simple (I do)
Continuous (I am doing).
- What are you doing here?

I'm waiting for my friend.
- How long have you been
waiting for her?
- I've been waiting for her for

about an hour.
Unit 19
Present perfect with since,
for, how long.
Past simple with when.
(a) ,
since for

Present
Perfect Continuous.
since

:
- She has been watching

TV since early morning.
- They have been travelling
since last Monday.
For

:
- He has been working in
that firm for two months.
- It has been raining for 3
hours.
- They have been agruing
about that for more than

an hour.

all day all morning all week
all my life..

for.
- It has been raining all day

long.
- She has been training all
week long.
(b) Present
perfect (I have done/I have
been doing),
,
(how long) -
(
).
How
long is it since...?:
- It's two years since I saw your
flat.
- It's ages since we visited this
place.
- How long has it been

raining?
- It's been raining since one
o'clock.
(c) ,
when
Past
Indefinite Tense (I did),
,
:
- When did he come home?
- When did you see this

film?
- He was preparing for his
report, when the telephone
rang.
- When I entered the room
I saw my mother sitting in
the armchair.
(d)
How long is
it since ?
- Its two years since I saw
your flat.
- Its ages since we visited
this place.
Unit 20
Present perfect (I have
done)
or past simple (I did)? (1)
(a) :
.
.
.
.
.

.
,
.
- Has Mary left her copy-book
again?
- No, she hasn't. She has brought it.
- Did she leave her copy-book?
- Yes, she did.
She left (past Simple) her copybook but now she has brought
(present perfect) it.
present perfect (has

brought) . `He
has left her copy-book' ,

( Unit 13).
past simple (left)
.
`She left it at home',
,
.
:
- We went to the Crimea for our
holiday, but now we've come back

home.
- She had a lot of dirty dishes after
the party, and she has washed them
all.
(b) present
perfect (I have done )
,
(,
):
- For some years Chekhov lived in
his estate not far from Moscow.
- The state Florida in the USA was

discovered by Ponce de Leon.
(c) present perfect (I

have done ), (
)
(.Unit 13).

,
past simple (I did).
- Pussy Cat, Pussy Cat
Where have you been?
- I have been to London
To look at the Queen.

- Pussy Cat, Pussy Cat
What did you see there?
- I saw a little mouse
Under her chair.

present perfect
past simple .Unit 21.
Unit 21
Present perfect (I have
done)
or past simple (I did) ? (2)
(a) Present Perfect Tense

,
, ..
,

:
Ann has read a lot

this year.
John has written a
letter today.
This

,
(, yesterday,
in 1995...)
Past simple
Tense (I did):
- John wrote a letter yesterday.

Present Perfect

:yesterday, two days ago,
last week,when I was a child.
Past
Simple .
- Two years ago I worked in the
insurance agency.
- When I was a child I liked ice-
cream very much.

Present Perfect
:
just, already, ever, never, recently,
lately, not yet.
- Have you ever been to France?
- I have just returned from France.
-,
,
Past Simple Tense .
- When was he born?

- When did you go there?

Present
Perfect Tense .
, :
,
,

.
- He has already finished his

dinner, hasn't he?
- He hasn't finished his dinner yet,
has he?
Unit 22
Past perfect (I have done) (I had done)
(a) Past Perfect Tense
had + past participle
(seen, gone , opened, written,
looked, ..).

(past participle )
Appendix2. Past
Perfect , :
1.

:
- I had written a letter by two
o'clock.
2.

:
- She had already left when I came.
- I didn't know what I should write.
I had never written letters before.
(b) Past Perfect (I had done) -

Present
Perfect (I have done ).
C:
Present
I'm not hungry. I've I was
just had lunch.
just h
The house is dirty. The h
We haven't
We h
cleaned it for weeks. clean
(c) Past Perfect Past

Simple :
- Was Mary ready to go to the
cinema when you came to her?
- Yes, she had been ready by the
moment.
- Jack wasn't in when I phoned
him. He was in his office.
- Jack had just got home when I
phoned him. He had been in his
office.
Unit 23
Past Perfect Continuous
(I had been doing)
(a) Past Perfect Continuous
to
be Past Perfect + Participle 1
(had been doing). Past Perfect
Continuous
,

.
- Although the sun was shining, it
was still cold as it had been

raining hard for two hours.
- He felt tired when he came home
as he had been playing football.
(b) Past Perfect Continuous

, ,
-
, -
.
- She had been sleeping for two
hours when we returned.
- It had been raining for an hour
when I left home.
(c) Past Perfect Continuous (had

been doing) Present
Perfect
Continuous (have been doing).
:
Present
How long have you
How
been waiting?
been
( )
the b
He's out of breath. He w
He has been
He ha
running.
(d) Past Perfect
Continuous
(had been doing) Past Continuous
(was/were doing):
She had been sleeping for three
hours when we returned.
( ,
).
She was sleeping when we
returned.
( ,
).
(e)
(, know)

Continuous.

Unit 3b.
Unit 24
Have and have got
(a) Have have got
Have got has got

have has.
:
- I have got a brother. : I have
a brother.
- Tom has got many books. :
Tom has many books.
Have you got a

sister?
Have you a sister?
Do you have a
sister?
Has he got a flat?
I haven
I haven
I don't
He has
Has he a flat?
Does he have a
flat?
He has
He doe
flat.
(Past) got
.
- When I was a student I had a
friend.

did didn't.
- Did you have a friend when you

were a student?
- I liked to travel but I didn't have
a car then.
(b) Have
.
Have

. :
have breakfast/lunch/dinn
drink/
a cup of coffee/a cigarette
have a swim/a walk/a rest/
party/
a good time ..
have a bath/a shower/a wa
have a look (at something)
have a baby (= give birth to
have a chat (with someone)
have

have got:
- I usually have breakfast at 8
o'clock. ( 'have got')
- Last summer I had a good time.
:
- I have a bath every morning. (=
-)
- I've got a bath. (=
)
to do
- When do you usually have

breakfast?
- I don't have breakfast so early.
- Did you have a good time last
summer?
- I didn't have a good time last
summer.
have ,

Continuous (is having/ are

having/was having ..):
- Where's Mike? He's having
dinner.
Unit 25
Used to (I used to do)
(a) used to
(used to
do/used to smoke ..)
,
,
.
- I used to swim a lot in summer but
I don't go swimming any more.
- Ann used to have headaches, now
she feels quite well.
Used to
,
(
).
- We used to live in Spain but now
we live in France.
- There used to be a garden in
front of the house, now you can see
a
restaurant in its place.
(b) Used to +

( ).
'I use to do'.

present simple (Ido).

:
past: he used to play tennis there

used to be a house here
present: he plays tennis there is a
house here
: did...use
to?
- Did you use to read a lot?
: didn't use
to..(
'used not to'):
- I didn't use to read a lot.
(d) ,
I used to do
I am used to doing (.Unit 62).

,
:
- I used to play with Kate.(
).
- I am used to playing with Kate . (
).
Unit 26
Can, could and be able to
(a) an ,
,
,

.
- can't
cannot.
- He can speak English.
- Can you translate this book?
- I can't visit you every day.
Be able to
can,
can :
- I'm not able to visit you every
day.
can
: can
( -present) could
(
-past),
be able to.
- He hasn't been able to work
recently. (can has no Present
Perfect)
- She might not be able to fly to
London. (can has no infinitive)
(b) Could was able to:

could
can.
- Tom could play football very well.

- She couldn't speak English.
ould

:see, hear,
smell,
taste, feel, understand, remember:
- He spoke so quickly that I
couldn't understand him at all.
- Though I was sitting in the last
row, I could see the film well.
Could ,

-:
- My mother could speak five
languages.
,

-
,
was/were able to (
could):
- He didn't want to buy a new suit
but at last we were able to
persuade him.
- She wasn't able to pass the exam.
couldn't

.
- He couldn't play tennis.
- We couldn't persuade him to buy
a new suit.
can .Unit 31. could
.Unit 27 Unit 31.
Unit 27
Could(do) and could
have(done)
(a) Could
.

.

could

can (.Unit 26).
- I could not hear him.

ould

,

.
- Could you please give me a
stamp?
- Where shall we go tomorrow? We
could go to the restaraunt.
an
.
could

, an.
Could

.
- There could be another rise in
prices next month. ( =,
.)
could ,
would be able to.
- He works day and night. I

couldn't do it.
(b)
ould
could have (done ).
,

,

.
- He could have taken the dog out

but he didn't do it.
- Why did you choose to work at
the plant? You could have stayed
at the Institute.
- You should not have taken part in
this adventure. You could have
perished.
(c)
couldn't have (done ).

'I couldn't have done something' =
,

( ) .
- Last Sunday a party was

arranged at Tom's place. I couldn't
have
taken part in it, anyway, because I

was busy.
- Tom didn't enter the University.
He couldn't have passed the
exams.
.could/couldn't
Unit 26, Unit 28b,Unit 29c, Unit 31.
Could if

.
Unit 36,Unit 37,Unit 38.
Unit 28
May (have) and might
(have) (1)
(a) May might ,

-.

.
:
He may be busy now. He might

be busy now.
may might .
may
may not
might not (mightn't).
may
-
:
- Ann might not know about it.
( )
- Jack might not be ready for the
exam.( )
(b) may have

done might have done ,

:
- Why didn't she answer the
phone?
- She might have gone shopping.
- I can't find my key anywhere.
- You may have lost it while you
walked with your dog.
could

may might. ,
.
- Where is Mike? I'm not sure. He
could be in his club.
may might
.Unit 29 Unit 30.
Unit 29
May (have) and might
(have) (2)
(a)
:
He may be in his office. (=

)
He might be having lunch.
)
Ask Ann. She might know
)
may might ,
,
- .

.
:
- He may be in his office. He

might be in his office.

may not
might not (mightn't):
- Jack might not be in his office.

(= , )
- I'm not sure whether I can lend
you any money. I may not have

enough.
(= ,
)
:
may
I/you/he(
.)
(not)
might
(b) May have done might have

done ,

.
- A: I wonder why Ann didn't
answer the doorbell.
- B: Well, I suppose she may have
been in the bath.
(= , )
- A: Why didn't he say hello when
he passed us in the street?

- B: He might have been daydreaming.
(= , )
- A: I can't find my bag anywhere.
- B: You might have left it in the
shop.
(= , )
- A: I wonder why Ann didn't come
to the meeting.
- B: She might not have known
about it.
(= , )
(c)
:
may
been
been
(not)
I/you/he
drea
have
..
know
( ..) might
..
`Couldn't
have (done)'
`can't have (done)',
- `Where's Jack?' Ì'm not sure.

He could be in his office, I suppose,
but he's not usually there at this
time.'
may might . Unit
30,Unit 31.
Unit 30
May and might (future)
(a) may might

.
:
- I'm not quite sure where to go for
my holidays but I may go to the
USA.
(=, )
- The weather forecast is not very
good. It might snow this evening.

(=, )
- We can't help her. Why doesn't
she ask Nick? He might be able to
help
her. (=,
)

may not might not (mightn't).
- Zag may not go to the cinema
with us. He is very busy.
(= , )
- There might not be a party on
Sunday because the parents are ill.
(=,
)
may
might,
.
:
- We may go to the USA. - We
might go to the USA.
(b) may might

Continuous: may/might be doing.
will be doing
(.Unit 10a,Unit 10b:
- Don't come at 6. I'll be watching
my favourite film on television.
- Don't come at 6. I may (or might)
be watching my favourite film on
television. (= perhaps I'll be in the
middle of watching it.)
Continuous
(may/might be
doing) ,

.
:
- He's going to the USA in May.
()
- He may (or might)be going to the
USA in May. ()
:
- He may/might go to the USA in

May.
(c) May as well, might as well

:
A: - Where shall we go tonight?

B: - I don't know. Any ideas?
A: - Well, there's a party at Brigs.
A lot of people will be there.
B: - We might as well go there
then. There's nothing else to do.
may/might as well
,
,

-, ,

, ,

.
We might as well go there
: ?
.
- I'll have to wait half an hour for
the next train, so I might as well

walk.
- We may as well go to thr party.
We've nothing else to do.
- Shall we go shopping now? - We
might as well .
may might . Unit 29.
may Unit 31.
Unit 31
Can, could, may and would
(a)
.
can
could
,
- -:
- Can you wait a moment,
please?
- Dan,can you help me,
please?
- Excuse me.
Could you tell where the
theatre is?
- Do you think I could use
your pen?
- I wonder if they could help us.
-,
:
Can I have ..?/Could I have ..?/May I
have ..?
- Can I have these shoes, please?
( )
- Could I have the sugar, please?

( )
(b)
.
an,could may
,
:
- Hello, can I speak to Ted, please?
( )
- 'Could I use your track?' `Yes, of
course.'
- 'Do you think I could go with
you?' `Yes, sure.'
- 'May I tell her about this?' `Yes,
please do.'
,

can may ( could):
- You can ( may) visit us if you
like.
an/can't ,

-,
(
):
- You can drive for a year in
Britain with an international
license.
- If you're under 18, you can't
drive a car in Russia.
(c) can,

- :
- `Can I get you lemonade?'
`That's very nice of you.'
- `Can I help you, sir?' `No thank
you. I'm being served.'
(d) -
,
Would you like...?
(
`do you like'):
- Would you like some whiskey? (
`do you like')

- Would you like to play golf with
me tonight?( `do you like to
play')

I'd like (= I would like ):
- I'd like some information about
new services, please .
- I'd like you to be more attentive .
Unit 32
Must and have to
(a)

-, must (do)
have to(do).
:
- You must ( have to) have a
passport to visit most foreign
countries.
,
must
have to. must

, ,

:
- You must help your sister.
- He must not smoke so much.
- He must be at home now.
- The book is not on the shelf. Jean
must be reading it now.
- It is six o'clock. She must have
come home.
have to

,
.
:
- I have a terrible toothach

I have to go to the dentist.

.
- We are to meet at 5 o'clo

,

.
- I can't meet you on Friday. I have
to work.
(b) Must

.
Must
must
.
- We must help her in her work.

Have to
.
:
- I had to go to hospital. (past)
- She has to rewrite her

composition. (infinitive) - (Present
simple)
- Have you ever had to go to
hospital? (present perfect)
,
do/does/did c have to

,

:
- What do I have to do get a driving
license? ( 'have I to do')

- Why did you have to go to
hospital? ( 'had you to do')
(c) Must't don't have to
. 'You must't do
something'
:',
':
- You mustn't go there.

- You must not do such things.
- He mustn't leave the room for a
while.
- You must not tell anyone what I
said.
. Unit 33a.
'You don't have to do something'

:
' ;
':
- I don't have to wear a suit to
work but I usually do.
- You don't have to borrow this
book from the library. I'll give it to

you.
(d) have to
have got to.
:
- He have to go right now. - He
has got to go right now.
- He have to sell his house. He has got to sell his house.
MUST
TO BE
I was to
meet hi
- - - - - - - - Was sh
Past
to....
----They
weren'
I am to
We must meet he
go now
She isn
Present Must you go...
go there
Future
Are the
come
---------
Unit 33
Must, mustn't, needn't and
needn't have
(a) Must, mustn't needn't
(You) must (do) ,

-
:
You haven't got much tim

hurry.
You can tell Tom what I sa
keep it a secret.
(You) mustn't (do)

(
):
The baby is asleep. You m

(= ,
You can tell Tom what I sa
mustn't tell anybody else.
(= ,
(You) needn't (do)
You've got plenty of time.

hurry. (=
I can hear you quite clearl
shout. (=
(b) needn't
don't/doesn't need to:
- You've got plenty of time. You

don't need to hurry.
, `don't need
to hurry',
`needn't hurry' ( to).
(c) Needn't have (done)

:

,
.
20
.
Tom needn't have hurried

).
`Tom needn't have hurried

,
Needn't have ,

-,
- Ann bought some eggs but when

she got home she found that she
already
had plenty of eggs. So she needn't
have bought any eggs.
- Thank you for doing the washingup but you needn't have done it
really.
I was going to do it later.
(d) Didn't need to

Didn't need to ( `didn't have to')
,

- .

:
- I didn't need to go, so I didn't go.

- I didn't need to go but I decided
to go anyway.
needn't
have ,

- I needn't have gone. (= ,

,
.)
Unit 34
Should (1)
(a)
should
,

.
.
should
,

, must.

, should
: ,
:
- You should not smoke so much.

- It's late. The boy should go to
bed.
- They should be invited to our
party.
Should
. 'You shouldn't do
something'
, -
.

:
- You shouldn't be sitting in the

sun, move out of it into the shade.
- You should have told me about it.
- You shouldn't feel so unhappy
over such trifles.
(b) should,

-.

I think/I don't
think/
do you think?
- I don't think you should work so

hard.
- I think the government should do
something about the economy.
(c) Should ,

- , ,

:
- Those children shouldn't be

playing.
- They should be at school.
(d)
should have done shouldn't have

done .

,
,

:
- He looks very ill. He sho

at home.
,

, -.

, ,
- .
- Bill, you shouldn't h

,
(,
).
(e) ought
should.
- It's really a good film. You ought
to/should go and see it.

- You should/ought to be polite.

should .Unit 35.
Unit 35
Should (2)
(a) ,
Unit 34, should
,
-
:
- He usually comes home at 6

o'clock. now it is eight. He should
be at
home. (, )
- She knows the subject very well.
She shouldn't have problems at her
examination.
(b) Should
, :
suggest propose recommend insist
demand ..
- She insisted that we should come

to the meeting.
- He suggests that they should tell
her everything.
- I demand that he should apologize
to me.

suggest.

(to do / to play ..).
:
- They suggest we go together.
- Mom suggested (that) I invited all
my friends.
( Mom suggested me to invite

all my friends.)
.
suggest-ing .Unit 53.
(c) Should :
wonderful
natural important interesting
surprising
impossible unlikely ..:
- It is interesting that
somebody(something) should do(be
done).
- It is very strange that she should
speak to him in such a tone.

that

,
perfect
infinitive
(have done ) should.
- It is much better that they should

have found everything before it is
too late.
(d) If....should.
if
should,

.
- If you come in time we'll go to the

cinema together.
- If you should come in time, we
may go to the concert.

,

.
Should
( ).
- Should you come in time, we'll
manage to go to the concert.
- Should she be more careful, she
wouldn't make so many mistakes.
Unit 36
If sentences
(present/future)
(a)
:
Zag: I think I left my

suitcase in your house. Have
you seen it?
Jane: No, but I'll have a look. If I
find it, I'll give it to you.

,
.
:Ìf I
find... I'll...'
(. Unit 9c).
Jane: If I found $500 in the street,

I would keep it.
.
.
, .
:Ìf I found...I
would...'
( ìf I find ...I'll').

,
-
, if
past
tense (did/was/found ..).
,
:
- What would you do if you won a

million pounds?
- If we didn't visit them tomorrow,
they would be very angry.

- She wouldn't lend us any money if
we asked her to.
(b) Would
if -
:
- Everyone would be very

frightened if someone pointed a
gun at him.
( ìf someone would point')
- If we didn't come to her birthday
party tonight, she would be angry.
( ìf we wouldn't come')

if
... would,

-
-:
- I would be very grateful if you

would inform me about new prices
as soon as possible. (
)
- `Shall I open the window?' `Yes,
please, if you would.'
(c)
( if -)
would/wouldn't.
Would
'd,
- If you stopped drinking, you'd

probably feel better.
- He wouldn't come to the party if
you invited him.

could might:
- Sally might be angry if I didn't

come to her. (= perhaps she would
be)
- If it stopped snowing, we could go
somewhere. (= we would be able
to go out)
(d) when
,
(
):
- Duke would be angry if I didn't

visit him. ( `when I didn't visit')
- What would you cry if you saw a
snake? ( `when you saw')
. Unit 9c.
if
.Unit 37 Unit 38.
Unit 37
If and wish sentences
(present)
(a) :
T
,
.
- If I knew her address, I w

her.
T Ìf I knew her a

,

.

, if past
tense
(Ì did/I was/I knew' ..).

,
:
- I would buy it if I had more

money.( )
- If he didn't want to see us, he
wouldn't come.(
)
- We wouldn't have any job if we
didn't look for it.
( )
(b)

wish.
Wish
,
, ,
:
He wis
her add
I wish it
wasn't so
rainy in
England.
(
.)
(
Do you
you cou
(
?
The bu
overcro
wish th
so man
(
I wish
holiday
(
if
wish
were was:
- If I were you, I wouldn't go there.
( Ìf I was you')
- I'd go out if it weren't raining so
hard. ( ìf it wasn't raining')
- I wish my work were easier. (

Ì wish my work was easier.')
(d)
would
(if)
wish:
- If I were rich, I would buy a car
for you. ( ìf I would be rich')
- I wish you were cleverer. ( Ì
wish you would be cleverer.)
I
wish...would....
.Unit 39.
Could `would be
able to'
`was able to':
- She could (= would be able to) do
the work faster if she could
(= was able to) type.

if wish . Unit 36,Unit

38,Unit 39.
Unit 38
If and wish sentences (past)
(a)
:
Last month
Mary didn't
feel well. Ted
didn't know
this, so he
didn't go to see
her. After
Mary got better
they met again.
Ted said:
- If I had
known that you
were ill, I
would have
If I h
visited you.

,
past perfect (I had done/I
had been/I had known
..) if.
- If I had known you were in Paris,

I would have shown
you the city. ( )
- I would have gone out with you if
I hadn't had so much work.
(
)
- If he had been looking where he
was going, he wouldn't have
walked into
the wall. (
)
would
(have)
(if) :
- If I had met you yesterday, I

would have invited you to the
party.
( ìf I would have met')
would had
'd:
- If I'd met (= had met) you, I'd

have invited (= would have invited)
you to the party
(b)
past perfect
(I had done ) wish,
-, (
)
:
- I wish I had known that Tim was

ill. I would have come to see him.
(I didn't know that he was ill.)
- I feel sick. I wish I hadn't eaten
fish for dinner. (I ate fish.)
- Do you wish you had studied
maths instead of languages?
(You didn't study maths.)
- The weather was terrible. We
wish it had been warmer. (It wasn't
warm.)
would
have wish:
- We wish it had been warmer. (

`would have been')
(c) Would have (done) -
would (do):
- If she had gone to the party

yesterday, she would be tired now.
( - present.)
- If she had gone to the party
yesterday, she would have seen us.
( - past.)
would have
might have could have :
- If we'd trained harder, we might

have won. (= perhaps we would
have won)
- We could have gone out if it
hadn't been raining. (= we would
have been able to go out)

if wish .Unit
36,Unit 37, Unit 39.
Unit 39
Would
would would have
if
() . Unit 36, Unit 37
Unit 38.
would ,
..
. Unit 31.

would.
(a) would
I wish...
:
It is raining.
Don wants to go out, but not in the
rain.
He says:
I wish it would stop raining.
,
,
.
I wish would...,
, -

- - .

.
- I wish someone would help us to

carry the boxes. They are so
heavy.
- The music next door is very loud.
I wish they would turn it down.
I wish ...
wouldn't
:
- I wish you wouldn't go out so

lately. I begin to worry.
I wish ... would,
,
- ,
-
.

Ì wish I would ...'.

wish
.Unit 37 Unit 38.
(b) Would/wouldn't
past
will/won't:
present Lucy: I'll lend you my

computer, Tommy.
past Lucy said that he would lend
Tommy his computer.
present Sam: I promise I'll do it for
you.
past Sam promised that he would
do it for you.
present Fred: Damn! The car won't
start.
past Fred was angry because the
car wouldn't start.
would,

,
:
- In the childhood we lived by the
sea. In summer, if the weather

was fine, we would all get up very
early and go for a walk.
- Whenever Harry was angry, he
would just break chairs and desks.

used to:
- ... we all used to get up early and

go ...
.Unit 25 used to.
Unit 40
In case
(a) :
-

,
,
.
He wears two watches in c
stops.
In case one of them stops
,
.
in
case :
- John might phone tonight. I don't

want to go out in case he phones.
(= , ,
)
- I'll draw a map for you in case
you can't find our house. (=

,

)
(b) will in
case ;
,
:
- I don't want to go out tonight in
case John phones. ( ìn case
John
will phone')
(c) In case
if.
:
- We'll buy some more food if Tom

comes. (= , ,
; ,
;
,

.)
- We'll buy some food in case Tom
comes. (= , ,
; ,

.)
:
- This letter is for Ann. Can you

give it to her if you see her?
- This letter is for Ann. Can you
take it with you in case you see
her?
(d) in case,
,
- -
:
- We bought some more food in

case Tom came. (=
, )
- I drew a map for her in case she
couldn't find our house.
- We rang the bell again in case
they hadn't heard the first time.
(e) Ìn case of ...' in

case . In case
of fire ` ':
- In case of fire, please leave the
building as quickly as possible.
- In case of emergency, telephone
this number. (=
)
Unit 41
Unless, as long as and
provided / providing (that)
(a) Unless
:

.
, .
Joe can't hear unless you s

: `Joe can he
shout'.
Unless ex
Unless

unless:
- Don't tell Ann what I said unless

she asks you. (= ,
)
- I'll come tomorrow unless I have
to work. (= ,
)
- I wouldn't eat fish unless I was
extremely hungry. (=
)
unless
:
- We'll be late unless we hurry. (=

)
- Unless you work harder, you're
not going to pass the examination.
(=
)
- The man said he would hit me
unless I told him where the money
was.
(= )
unless if...
not:
- Don't tell Ann what I said if she

doesn't ask you.
- We'll be late if we don't hurry.
(b) As long as / provided (that) /

providing (that)
but only
if
( , ):
- You can use my car as long as

( `so long as') you drive
carefully.
(= ,
)
- Travelling by car is convenient
provided (that) you have
somewhere to
park. (= ,
)
- Providing (that) she studies hard,
she should pass the examination.
(= )
(c) ,
will unless, as long as, provided
providing.
:
- We'll be late unless we hurry. (
ùnless we will hurry')
- Providing she studies hard ... (
`providing she will study')
. Unit 9 (

).
Unit 42
Passive(1) (be done/have
been done)
(a)

(Active Passive ).
:
Somebody built this castle

(active)
subject object
This castle was built in 15

subject

Somebody
.

,
,

.

,

, ,
.
:
- Your son broke my window. My
window was broken by your son.
- Her words shock me. I am
shocked by her words.
C
,
- ,

,
.
- English is spoken all over the
world.
- I wasnt invited to the party.

,
,
by:
- This wall was painted by my

husband. (= my husband painted it).
- We are worried by her silence .
(=her silence worries us).
(b)

to be
(is/are/was/were/have been ..)
+ the Past Participle (taught, built,
sold,
answered ..): (be) taught (be)
built
(be) sold (be) answered.

past participles
(done/seen/written ..)
Appendix 2.
Passive present past tenses
. Unit 43.
(c)

(to)be done/ be opened/be brought
..

(will, can, must ..)

(:be
going to,want to).
:
Infinitive
Active:
We must finish th
as possible.
This work must b
Passive:soon as possible.
- This book can be bought
everywhere.
- His letter ought to be translated
at once .
- A new theatre is going to be
opened next year.
- Go away! I want to be left alone .

Passive
Infinitive (have been
done/opened/brought).
Perfect Infinit
Active: Somebody should

the car.
The car should ha
Passive:
washed.
- My bag has disappeared. It must
have been stolen.
- You were too careless. You might

have been hurt.
- The weather was awful. The
flight ought to have been cancelled.
Unit 43
Passive (2) (Present and
Past Tenses)
(a)

(Present) (Past)
:
Present Sim
A:
show(s)/clean(s)
Some
..
:
am/is/are
shown/cleaned
..
new f
We a
films
Hous
very
coun
Im i
conce
How
trans
Past Simpl
A:
showed/cleaned
..
:
was/were
shown/cleaned
..
Some
new f
We w
film y
The c
her s
When
book
Present Contin
A:
am/is/are
showing/cleaning
..
Some
us a n
mom
We a
a new
mom
am/is/are being
shown/cleaned
..
The c
clean
Excu
hous
repai
Past Continu
A:
was/were
showing/cleaning
Some
show
..
:
was/were being
shown/cleaned
..
when
We w
show
when
I felt
being
Present Perf
A:have/has
Some
shown/cleaned
..
:
have/has been
shown/cleaned
..
show
We h
show
Have
the n
I hav
bitten
Past Perfec
A: had
Some
shown/cleaned
..
us a n
he ca
We h
:
a new
came
had been
shown/cleaned .. Jim d
he ha
Unit 44
Passive (3)
(a)
.
, give :
- I gave him a magazine . (him a

magazine )

:
He was given a magazine . A

magazine was given (to him).

.
,

:
ask tell give send show teach pay
offer
- I was asked to come in. (= they

asked me to come in)
- The letter will be sent tomorrow.

(= someone will send the letter)
- Have you been shown the new
film?(= has anyone shown you the
new film?)
(b) Born: , be born

past:
- Where were you born? ( 'are

you born')
- I was born in Moscow. ( 'I am
born')
(c) -ing
:
being done/being cleaned ..:
A: She likes people looking at
her.
: She likes being looked at.
- I remember being given a teddybear on my fourth birthday.

(= I remember someone giving me ...)
- Brava, do you hate being kept
waiting?
(= do you hate people keeping you
waiting?)
- Avalanche ran away without
being seen.
(= without anyone seeing him)
(d) get

be passive :
- There was an accident in the

street but nobody got hurt.
(= nobody was hurt)
- Why didnt Joe get offered the

job?
(=why wasnt Joe offered the job?)
get
:
,
, ,

-, (

-get
married/get dressed
..).
get
.
:
- The window got broken.

- We got dressed in five minutes.
: - The museum was opened (
'got opened') two days ago.
Get
.
be
Unit 45
It is said that.../He is said
to...etc. and supposed to
(a) :
.
,
It is said that the ring is $1
The ring is said to be $1.00

1.00

:
thought believed reported
understood known
expected alleged considered
:
It is said that he sleeps 2 hours a

day. He is said to sleep 2 hours
a day.
It is believed that boys like

football. Boys are believed to
like football.
It is expected that the flight will be
The flight is expected to be
delayed.
delayed.
It is reported that the village was
The village is reported to have
been
ruined in the storm. ruined in the
storm.
(b) (Be) supposed to...
(Be) supposed to

it is said to ():
- Let's go to this restaurant. It's
supposed to be very good.
(= , ;
.)

`should`.
supposed to,
-,

,

,
.
- You are supposed to start work at

8 oclock.
- Children are supposed to go to
school every day.

`what is supposed` `What really
happens`.
- You were supposed to come early.

Why are you late?
- Cats are supposed to be afraid of
dogs, but my cat fights with them.
Not supposed to
( allowed to).
- Young people are not supposed to
buy strong drinks.

- You are not supposed to spend my
money.
Unit 46
Have something done
(a) :

.
Jane had the house painte
,
.

Have something done
,
, -
,
.
- Jane painted the house. (=
)
- Jane had the house painted.
(=-
)
:
- Did you cut your hair yourself or

did you have it cut?

.
Past Participle (done/painted ..)
(the house/your hair

..)
have + + Past
Participle
Jane
Where
did she
Mike has
just
I don't
like
How
often do
had the hous

have her suit
had his car
having my hair
have your roo
you
(b)

`Get something done'
`Have something done`.
- When are you going to get the
house painted?
- I think I should get my coat
cleaned.
Have something done

, (
) -,
-.
- I had my flat robbed.

Of course I didn't arrange for
somebody to rob my flat!
- Shirley had her leg broken in the
accident.
Unit 47
Reported speech (1)
(a)
:
-
.

(
Joe said Ì'm having s
ache.'(Direct spee

:
Joe said (that) he was
stomach-ache. (Reporte
: Joe said Ì am ha
stomach-ache.'
(
: Joe said (that
having stomach-ache.
(b)
,
.

(He said that../I told them that.. .).

C:
P
Present Simple
He said
Ì like apples.`
apples.
Present
Pas
Continuous
Ìt is raining.`
Present Perfect
`John has given
up smoking.`
Shall/will
Ìll come home
late.`
Can/may
`She can sing
He said
raining
P
He said
given up
Sh
He said
come ho
C
He said
well.`
sing we
Past Simple
(did/went/slept ..)

, Past
Perfect
(had done/gone/slept):
: Ann said Ì didnt go to

work yesterday.`
: Ann said (that) she

didnt go to work the day before.
Ann said (that) she hadnt gone to
work the day before.
. Unit
48 Unit 50b.
Unit 48
Reported speech (2)
(a)
,

.
-
,
,

.
Direct: Mark said `Venice is more
beautiful than Rome.`

Reported: Mark said (that) Venice
is/was more beautiful than Rome.
(Mark still thinks so.)
Direct: Diana said Ì want to be a
film star.`
Reported: Diana said (that) she
wants/wanted to be a film star.
(Diana still wants to be a film star.)
,

.

,

.
:
.
: `Sam is in ho
Speech)

:
Ì didnt expect to meet yo

Lucy said you were in hosp
( ` you are in hospital',

,
Must, might, could, would, should
ought
(reported)
.
May
might
.
(b) Tell say

,
,
tell:
Jim told me (that) he would be late.
( `Jim said me...')
say:
Jim said (that) he would be late.(
`Jim told (that) he...')
, `Tom
told about his children'.
:
Tom told us (or me/them/Ann etc.)

about his children.
,
,
:
Tom talked ( spoke) about his

children( `said about.')

(to do/to stay ..), tell
ask.
Direct: `Be careful crossing the

street.`
Reported: Mother told me to be
careful crossing the street.
Direct: `Don't cry', I said to the
child.
Reported: I told the child not to
cry.
Direct: `Please, be quiet after
midnight`, the old lady said to us.

Reported: The old lady asked us to
be quiet after midnight.
Direct: `Can you help me, Tom?'
Ann asked.
Reported: Ann asked Tom to help
her.

said:
The doctor said to stay in bed for a
week. ( `said me`.)
Unit 49
Questions (1)
(a)

:

(auxiliary verb)(AV)
(subject)(S):
S + AV
AV + S
you are are you?
he can
can he?
Fred will will Fred?

the
window
was
was the
window?
(b) Present Simple

do/does:
S + AV
AV + S
do you like? D
r
does he
D
he works
work?
h
you like
Past Simple
did:
S + AV
AV + S
you went did you go?
W
th
he lived
did he live? D
h

who/what/which .
who/what/which
(Subject),
do/does/did.
:
who - the Object

() Subje
Alice phoned
somebody.
Who did Alice
phone?
Someb
Alice.
Who p
who/what/which
:
Who wants something to drink? (

`who does want')
Who invented the bicycle? (
`who did invent')
What happened to your friend? (
`what did happen')

Which tram goes to the centre? (
`which tram does go')
.

:
:
- Didn't you hear the news?
(!):
- Isnt it a fine day!
,
:
- `Haven't we met before?' `Yes, I

think we have'.

yes no
:
Yes. (= , .)
- Didn't you go to the country?
No. (= , .)

Why...?:
- Why didn't you write the letter?
( `why you didn't write')
- Why don't we go to the beach? (
`why we don't go')
Unit 50
Questions (2)
(She asked me why... / Do
you know when...)
(a) `Do
you know...?/ Could
you tell me?,

.
:
- Where is the bank? (
)
:
- Could you tell me where the bank
is?
( Could you tell me where is the
bank?)
(Where is the bank?)

(Could you
tell me...?/I dont know...),

.
Do you k
animal it
I dont kn
will go.
Can you
where I c
her?

do/does/did:
- What animal
is it?
- When will he
go?
- Where can I
meet her?
- Where do you
live?
- What does he
eat?
- When did she
come back?
Can you
where you
I wonder
eats.
Do you k
came bac
(what,
when, who ..)
, if
whether:
- Can you help me? - I wonder
if/whether you can help me.
(b)

(reported) :
An old man ask

Direct
is it?`
Reported An old man ask
it was.
The manager a
you apply for t
Direct
The manager w
Reported why I had appl
the job.
Mary asked me
Direct
cats?
Reported Mary asked me
liked cats.

.
Unit 51
Auxiliary verbs in short

answers,
short question etc.
So am I / Neither am I I
think so / I hope so etc.
(a)
Can you swim? I have lost my key.
He might not come.
can, have
might (auxiliary)
.

,
- :
- Àre you working tomorrow?'

`Yes, I am.' (= )
- He could lend us the money but
he won't. (=
)

do/does/did:
- `Does he smoke?' `He did but he

doesn't any more.'
(b)

:
- Ìt rained every day during our

holiday.' `Did it?'
- Ànn isn't very well today.' Òh,
isn't she?'
- Ì've just seen Tom.' Òh, have
you? How is he?'
(Did it?, isn't

she?, have you?)
.

,
- ,
.

:
- `Jim and Nora are getting

married.' Àre they? Really?'
(c)

neither:
- Ì'm feeling tired.' `So am I.' (= I
am feeling tired too)
- Ì never read newspapers.'
`Neither do I.' (= I never read them
either)
so
neither
( ):
- I passed the exam and so did
Tom. ( `so Tom did')

neither
nor:
- Ì can't remember his name.' `Nor

can I. / Neither can I.'
neither nor
not ... either:
- Ì haven't got any money.'

`Neither have I.' Ì haven't
either.'
(d) I think so/hope so ..

so

,
think, hope , expect, suppose
I'm afraid:
- Ìs she English?' Ì think so.'

- `Will Tom come?' Ì expect so.'
- `Has Ann been invited to the
party?' Ì suppose so.'
I think so / I expect so - I don't

think so / I don't expect so
I hope so / I'm afraid so - I hope
not / I'm afraid not
I suppose so - I don't suppose so
I suppose not
- Ìs she American?' Ì don't think
so.'
- Ìs it going to rain?' Ì hope not.'
( Ì don't hope so')
Unit 52
Question tags
(are you? doesn't he? etc.)
(a)
You haven't got a car, hav

was a good film, wasn't it?
Have you? wasn't it? (,
).

. present
past simple
do/does/did:
- They came by car, didn't they?
(b)
(negative sentence)

(positive)
:
negative sentence + posi
Tom won't be late, will he?

They don't like us, do they
That isn't George over the

(positive sentence)

:
positive sentence + nega

Ann will be here soon, won
Tom should pass his exam

shouldn't he?
They were very angry, wer
they?

yes no
:
- You're not going to

work today, are you?
(c)
,
.
(_),
,

- `Tom doesn't look very well

today, _ does he?' `No, he looks
awful.'
- She's very attractive. She's got
beautiful eyes, _ hasn't she?
(_),

:
- `You haven't seen Ann today, _

have you?' `No, I'm afraid not.'
(= Have you seen Ann today?)

negative sentence + positive tag,
-,
-
-.

,
:
- `You haven't got a cigarette, _

have you?' `Yes, here you are.'
- `You couldn't do me a favour, _

could you?' Ìt depends what it is.'
- `You don't know where Ann is, _
do you?' `Sorry, I've no idea.'
(d) Let's...

shall we?:
- Let's go out for a walk, shall we?

(do/don't do something)
will you?:
- Open the door, will you? - Don't

be late, will you?
, aren't I? (=
am I not):
- I'm late, aren't I?
Unit 53
Verb + -ing
(a)
stop enjoy fancy admit con

finish mind imagine deny i
delay suggest regret avoid

,

+ -ing:
- Stop talking!
- I'll do the shopping when I've
finished cleaning the flat.
- I don't fancy going out this
evening.
- Have you ever considered going
to live in another country?
- I can't imagine George riding a
motor-bike.
- When I'm on holiday, I enjoy not
having to get up early.

-ing:
give up (=
stop)
go on (=
continue)
put off (=
postpone)
carry on (=
continue)
- Are you going to give up

smoking?
- She kept (on) interrupting me
while I was speaking.

(being done /being seen/being told
..):
- I don't mind being told what to do.

(to do/to dance ..)
:
- I enjoy dancing. ( `to dance')

- Would you mind closing the door?
( `to close')
- Tom suggested going to the
cinema. ( `to go')
(b)
,
having
done /having stolen
..

.

-ing :
- He admitted stealing ( having

stolen) the money.
- They now regret getting (
having got) married.
(c)
( admit,
deny, regret suggest)
that ...:
- He denied that he had stolen the

money. ( denied stealing)
- Tom suggested that we went to

the cinema. ( suggested going)
suggest .
Unit 35c.
verbs () +
-ing
. Unit 56 Unit 57.
Unit 54
Verb + infinitive
(a)
agree offer decide appear

refuse attempt plan seem l
promise manage arrange p
threaten fail hope afford t

,

+ to + :
- As it was late, we decided to take

a taxi home.
- I like George but I think he tends
to talk too much.
- How old were you when you
learnt to drive? ( `learnt how to
drive')
- They agreed to lend me some
money when I told them the
position I was in.

not to ...:
- We decided not to go out because

of the weather.
- He pretended not to see me as he
passed me in the street.

(, think
suggest)
:
- Are you thinking of buying a car?

( `thinking to buy')
- Tom suggested going to the
cinema. ( `suggested to go')
(b) continuous infinitive

(to be doing)
perfect infinitive (to have done )
seem, appear
pretend:
- I pretended to be reading. (= I
pretended that I was reading)
- You seem to have lost weight. (=
it seems that you have lost weight)
(c) dare

to, :
- I wouldn't dare to ask him. I

wouldn't dare ask him.
daren't
to:
- I daren't tell him what happened.

( `daren't to tell')
(d) : ask decide

know remember
forget explain understand

(what/where /how ..)
+ to + :
We asked how to get to the

Have you decided where to
holidays?
Tom explained (to me) how
wheel of the car.

I don't know whether to go
not.
:
show/tell/ask someone (-)
what/how/where
to do something ( -):
- Can someone show me how to

change the film in this camera?
- Ask Jack. He'll tell you what to
do.
+ .
Unit 55,Unit 56,Unit 57.
Unit 55
Verb + object + infinitive

(a) Want ask expect wish
should/would
like hate advise recommend
allow
permit help ..

: + to +

+ + to
+ :
- I want to read this book

immediately. = I'll do it myself.
- I want you to read this book
immediately. = You'll do it.
- She would like to go to the
concert. = She will do it herself.
- She would like me to go to the
concert. = I will do it.
,

want.
: want that...
C help

to, :
- He helped me to translate the

article.
- I helped him type the article.
(b) Tell remind force anable

persuade order warn
invite teach (how ) get
(=persuade).

:
+ + to +
:
- He warned me not to touch

anything.
- Remind me to phone Ann
tomorrow.

:
- I was warned me not to touch

anything.
suggest (. Unit 35c):

- Tom suggested that I bought a
car.
( Tom suggested that I bought a
car.)
,

to:
see hear watch observe notice feel

let make
make
to:
- I did not want to do it, but I was

made to type this letter.
:
- We expect you to win.

- She made me cry.
- They want us to help them.

- The parents do not let the boy
join his friends.
- Would you like me to go now?
- I saw her enter the room.
- We heard him tell her everything.
Unit 56
Infinitive or -ing?(1) like, would like etc.

(a) Like hate enjoy can't bear
dislike love
mind can't stand

-ing :
- I enjoy being alone. - Ann hates

flying.
- Why do you dislike living here? -
Tom doesn't mind working at night.

- I don't like people shouting at me.
love can't bear
-ing
to + :
- I love meeting people. I love

to meet people.
- She can't bear being alone.
She can't bear to be alone.
(b) Like
, Ì like
doing'
Ì like to do'. ,
:
- I like getting up early. I like

to get up early.
Ì like doing',
`like'
ènjoy':
- Do you like cooking? (= do you

enjoy it?)
- I don't like driving. (= I don't enjoy

it.)
`like' ènjoy',
Ì like to do'. I like to do something

=
, -
:
- I like to wash my hair twice a

week.( ,
, ,
.)
- Tom likes to do the washing-up
immediately after the meal.
(c) would like to +

:
- I would like to be rich.
- Would you like to come to a
party?

I like I would like . I would
like

I want.
:
- I like playing tennis. (= I enjoy it
in general)
- I would like to play tennis today.
(= I want to play)
. Unit 31d.
to +

would love / hate / prefer:

- Would you prefer to have dinner
now or later?
- I'd love to be able to travel round
the world.
(d) Ì would
like to have done
something' (= ,

-):
- It's a pity we didn't visit Tom. I
would like to have seen him again.

- We'd like to have gone on holiday
but we didn't have enough money.

would love / hate / prefer:
- Poor old Tom! I would hate to

have been in his position.
- I'd love to have gone to the party
but it was impossible.
Unit 57
Infinitive or -ing?(2) begin, start, intend,
continue, remember, try
(a) Begin start intend continue

-ing
to + . ,
:
- The baby began crying. The
baby began to cry.

- It has started raining. It has
started to rain.
- John intends buying a house.
John intends to buy a house.
- He continued working after his
illness. He continued to work
after his illness.
(b) Remember to do remember

doing.
remember to do something
( ,
-)
, .
Remember to do something
`forget to do something':
- I remembered to lock the door

before I left but I forgot to shut the
windows.
(= ,
,
)
- Please remember to post the
letter. (=
)
remember doing something
( ,
)
.
I remember doing something =
-
:
- I clearly remember locking the

door before I left.
(=
)
- He could remember driving along

the road just before the accident
happened but he couldn't
remember the accident itself.
(c) Try to do try doing

Try to do = ,
-:
- I was very tired. I tried to keep
my eyes open but I couldn't.
- Please try to be quiet when you
come home. Everyone will be
asleep.
Try doing
Try `
, ':
- Try some of this juice - perhaps
you'll like it.
(= ,
)
- We tried every hotel in the town
but they were all full.
(=
,
)
try ( )
,
: try -ing:
- Ì can't find anywhere to live.'

`Why don't you try putting an
advertisement in the newspaper?'
(= ; ,
)
- I've got a terrible headache. I
tried taking an aspirin but it

didn't help. (= ;
,
)
Unit 58
Infinitive or -ing?(3) - be
afraid, need, help
(a) Be afraid to do be afraid of ing
I am afraid to do something =
- ,

:
- The streets in this city are not

safe at night. Many people are
afraid
to go out alone. (=
,
)
- She was afraid to tell her parents
that she had broken the
neighbour's
window. (=
,

)
I am afraid of something happening

=
,
:
- We walked along the path very
carefully because it was icy and we
were
afraid of falling. (not àfraid to fall')
- I don't like dogs. I'm always
afraid of being bitten.
(not àfraid to be bitten')
, you are afraid to do
something,
you are afraid of something
happening
. :
- The boys were afraid to play
football in the garden because they
were
afraid of breaking a window.
- I was afraid to stay in the sun
because I was afraid of getting
burnt.
(b) Need to do need -ing
I need to do something =
- :
- I need to take more exercise.
- He needs to work harder.
- I don't need to come to the
meeting, do I?
Need -ing =
-
(
passive):
- The batteries in this radio need

changing.
(= )
- This jacket is rather dirty. It
needs cleaning.
(= )
- Do you think the grass needs
cutting?
(= )
(c) Help
help to
:
- Everybody helped (to) clean up

after the party.
- Can somebody help me (to) move
this table?
`can't help
doing something.'
I can't help doing something =
c
,
:
- I tried to be serious but I couldn't
help laughing.
- I'm sorry I broke the glass.
Someone pushed me and
I couldn't help dropping it.
- He is stupid but it's not his fault.
He can't help being stupid.
Unit 59
Preposition + -ing
(a)
in at with about ..,

-ing.
:
Are you
interested
I'm fed up
in
wor
at
lear
I'm not very

good
The children
are excited
What are the
advantages
This knife is
only
with
stud
about goin
of
hav
for
cutt
in
John went to spite
work
of
feel
I bought a
new bicycle
instead
goin
of
(b) -ing
before after:
- Before going out I phoned Ann.
You can also say: `Before I went
out I...'
- What did you do after leaving
school?
You can also say: `... after you left

school?'
(c) by -ing,
,
- :
- They got into the house by

breaking a kitchen window and
climbing in.
- You can improve your English by
doing a lot of reading.
(d) without
-ing:
- Tom left without finishing his

dinner.
- She ran five miles without
stopping.
- He climbed through the window
without anybody seeing him.
( `... without being seen.')
- She needs to work without people
disturbing her. ( `... without
being disturbed.')
- It's nice to go on holiday without
having to worry about money.
(e) To -

(infinitive).
:
- They decided to go out.

- I want to play tennis.
to
.
:
- Tom went to London.
- He gave the book to Ann.

- I prefer cities to the countryside.
- I'm looking forward to the weekend.
,

-ing (. a). ,
to -
,
to -ing.
:
- I prefer cycling to driving ( `to
drive')
- I'm looking forward to seeing Ann
again. ( `to see')
be /get
-ing .Unit 62.
Unit 60
Verb + preposition + -ing
(a)
(V) + (P) +
.
, talk about:
- We talked about the problem.

(about )

,
-ing:
- We talked about going to

America. (V + P + -ing)
,

V + P + -ing:
succeed in
Has Tom
succeeded
feel like (*)
I don't fee
think about/of
Are you
thinking
I've
dream of
always
dreamed
She
approve/disapprove
doesn't
of
approve
I'm
look forward to
looking
forward
insist on
He insisted
decide against
We
decided
apologise for
He
apologised
(*) I feel like doing =

,
.
àpologise to someone for
something':
- He apologised to me for keeping
me waiting. ( `he apologised
me')

+ + - +
-ing.
:
- We are all looking forward to

Peter coming home.
- She doesn't approve of her son
staying out late at night.

- They insisted on me ( my)
staying with them. ( Unit
35c.)
(b)
+ +
+ -ing:
accuse
They accused me
Did they
suspect
suspect
congratulate
I
An
congratulated
prevent
What
prevented
him
stop
We stopped
eve
thank
I thanked
her
the
forgive
Please forgive me
warn
They warned us
(*) stop
from. ,
:
- We stopped everyone leaving

( from leaving) the building.
- I was accused of telling lies.

- Was the man suspected of being a
spy?
- We were warned against buying
it.
Unit 61
Expressions + -ing

-ing:
It's no use / It's no good ...

- It's no use worrying about it.
There's nothing you can do.
- It's no good trying to persuade
me. You won't succeed.
There's no point in ...
- There's no point in buying a car if

you don't want to drive it.
- There was no point in waiting, so
we went.
It's (not) worth ...
- My house is only a short walk
from here. It's not worth taking a
taxi.
- It was so late when we got home,
it wasn't worth going to bed.
:à book is worth reading/a
film is worth seeing' ..
- Do you think this book is worth
reading?
- You should go and see the film.
It's really worth seeing.
(Have) difficulty ...
- I had difficulty finding a place to
live. ( `to find')
- Did you have any difficulty
getting a visa?
- People often have great difficulty
reading my writing.
, `difficulty' (
`difficulties'):
- I'm sure you'll have no difficulty
passing the examination.

`(have) difficulty in
-ing':
- He's shy. He has difficulty in
talking to people he doesn't know
well.
A waste of money / time ...
- It's a waste of time reading that
book. It's rubbish.
- It's a waste of money buying
things you don't need.
Spend / waste (time) ...
- I spent hours trying to repair the
clock.
- I waste a lot of time daydreaming.
Go -ing
,
( )
go -ing:
go shopping go swimming go skiing
go fishing
go climbing go sailing go riding go
sightseeing
- How often do you go swimming?
- I'm going skiing next year.

- I have to go shopping this
morning.
- I've never been sailing.
Ì've been / I've gone' Unit
13c.
Unit 62
Be / get used to something
(I'm used to...)
(a) To be used to ,
- ,
.
- I'm used to working hard.

- He was used to driving on the
right.
I used to do something ,

- .
- I used to get up early when I was

a child.
(b) , :
'She is used to driving on the left.'
( 'She is used to drive').
TO be /get used to - ,

( Unit 59).
, :
- Frank is used to living alone. (

'is used to live')
- Jane had to get used to driving on
the left. ( 'get used to drive')
(c) I am used to doing

(be/get used to) c I used to do.

.
I am used to (doing) something
= - :
- I am used to the weather in this

country.
I used to do something
= -

(.Unit 25).

.
- 'I used to do'
( 'I am used to do'):
- These days I usually stay in bed

until late. But when I had a job,
I used to get up early.
Unit 63
Infinitive of purpose and as
an attribute
(a)

.
, ,
- .
- My sister took a vacation to visit
me.
- He ran faster and faster to
escape from bandits.

in order to so as + .
- I'll write down your telephone
number in order not to forget it.
- I'll get up early so as not to be
late.
(b)

.
- I have nobody to say a good word

to me.
(= I have nobody who could say a
good word to me).
- I have a lot of work to do this
evening.
(= I have a lot of work that I must do
this evening)
time/money/energy

:
- They gave me some money to buy
some food. ( 'for buying')
(c)
,

.
:
1.
.
so that
...won't/wouldn't...
( to + ),
,
:
- Listen attentively so that you
won't ( don't) miss anything.
- I hurried on to the platform so
that I wouldn't be late.
2. can could
(so that ... can/could ...):
- She reads a lot of books on
History so that she can pass her
exams.
- The Browns moved to London so
that they could live close to their

children.
3.

:
- I gave him my address so that he
could contact me.
Unit 64
Prefer and would rather
(a) Prefer to do prefer doing

`prefer to do' `prefer doing'.

`Prefer to do'
:
- I don't like cities. I prefer to live

( I prefer living) in the country.
I prefer (doing) something to

(doing) something else
: I prefer to do something rather
than (do) something else
- I prefer that coat to the coat you
were wearing yesterday.
- Tom prefers driving to travelling
by train.
: Tom prefers to drive rather
than travel by train.
- I prefer to live in the country

rather than (live) in a city.
(b) Would prefer (to do)

( ) `would
prefer to do':
- `Would you prefer tea or coffee?'

`Coffee, please.'
- `Shall we go by train?' `Well, I'd
prefer to go by car.' ( `going')
I'd prefer to do something

- I'd prefer to stay at home tonight
rather than go to the cinema.
(c) Would rather (do) = would

prefer to do.
would rather
to.
:
Shall we go Well, I'd pre

by train?
car.
Well, I'd rat
car. ( `to
- `Would you rather have tea or
coffee?' `Coffee, please.'
- I'm tired. I'd rather not go out
this evening, if you don't mind.
- `Do you want to go out this

evening?' Ì'd rather not.'
:
I'd rather do something

- I'd rather stay at home than go to
the cinema.
(d) Would rather someone did

something
, -
-
, I'd rather did../
I'd rather he did... ..
c ,

-
,
.
:
I'd rather cook the dinner

I'd rather you cooked the
Ì'd rather you cook')
- `Shall I stay here?' `Well, I'd
rather you came with us.'
- I'd rather you didn't tell anyone
what I said.
- `Do you mind if I smoke?' Ì'd
rather you didn't.'
Unit 65
Had better do something
It's time someone did
something
(a) Had better do something
had better (I'd better)
should. Ì'd better do

something' =
-

-;
,
- :
- I have to meet Tom in ten

minutes. I'd better go now or I'll be
late.
- `Shall I take an umbrella?' `Yes,
you'd better. It might rain.'
- We've almost run out of petrol.
We'd better stop at the next petrol
station to fill up.
:
had better not('d better not):

- You don't look very well. You'd
better not go to work today.
- Àre you going out tonight?' Ì'd
better not. I've got a lot of work to
do.'
: `had better' (
'd better).
had
,
:
- I'd better go to the bank this

afternoon.
, had better
to:
- It might rain. We'd better take an

umbrella. ( 'better to take')
(b) It's time ...

it's time (-) to do :

- It's time to go home.
- It's time for us to go home.
.
It's time someone did something:
- It's nearly midnight. It's time we

went home.
It's time someone
...
(went),

,
:
- Why are you still in bed? It's time
you got up. ( `time you get up')

It's time someone did something

,
-, ,
-
-:
- It's time the children were in bed.

It's long after their bedtime.
- You've been wearing the same
clothes for ages. Isn't it time you
bought
some new ones?
- I think it's time the government
did something about pollution.
Ìt's high time
someone did something.'
Ìt's about time.'

:
- You're very selfish. It's high time

you realised that you're not the
most important person in the world.
- It's about time Jack did some
work for his examinations.
Unit 66
See someone do and see
someone doing
(a) :
.
.
:
- I saw Tom get into his car and

drive away.

(get, drive ..):
Someone did
something
I saw this
,

to:
Is
do
- I saw her go out. ( `to go

out')

(`he was seen' ..)
to + :
- She was seen to go out.
(b)
:
.
.
: - I saw Ann
waiting for a bus.

-ing
(waiting):
Someone was
doing something
I saw this
I sa
doi
(c) ,

:
Ì saw him do something'= (past simple)

.

:
- He fell to the ground. I saw this. _ I saw him fall to the ground.
- The accident happened. We saw

this. -_ We saw the accident
happen.
Ì saw him doing something'=
-
(past continuous) .

.
,
:
- He was walking along the street.
I saw this when I drove past in my
car.
- I saw him walking along the
street.

.
:
- I've never seen Tom dance.

I've never seen Tom dancing.
(d)

see hear,
watch,
listen to, feel notice :
- I didn't hear you come in. - I could
hear it raining.
- She suddenly felt someone touch The missing boys were last seen
her on the shoulder. playing near
the river.
- Did you notice anyone go out? Listen to the birds singing!
smell find
ing- :
- Can you smell something burning?

- She found him reading her letters.
Unit 67
-ing clauses
A clause - .
.

.
- Standing in front of the house, he

knocked at the door.
He knocked at the door -

.
Standing in front of the house -
-ing .

,

-ing.

.
- She was standing by the mirror

brushing her hair. (= She was
standing
by the mirror and at the same time
she was brushing her hair)
- Jack hurt his leg running home . (=
he hurt his leg while he was
running)
-ing-

while when.
- Jack hurt his leg while running
home.
- One must be careful when
crossing the road.

,

having done .
- Having written the letter, I went
to the post-office . (= I went to
the post-office after I had written the
letter)

After+ -ing,

.
- After watching TV he fell asleep.
, ,
.
-ing
,
, .
- Being a doctor I couldn't leave
the wounded people.
- Feeling sick I went home and took
some pills.
- Not having explained to me her
anger, she left.

, ,
.
Unit 68
Chance and opportunity
(a) Chance of -ing
: `someone has a
(good) chance of
doing something' (
,
..):
- Do you think I have a chance of

passing the examination?
- We have a very good chance of

winning the match.

any/no/little /much chance :
- I don't think I have much chance

of finding a job.
- He has no chance of passing the
examination.
`stand a
chance of
doing something':
- He doesn't stand a chance of

`What
are the chances
of something (happening)?':
- What are the chances of success?

- What are my chances of passing
the examination?
`there is
a chance of
something happening' `there is
a chance
that something will happen':
- Is there any chance of you lending
me some money until tomorrow?
- There is a chance that I'll be late
home this evening.
(b) Chance to do something

`chance to do
something'
chance
-. (`Chance of -ing'

.)
- `Have you read the book I lent

you?' `No, I haven't had a chance
to
look at it yet.' (= I haven't had time /
an opportunity to look at it)
- We didn't have much chance to
talk to each other when we last
met.
(= we didn't have much
time/opportunity to talk)
- These days I don't get much
chance to watch television. I'm too
busy.
(c) Opportunity
òpportunity
to do something'
( opportunity of -ing
):
- I have the opportunity to study in

the United States for a year. Do
you
think I should go? (= the chance to
study)
- After the lecture there will be an
opportunity to ask questions.

any/no/little /much/plenty of/
more opportunity:
- Do you have much opportunity to

speak English?
(= much chance to speak)
- We live near the mountains, so
we have plenty of opportunity to go

skiing.
`possibility to do
something':
- I had the opportunity to study in
Canada. ( `possibility to
study')
Unit 69
Uncountable nouns

,
(a
table-two tables)
,

.

Unit 70.
(a)
,
:gold music blood
excitement
friendship water milk health.

. ,
health,
excitement

.

healths excitements.
(b)

(
a music,
an excitements, a blood ,
the gold,
the excitement - . Unit 74).

:
her / his / some / any / much / this
..:
her excitement some water much
milk this friendship.

,
.
.
, paper

(),
,

():
- Will you buy me a paper, please?
(= )
- I bought some paper to write a
letter. (= )
(d)
,

.

:
bread accom
behaviour
trouble inform
permission
news progre
scenery
weather travel
work
chaos baggag
- His furniture is new. (

furnitures)
- I want to buy some bread ( a
loaf of bread). ( a bread)
- Ask her and she will give you
some good advice . ( advices)
The news is good to-day.( are)

( news
)
- They had a good journey. ( a
good travel)
- It's very difficult to find a job. (
job)
- It's very difficult to find work. (
a work)
- What lovely scenery!
- What a lovely view!
Unit 70
Countable nouns with a/an
and some
C

.
Unit 69.
(a)
- ,

. :
six tables five lamps some boys

many ideas
(b)

a, an,
the , my, his
...
- It was a good idea.
- A boy knocked at the door.
- Don't touch my book. ( Don't

touch book)
- I'm looking for a tennis ball. (
for tennis ball)
- He made us a proposal. (
made us proposall)
- You should't have broken this
cup. ( have broken cup)
(c) a / an ,

(
)
:
- She is a very nice girl.

- A cat is an animal.
- This is a very beutiful picture.
- What a lovely house!
a/an
,
:
- My father is a doctor. ( My
father is doctor)
- I always wanted to an English
teacher. ( English teacher)
(d)

- Cats are animals.

- I like oranges.
- Sam has very nice friends.
- Kate has got two dogs.
Some
.
Some = a number of / a few of
( ,
):
- Some pupils don't like to go to
school.
( Pupils don't like to go to
school)
- Some films are not worth seeng.
,
, .
- Some men like hunting.

- Some days in summer are very
nasty but generally the weather is
good.

Unit 74.
Unit 71
A, an and the
(a) :
In the shop I bought a hat and a
dress. My sister liked the hat but
she didn't like the dress.
a hat a dress
,

.

the ,

.

:
- My little son likes to see "Tom
and Jerry". This is a cartoon about
a
cat and a mouse . The cat tryes to
catch the mouse and the mouse
play
tricks on the cat.
- Once I saw a nightmare . The
nigthmare was so horrible that I
awoke.
My brother bought a car but he
wasn't a very good driver and soon
he
crashed the car.
(b) a/an ,

,
.
,
,
the :
- Tom sat down on a chair. (
, )
- Tom sat down on the chair
nearest the door. ( ,
)
The ,
,

:
- Oh! Your house is so nice. Where
is the living-room?
- Turn off the music, please.(=
, )
- I went to the airport by car so as
not to be late. (=
)
The ,
, ..:
the police , the fire-brigade , the
army, the bank, the post-office ,
the doctor, the dentist.

- When Margaren saw that the
house was on fire she called the
fire-brigade.
- Yesterday I went to the bank to
take some money from my account
and then to the post-office to buy
some envelopes.
- Last week Sam had a sorethroat
and went to the doctor.(=
)
the .
Unit 72 - Unit 77.
Unit 72
The (1)
the a / an
Unit 71.
(a) The... ,

-
.
- What is the highest mountain in
the world?
- Madrid is the capital of Spain.
- The sun and the moon are
planets.
- The only news I like is no news.
(b) The :the

ground, the sea,
the country, the countryside.
- On Saturday the whole family
went to the country.
- The ground was wet and dirty.
- The sea looked pale and pink in
the sunset.
- I don't want to live near the sea
all my life .
,
, :
go to sea / be at sea,.
- In his youth he went to sea. He
spent ten years at sea altogether.
: space ( the space ),

.
- The rocket ship manoeuvred in
space .
:
- I wanted to put the table between

the window and the bed but
the space was too small. (
space)
The :
the cinema,
the theater, the radio,
television.
- We often go to the theater.
- When did you go to the cinema
last?
- I don't like television, I prefer to
listen to the radio.

But my children watch television
day and night.
The
,
.
- We had dinner at seven.
- What do you usually have for
lunch?
A
meal.
- Lucy had a meal in restaurant.

- Sometimes I like to go to a
restaurant and have a nice meal.
Unit 73
The (2)
(a) the

( , ..).,
:
- The tulip is my favourite flower.
- The elephant is the biggest of all
animals.
( the tulip

, the elephant

. )

the .
- Tulips are my favourite flowers.

- Elephants are the biggest of all
animals.
The ,
,
,
..:
- When was the bicycle invented?
- The telephone is used for
communication.
- My son likes to play the guitar.
- Can your daughter play the
piono?
(b) The +
The
the old, the young, the rich, the

poor,
the blind, the deaf, the sick, the
dead,
the disabled, the unemployed, the
injured
- After the concert money will be
collected for the poor.
- Life is not easy for the
unemployed.
,
,
.
:
a deaf woman , a young man.
:
deaf women , young men
(c) The + ,
.
The ,

- The English are famous for their

sense of humour.
- Why do the French think that
France is the center of the world?
,

:
1.
the English the British the Irish the

Swiss
the Welsh the French the Spanish

the Dutch
2. ,
-ese :
the Chinese, the Portuguese etc.

3. ,
-s:
the Russians, the Arabs, the Scots,

the Turks
the Unit
71,Unit 72 Unit 74,Unit 77.
Unit 74
Plural and uncountable
nouns with and without the
(a) the

,
- ,
:
- Scientists are so clever I'm afraid

to speak to them.
( ,
)
- I don't like cats.
- I like handball and chess.
- Life means everything to me.
- My favourite subject at school is
literature.
:most people , most

things.
( the most ...)
- Most people like to watch TV.
(b) The ,

- :
- We went into the garden. The
flowers were wonderful.
(not flowers in general but the
flowers in this garden)
- Children like playing. (Children in
general)
- Tom took the children to the Zoo.
(not children in general but his
own children)
- I like all cars.
- The cars we saw were the latest

model.
-

-
.
:
- Does he like tea?
- Does he like strong tea?
- Does he like the tea?
( )
Unit 75
School / the school, prison /
the prison etc.
(a)
prison:
Jack robbed a bank.

He was caught by the polic
He is in prison now.
His wife Jill goes to the pr
She was in the prison yeste

-
(to prison)
(in prison),
. Jill
. (in
prison). Jill

(
).
(b)

: hospital university
school church
,
to prison ( 'to the prison').
to school, to
university.
the ,

, ,

.

I left school and
went to
university. (
)
This lady goes to
church every day.
( )
Jack had a heart
Will
the u
(
We w
chur
phot
attack.
He is in hospital
now.
( )
Jack
the h
(
: in prison at school/
university / college .
hurch
:
in church at church.
bed work home
go to bed / to be in bed ..(

`the bed'):
- Go to bed at once! - Are the
children all in bed?
:
- Put the book on the bed. (a
particular place)
to work / be at work / start work /

finish work .. ( 'the work' ):
- Why dont you go to work? -
What time does he start work?

go home / come home / be at home
/ stay at home
.. ( 'the home'):
- Let's stay at home. - Are you
going home?
go/come /get home

( to home),
:
arrive home arrive at home .
Unit 76
Geographical names with
and without the
(a) :
the
:
Africa ( `the Africa') Asia

Europe South America
(b) :
the
France ( `the France') Japan

Germany Nigeria Texas
the
,
republic,
union, kingdom, states:
the German Federal Republic the

United States (of America)
the United Kingdom the United
Arab Emirates
the Republic of Ireland

,
:
the Netherlands the Philippines
(c) :
the
/ :
Cairo ( `the Cairo') New York
Glasgow Madrid
: The Hague
(d) :

the :
the Bahamas the Canaries / the

Canary Islands the British Isles

the :
Corfu Sicily Bermuda Easter Island
(e) :
the Middle East the Far East
the north of England the south of
Spain the west of Canada
( the: northern England /
southern Spain / western Canada)
(f) :

the :
the Rocky Mountains / the Rockies
the Andes the Alps

the 'mount':
(Mount) Everest, (Mount) Etna, Ben
Nevis (Ben = Mount)
(g) :

'Lake' the : Lake Superior
Lake Constance
(h)
///
the (
)
the Atlantic (Ocean) the Indian

Ocean the Mediterranean (Sea)
the Red Sea the Nile the Amazon
the Thames the Rhine
the Suez Canal the Panama Canal
the (English) Channel
Unit 77
Names of streets, buildings,
etc. with and without the
(a) , ,

the : Fifth
Avenue,
Piccadilly Circus, Red Square,
Broadway
..

the
:
the Strand, the High Street, the
Mall.
(b) ,
,
,

:
Harward University, Oxford
University,
Mocsow Airport, Victoria Station.
, ,
,
, ,

the :
the Rotary
Club
the Opera
the
Ambassador House
Hotel
the Bolshoi
Theatre
the Odeon
.
d
.
(d) , ,

,
,

's
s the .
Harrods - shop; Maxim's

-restaurant; Claridge's - hotel.
(e)

.
Scotalnd Yard, Westminster

Abbey, Buckingham Palace,Hyde
Park
the
,
of:
the Bank of England ( 'Bank
of England'):
the Houses of Parliament, the
Tower of London, the Great Wall
of China
the White House, the Royal Palace
( ,
)
(f) the

The Times, The Guardian, The Sun

( : ' Give
me a Guardian please .' )
(: Le Figaro, The Izvestia)
Unit 78
Singular or plural?
(a)
,

a pair of ... :
trousers jeans shorts pyjamas
tights scissors binoculars
stockings (and in this context glasses
spectacles)
- Those are new pyjamas. That's a new pair of pyjamas.
(b)

person , people :
- He is a funny person. - They are

funny people.
(c)
-s,

:
mathematics physics economics
athletics
gymnastics news politics
electronics
- Mathematics is my favourite
subject.
- What is the news from America?

-s
,

:
means a means of communication

many means of communication
series a series of stamps two series
of stamps
species a species of bird 200
species of bird
(d)

.
:
government staff team family club

audience
committee company firm class jury
orchestra

,
(they),

(it).

:
- The government (= they) are
hoping to reduce taxes.

- The staff (= they) are full of
enthusiasm.
,

:
- Liverpool are/is playing well this

season.
- England rarely manage/manages
to beat South Africa.
the police
- The police are looking for Tom.
(e)

.
,
,
,
..:
- Ten thousand pounds (= it) was

stolen from the safe.
( `were stolen')
- Thirty miles is a very long way to
walk. ( àre')
(f)

,

:
a five-pound note (not `pounds') two

20-year-old girls
a four-week expedition a six-mile
walk
Unit 79
...'s (apostrophes) and of ...
(a) 's
,

the teacher's book ( `the book

of the teacher')
the dog's tail mothers lookingglass
the boys name Alices hair
, :
- Im going to meet the wife of the
man who repaired our clock.
('the man who repaired our clock'

-'s ).
's

:
- It isnt Sams flat. It is Ann's (=
).

,
of...:
the door of the house ( `the

houses door`)
the end of the film

:
the owner of the cafe the

cafe's owner
the book's title the title of the

book
(b) 's of ,

the government's decision the

decision of the government
the firm's success the success
of the firm
's ,

- :
the city's new museum the world's
population
France's system of government
Indias capital

,
s
s :
my sister's dolls( ) my
sisters' dolls(,
)
Mr Millers car the Millers car(Mr
Mrs Miller)
(d)
,
s , 's
:
men/women children people :
the children's mother the womens
room
's

:
John and Jane's house Mr and Mrs
Millers car
's

(tomorrow/next month/Monday
..) :
- Im looking forward to
tomorrow's party .
- Have you read todays
newspaper?
- I hope I'll have a weeks holiday.
(-'s ..)
- I hope I'll have three weeks'
holiday.(-s' ..)
à threeweek holiday'
.Unit 78.
Unit 80
A friend of mine, my own
house. On my own / by
myself
(a) A friend of mine / yours / his /
hers / theirs.
( à friend of me/ you / him'
...):
A friend of mine... A friend of
Mary's...
- We went to the country with

some friends of ours.
( `some friends of us')
- Ted quarreled with a sister of his.
- It was a good suggestion of yours
to celebrate my birthday
in the forest.
- That lady over there is a friend of
my mother's.
- It was a good idea of Sam's to go
fishing.
(b) My own .../ your ... ..
own
,
(
àn own flat',
àn own computer', ..):
my / your / his / its / our / their
my own falt your own house her
own computer
My own ...= -,
:
- Do many young people in the USA
have their own house? (

àn own house')
- He doesn't want to share with
anyone. He wants his own room.
- Unfortunately the flat hasn't got
its own entrance.
- It's your own fault that you've no
job.
- Why do you want to take my car?
Why can't you use your own?
...own...,
,
- , -

. :
- Jess always cuts her own nails. (=
;
)
- Does he grow his own
vegetables? (=

, ,
?)
(c) On my own / by myself
On my own by myself
alone .
on my/your/his/her/its/our
by
myself/yourself/himself/he
by ourselves/yourselves/th
- Mary likes living on her own / by
herself.
- Did you come on your own / by
yourself?
- Fred was sitting on his own / by

himself in his room.
- Little children are not allowed to
swim on their own / by themselves.
myself/yourself ..

Unit 81.
Unit 81
Reflexive pronouns
(myself/yourself etc.)
(a)
:
yoursel
(
yoursel
. ourselves (
. myself
)

me, us ..,

, ):
Sue cut herself while she was

sewing. ( `cut her')
- I never pay for her. She always

pays for herself. ( ' her')
- I like to sit alone talking to
myself.
- Use your head and not your fists.
Try to control yourself!
- If you want more to eat, help
yourselves.
- The picnic was great. We enjoyed
ourselves very much.
(b) myself ..

bring / take something with..

feel/relax :
- I went out and took the case with
me. ( `with myself')
- I feel great after having a bath. (
Ì feel myself great')
- It's good to relax.
myself ..

wash / dress / shave :
- I woke up early, I shaved, washed
and dressed.
( `shaved myself' )
(But - I dried myself. )
meet :
- When shall we meet? ( `meet
ourselves / meet us')
selves
each other:
- Sam and Tassy looked at each
other.
(= Sam Tassy
)
:
- Sam and Tassy looked at
themselves in the mirror.
(= Sam Tassy )
One another
each other:
- How long have you and Ben
known each other ( one
another)?
- We never liked each other (

one another).
(d) Myself ..

. :
- `Who wrote your composition for

you ?' `Nobody. I wrote it myself.'
- I'm not going to make your bed.
You can do it yourself.
- Let's try to do it ourselves. It will
be much more cheaper.
- The singer himself wasn't very
good but I liked the music.

- I don't think Ted will do the work.
Ted himself doesn't think he'll
manage to do it. ( `Ted doesn't
think he'll manage to do it himself.')
`by myself / by
yourself' ..
Unit 80c.
Unit 82
All/all of,no/none of,
most/most of etc.
(a)
all no/none much/many some half
any most little/few each
( none half)

:
- Some children are very noisy.
- Did you put any sugar in my tea?

- I've got no parents.
- All computers have monitors.
- We have very little money, and
very few friends.
- Study each example carefully.
- Most people do not walk in this
district.
( `most of people' `the most
people')
- Mike is much more talkative than
most children.
- There were many dresses in the

shop. Each (one) was
a different colour.
(b) ( no)
:
- Ì need some milk. Have you got
any?' `Yes, but not much.'
- `How many sisters has Helen
got?' `None.'
- Most people like Sam but some
don't.
( no)

of :
some of the people, all of these
cars, none of my money etc.

of,

the / this / that / these / those / my /

your / his ..:
some of the people ( 'some of
people' ),
all of these cars ( 'all of cars' ).

- Some of the people at the
conference were very friendly.
- Most of my students are from
London.
- None of this money is his.
- Each of the towns in this country
has its own government.
- I haven't read many of his tales.
all half
of :
all (of) my friends

half (of) the money (not 'the half')
(d) all of / none of ..

it () us / you / them
( ):
- `How much of it have you eaten?'

`Not very much.'
- `How many British scientists do
you know?' `Not many.'
- Do any of you want to drive?
- `Do you like his poems?' `Some of
them. Not all.'

, of
:
all of us ( àll us') half of them

( `half them')
no none ,
Unit 85b.

Unit 83,Unit 87.
Unit 83
Both / both of, neither /
neither of, either / either of
(a) both, neither either
,

:
- Both stores are very good. (
`the both stores')
- Neither store is expensive.
- We can go to either store. I don't
care. (either = ; ,
; )
- I didn't like either store. ( ,
)
(b) both/neither/either

of....

the /these /those /my/your/his ..:

both of the restaurants / both of
these restaurants ..
( 'both of restaurants' )
- Both of these stores are very
good.
- Neither of the stores we visited
was ( were ) expensive.
- See either of those films. I don't
care.
both
of :
both her sisters both of her
sisters
both of / neither of / either

of
us / you /
them:
- Can either of them drive a car?
- I wanted Dill and Jem to stay but
neither of them agreed.
, of :
- Both of them were very busy. (

`Both them ...')
(d) neither of ...
,

:
- Neither of the students wants

( want) to answer.
- Neither of you has ( have )
children.
(e) both... and ...,

neither...nor...
either ... or :
- Both Dill and Ann missed the

performance.
- We were both tired and hungry.
- Neither Ted nor Sam won the
contest.
- He said he would contact me but
he neither wrote nor phoned.
- I'm not sure where he is from.
He's either French or German.
- Either you apologise or I'll
complain on you.
(f) both / neither /
either
-
, :
- Ìs he Spanish or German?'
`Neither. He's Austrian'.
- `Do you want lemonade or
cherry?' Èither. I don't mind.'
- He didn't know which one to
choose. He liked both.
I don't
either
neither do I , Unit 51c.
Unit 84
Some and any Some/any + one/-body/-thing/-where
(a) some
, any -

(
b d):
- Sue has caught some flies. - We
haven't got any money.
- I've got something tasty to eat. -
He's busy. He never has any time.

- Let's go somewhere quiet. - She
never goes anywhere.
- She refused to do anything.
(b) Any / anyone / anything ..

if :
- If there are any calls for me, can
you say that I'm not home?
- If anyone has any questions, ask
now.
- If you want anything, say it to the

servant, he'll do everything.
if,
:
- Anyone who wants to get this job
must give me their names before
Tuesday. (= if there is anyone who
...)
- I'll welcome any guests that will
come to you. (= if there are any)

any
( `some'):
- Have you got any coffee? - Has
anybody called me?
some
,

`yes' :
- What's wrong with him? Has he
got some troubles? (= I think
he has got some troubles and I expect

you to say `yes')
- She's in a hurry. Is she going out
somewhere?
(= She's looking miserable. Isn't she
going out anywhere?)
,

-:
- Would you like some work? - Can
I have some of those vegetables?
(d) Any /anyone /anybody

/anything /anywhere
it doesn't matter which /who /what

/where :
- You can buy any of these suits.
(=
)
- Call me any time you need.
(= )
- You can have anything you want
for your birthday present.
- She left the child in the street.

Anybody could have walked off
with it.
- I'd rather go anywhere than stay
at home.
- `Tell me a story.' `What story
shall I tell?' Àny one. I don't
mind.'
(e) Someone /somebody /anyone

/anybody ,
:
- Someone wants to talk with you.
- Is anybody home?
they / them / their

he / she :
- If anyone needs to leave , they
can. (= he or she can)
- Somebody has spilt their (= his or
her) coffee on the carpet.
some of / any of Unit
82.
not...any Unit 85.
Unit 85
No/none/any No/any +
-one/-body/-thing/-where
(a) No none no-one nobody nothing
nowhere
- No-one ( Nobody) came to see
the lonely child.
- No system of government is
perfect.
- `Where are you going?'
`Nowhere. I'm staying here.'
- None of this money is mine.

- `What will you do this evening?'
`Nothing.'
not
,

:
- I heard nothing. ( Ì didn't
hear nothing.')
- Nobody does anything I say.

:
(not...any /anyone /anybody
/anything /anywhere ) :
- I didn't feel anything (= I felt
nothing.)
- We haven't got any money. (=
We've got no money.)
- The house isn't anywhere near
here . (= ... is nowhere near here)
- She didn't meet anyone on her
way. (= She met no-one)
(b) No none = not a not any:

- We had to walk because we had
no car. (= we didn't have a car)
- I can't explain it to you. I have no
time. (= I haven't any time)
- There were no seats evailable. (=
there weren't any seats)
None

( ):
- `How many brothers has he got?'

`None.'
none of
:
none of these shops none of my
money none of it/us/you/them
none of +

('none of the girls / none of them'
..)

,
.:
- None of the people I met there
were friendly to me.
no-one /nobody
they /them /their :

- Nobody came, did they? (=
?)
- No-one in the class were ready
with their homework.
(= )
(d) any /no

(any
better /no bigger ..):
- Does she feel any better today?
(= Does she feel better at all? -,
)
- I've waited long enough. I'm not
waiting any longer.
(= )
- I expected his wife to be young
but she is no younger than mine.

(= -)
any Unit 84.
Unit 86
Much, many, little, few, a
lot, plenty
(a) Much many few little
Much little
:
much time much luck little energy
little money
Many few
many friends many people few cars

few countries
(b) A lot (of) lots (of) plenty (of)

A lot of / lots of / plenty of

:
a lot of milk lots of time plenty of
money
a lot of students lots of shops
plenty of ideas
Plenty
' ':
- `Have some more coffee.' `No,
thank you. I've had plenty.'
- There's no need to worry. We've
got plenty of money.
Much many ,
,

:
- We didn't waste much time.

- Have you written many poems?

a lot (of) much :
- We wasted a lot of food. ( `we

wasted much food')
- There has been a lot of rain
recently. ( `much rain')

too much so much

:
- She won't drink this coffee.

There's too much sugar in it.
- There was so much sugar in the
coffee that she could't drink it.
(d) Little / a little few / a few

Little few ( a)
- Ask Tom to take a car. We've got

little time. (= ,
)
- He's not friendly. He has few
friends. (=,
)

very little very few :
- We've got very little butter.
- He has very few clothes.

only a little only a few
:
- Say that you'll call him later.
We've only got a little time.
- The beach was empty. There
were only a few swimmers.
A little a few
- Let's go and see the town. We've

got a little time before the train
leaves. (= ,

)
- `Have you got any salt?' `Yes, a
little. Do you want me to give you
some?'(a little = not much but enough
for you to borrow some)
- I enjoy my life here. I have a few
friends and we meet quite often.
(a few friends = not many but enough
to have a good time)

- `When did he phone you last?' À
few days ago.' (= some days ago)
Unit 87
All, every and whole
(a) All everyone everybody
everything
All
:
- Everybody liked her singing. (
Àll liked...')
- She knows everyone in her
department. ( `... all in her
department')
- I believe he knows everything. (

`knows all')
- It was an awful week-end.
Everything went wrong. ( àll
went wrong')
All
all about :
- Mike told me all about you.
the only thing(s) :
- All I've visited in my life was

Paris.(= ,
)
(b)

every / everyone / everybody /
everything :
- Every seat in the hall was taken.

- Everybody looks sleepy today.
- Everything he promised was
done.

they / them / their
everyone /
everybody :
- Has everyone taken their seats?

(= his or her)
- Everybody said they would point
at him. (= he or she)
All and whole

Whole , ,

the / my
/ her .. :
- Have you seen the whole film? (=

all the film, not just a part of it)
- He was very angry. He argued
the whole evening.
- She has spent her whole life doing
nothing.
the whole book / all the book her
whole life / all her life
à whole' :
- Nick ate a whole cake in the
morning. (= a complete cake)
(d) Every / all / whole ,

.
every ,
(every day / every week / every
Monday
every ten minutes / every three
weeks ..) :
- We visit our parents every
summer.
- He phones her every ten minutes.

- Ted goes to work every day.
( All day / the whole day =
):
- They'll spend all day / the whole

day at home.
- I've been looking for the
professor all morning / the whole
morning.
- She's been away all week / the
whole week.
, all
day / all week ..
( all the day / all the week)
all Unit 82,
Unit 106.
Unit 88
Relative clauses (1) clauses with
who/that/which
(a) : The man
who lived next door was a sailor.
The
man
who lived next do

(
)

.
(
/)
:
- The man who lived next door...

(who lived next door tells us which
man)
- People who live in the country...
(who live in the country tells

us what kind of people)
Who

,
.
who
he /she /they:
the man - he lived next door

a sailor
The man who lived next do
was a sailor.
we know a lot of people - th
in Moscow
We know a lot of people w
in Moscow.
- A writer is someone who writes
books.
- How did you call the man who
came yesterday?
- The people who were injured in
the accident are now in hospital.
- Anyone who wants to make a

speech are welcome.

that who:
- The man that lived next door was

a sailor.
,
who
-
Unit 91.
(b)
that ( who).
That
it/they:
where are the eggs? -they

the fridge
Where are the eggs that w
fridge?
- I don't like songs that are very

long.
- Harry works for a company that
sells cars.
- Everything that happened wasn't
only your fault.
- The car that was broken has now
been repaired.
Which
,

( ):
- Where are the eggs which were in

the fridge?
that
,
which. which
.
Unit 91.
, who/that/which
he /she /they/it:
- Did you see the man who lived
next door? ( `... who he lived...')

,

.
Unit 89
Relative clauses (2) cluses
with or without who/that
(a)
Unit 88:
- The man who lived next door was

a sailor. ( `that lived')
- Where are the eggs that were in
the fridge? ( `which were')
who that
,

:

-,
.
who that
.
who that

:
the man - I wanted to see hi

away on holiday
- The man who ( that)
see was away on holiday.
have you found the keys? - y
them
- Have you found the keys
lost?
who that

,
:
- The man I wanted to see was

away on holiday.( `The man I
wanted
to see him was away on holiday.')
- Have you found the keys you
lost? ( `Have you found the
keys
you lost them?')
- The work Fred did was not
difficult. (= the work that Fred did)
- The man Jess is going to marry is

Italian. (= the man who/that
Jess is going to marry)
- Is there anything I can do? (= is
there anything that I can do?)
(b)

(in/at/with
..).

:
do you know the girl? - Tom

talking to her
- Do you know the girl (wh
is talking to ?
the bed - I slept in it last nig
wasn't very comfortable
- The bed (that) I slept in
wasn't very comfortable.
- The man (who/that) I sat next to
on the plane was very strange.
- Are these the letters (that) you

couldn't find?
- The girl (who/that) he fell in love
with lives in Pensacola.
(c) What
that:
- Everything (that) he promised
was done. ( èverything what
he promised')
- I gave her all the love (that) I
had. ( àll ... what I had')_
What = the thing(s) that:

- Will he do what I said? (= the
words that I said)
- No-one will learn what has
happened. (= the thing that has
happened)
Unit 90
Relative clauses (3) - whose,
whom and where
(a) Whose
whose

his/her/their:
we saw
some
people
their
car h
broken
We saw
car had
some whose broken
people
down.

whose ,
:
- A widow is a woman whose

husband is dead. (her husband is
dead)
- What's the name of the girl
whose car you borrowed? (you

borrowed
her car)
- The other day I met someone
whose brother I went to school
with.
(I went to school with his brother)
(b) whom
who ,

(
Unit 89):
- The man whom I wanted to see

was away on holiday.
(I wanted to see him)

whom
(to/from/with whom ..):
- The girl with whom he fell in love

left him after a few weeks. (he
fell in love with her)

whom.
who that
.
(

- .Unit 89):
- The man (who/that) I wanted to

see ...
- The girl (who/that) he fell in love
with ...
whom . Unit 91 Unit
92.
(c) Where

,
where :
the hotel - wasn't

there
we stayed
clea
we sta
- The hotel where wasn't

clea
- I recently went back to the town
where I was born. ( `the town
(that) I was born in')
- I would like to live in a country
where there is plenty of sunshine.
(d) that (
),
the day/the year/the time
( ..):
- Do you still remember the day

(that) we first met?
- The last time (that) I saw her, she
looked very well.
- I haven't seen them since the
year (that) they got married.
(e) the reason

why something
happens the reason that
something happens.
why
that
- The reason (why/that) I'm

phoning you is to invite you to a
party.
Unit 91
Additional information
relative clauses (1)
(a)

,

. :
- She married a man, who was an
ambassador in that country.
,

.
- He maneges a big company, which
sells insurance products.

,

.

. :
- Tom's father, who is 78, goes

swimming every day.

,

.
, :
Tom's father.

(b) ,
,
who -
which - .
that
who
which.

(,).
,
who/which
he /she /it/they:
- The captain, who was very young,
didn't hesitate.
- The capitain, he was very young,
didn't hesitate.
- He manages a company, which
produces cars.
- He manages a company: it
produces cars.

,
,

whose , whom
where . :
- Theperson, to whom I showed my
book, was very interested in it.
- They looked for an interpreter,
without whom they couldn't
understand a word.

whose , whom where
Unit 90.

.
Unit 92
Additional information
relative clauses (2)

,
Unit 91.
(a) + whom / which

'
'

whom ( ) which ( ),

to whom, with
whom,
about which, for which ..:
- Mr. Carter, to whom I spoke on
the phone last night,
is very interested in our plan.
- Fortunately we had a map,
without which we would have got
lost.

.
,
who ( 'whom'):
- This is Mr. Carter, who I was
telling you about.
- Yesterday we visited the city
museum, which I'd never been to
before.
(b) All of / most of .. + whom /

which
:
- Jack has three brothers, all of
whom are married.
- Ann has a lot of books, most of
which she hasn't read.
:
none of/many of/much of/(

of/
some of/any of/half of/each
both of/neither of/either of
one of/two of ..
- He tried on three jackets, none of
which fitted him.
- Two men, neither of whom I had
seen before, came into my office.
Which ( 'what')
:
- Jim passed his driving test, which

surprised everybody.
which = ,

.
what
which :
- She couldn't come to the party,

which was a pity. ( 'what was a
pity')
- The weather was very good,
which we hadn't expected.
( 'what we hadn't expected')
what Unit 89c.
Unit 93
Participle clauses
(a)

Present Participle (-ing-
)
Past Participle ( -ed):
- The lady typing in the next room

is our secretary. (-ing- )
- The man injured in the accident
was taken to hospital. (
-ed)
(b) -ing-
,
, - (
-)
:
- The lady is typing in the next

room.
- The lady typing in the next room
is our secretary.
r someone doing something .Unit
66.
Present Participle

,
, ,

,
:
- The bridge joining the two parts

of the city is very beautiful.
(=the bridge joins the two parts of the
city.)
(c) -ed
(Participle clauses)
:
- The man injured in the accident

was taken to hospital.
- None of the people invited to the
party can come.
Injured invited -

.

,
-ed.
:
stolen/made/bought/written ..:
- The hours spent in hospital

seemed to change his whole life.
(=the hours were spent in hospital .)

Appendix 2.
(d) -ing

-ed
there is/there was ..
- There were a lot of people

waiting for him.
-ing-

. Unit 67.
Unit 94
Adjectives ending in -ing
and -ed
(a) C
,
-ing -ed.
- You have just heard the news.The

information was very useful to you
and makes everything look
better.You are excited.(with the
news)
I've just heard the exciting news.
So,you are excited,because the

news is exciting.
C
-ed, ,
-ing.
- interested
(),
- ( -)

interesting ():
- Someone is interested in
something if he finds this thing
interesting.
- surprised,
-
surprising:
- Someone is surprised if he finds

something surprising.
(b)
,
-ing -ed.
horrif
horrif
tired tiring
amused amusing
amazed amazing
shocked shocking
terrifi
terrify
worrie
worry
annoy
annoy
disgusted
disgusting
confused confusing
embarrassed
embarrassing
disappointed
disappointing
exhau
exhau
satisfi
satisfy
fascin
fascin
frighte
frighte
Unit 95
Adjectives: word order...
(a)

.
,

.

.

new/large/wooden/round .

- (, ,
..)
nice/beutiful
.
, -

-.
- A pretty little girl.
(b)
. (
)

:
how how what where

big? old? colour? from?
old
A
A
young
small
red
A
Frenc
Ameri
new
,
/
(big/small/short/long ..)

/
(round/fat/thin/slim/
wide ..): a long wide avenue .
(c)

, :
be /get/become :
- It is getting late.
- Are you hungry?
- Take care of yourself!

:
feel smell sound taste seem look.
- Do you feel hungry?

- Does it sound correct?
- It seems easy.

(.Unit 96 Unit 97):

to look, seem:
- Jane looked unhappy when we

met.(=It seemed to me that she was
unhappy)
Unit 96
Adjectives or adverbs (1)

(a)

-ly:
careful slo
carefully s
nicely
.x 133 1 77

.Appendix 3..
hard/fast/well .Unit 97.

,
-ly,
.
.
: lovely lonely friendly
silly
(b) ?

(
be ):
- We didn't go out because of the

heavy rain.
- Be quiet, please!
- I was disappointed that my exam
results were so bad.

look/smell/feel ..
.Unit 95c.

.
, -
-
- :
- They speak friendly to each

other.
- He passed the exam brilliantly.
- We didn't go out because it was
raining heavily.
- They speak fluent English .

( +
)
- They speak English
fluently.( + +
)
extremely interesting (+
)
awfully sorry (+
)
incredibly quickly (+
)
- Your story is extremely
interesting.
- I am late again, I am awfully
sorry .

(restored/injured
..)
- Her knee was badly hurt.

- The building is absolutely
restored.
Unit 97
Adjectives and adverbs (2)
(good/well, fast/hard/late,
hardly)
(a) Good/well
Good -
. well:
- Your English is very good. You
speak English well.
- Susan is a good pianist. She plays
the piano well.

well
(dressed/known ..):
well-dressed ( `good dressed')

well-known well-educated
, well

` ':
- `How are you now?' Ì'm very

well, thanks.' ( Ì'm very
good')
(b) Fast/hard/late - -
,
:

He is a hard man to please.

Children like hard-boiled eggs.
She travels by fast trains only.
Don't speak so fast!
You are late, as usual. He got up
late in the evening.
lately = :
- Have you been to the cinema

lately?
(c) Hardly

hard:
Hardly = .
:
- I'm so tired,I can hardly walk.

(=I'm so tired,I can walk but only
with a lot of difficulty.)
- I hardly know her. (=I almost don't

know her)
hardly
can/could.
- Your writing is terrible. I can

hardly read it. (= I can read it but
only with a lot of difficulty)
- My leg was hurting me. I could
hardly walk.
hardly
any/anyone /anything/anywhere :
- Hardly anybody came to the

meeting .(= very few people came to
the
meeting.)
- Hardly ever = almost never.
, :
- She ate hardly anything. She

hardly ate anything.
- We've got hardly any food.
We've hardly got any food.
Hardly ever = :
- I'm nearly always at home in the

evenings. I hardly ever go out.
Unit 98
So and such
(a) :
- I didn't enjoy the book. The story
was so stupid.
- I didn't enjoy the book. It was
such a stupid story.
so
: so
interesting
such
c : such an
interesting story
so : so
carefully
(b) So such
.
:
so long such a long time
so far such a long way

so many such a lot (of)
so much such a lot (of)
so such
:
- I like Tom and Ann. They are so
nice.
- I like Tom and Ann. They are
such nice people. ( `so nice
people')
so...that..
such...that..:
- I was so tired that I went to bed

at seven o'clock.
- She worked so hard that she
made herself ill.
- It was such lovely weather that
we spent the whole day in the
garden.
- The book was so good that I
couldn't put it down.
It was such a good book that I
couldn't put it down.
that
- I was so tired (that) I went to bed

at 7 o'clock.
(c)
so such
:
- I expected the weather to be

mush cooler. I didn't expect it to be
so
warm. (= as warm as it is)
- I'm tired because I got up at 6
o'clock. I don't usually get up so

early. (= as early as 6 o'clock)
- Hurry up! Don't walk so slowly.
(= as slowly as you are walking)
- I was surprised when Jack told
me the house was built 100 years
ago. I didn't realise it was so old. (=
as old as it is)
I didn't realise it was such an old
house.
(d) : so long `such

a long time ';
so far `such a long way'; so

many, so much
`such a lot (of)':
- I haven't seen him for so long that
I've forgotten what he looks like.
( ... for such a long time ...)
- I didn't know you lived so far
from the city centre. ( ... such a
long way from ...)
- Why did you buy so much food?
( ... such a lot of food?)
Unit 99
Enough and too
(a) enough :
Enough
:
- He didn't get job because he
wasn't experienced enough. (
ènough
experienced')
- You won't pass the examination if
you don't work hard enough.
- She can't get married yet. She's
not old enough.
Enough
:
- He didn't get the job because he
didn't have enough experience. (
èxperience enough')
- I'd like to go on holiday but I
haven't enough money.
- Some of us had to sit on the floor
because there weren't enough
chairs.

enough
(
):
- I'll lend you some money if you

haven't got enough.
(b) enough too

for
someone /something:
- I haven't got enough money for a

holiday.
- He wasn't experienced enough

for the job.
- This shirt is too big for me. I need
a smaller size.
,
ènough/too...for
doing something'.
to + infinitive
enough too.
ènough money to
do something',
òld enough to do something', `too
young to do
something' ..:
- I haven't got enough money to go

on holiday. ( `for going')
- He wasn't experienced enough to
do the job.
- She's only sixteen. She's not old
enough to get married. ( She's
too
young to get married.)
- Let's get a taxi. It's too far to
walk.
- There weren't enough chairs for
everyone to sit down.
- The weather wasn't nice enough

to go swimming.
- He spoke too quickly for us to
understand.
(c) :
- The food was so hot that we
couldn't eat it.
: The food was very hot. We
couldn't eat it.
:
- The food was too hot to eat.

(without ìt')
,
:
- That picture is too heavy to hang

on the wall.
- I had to carry my wallet in my
hand. It was too big to put in my
pocket.
- The water wasn't clean enough to
swim in.
Unit 100
To + infinitive after
adjectives
(a)
:
A It is
unders
Jim doesn't speak

very clearly.
B He is
unders
A
,
difficult to understand.'
( `He is difficult to u
him.')

B
difficult/easy/impossible /hard

:
- It is not easy to get along with her

daughter.
- He is impossible to talk to.
- They were a lovely couple to see.

+
:
- This is a very difficult question to

answer. ( `... to answer it')
- Jill is an interesting person to talk
to.
- I enjoyed the football match. It
was an exciting game to watch.
(b) to + infinitive
the first/the second/the third ..,

the next the last:
- Gagarin was the first man to

travel in a spacecraft.
- Why am I always the last to get
the news?
(c)
to + infinitive
,
, -
-.
:
- I am glad to see you.

- The doctors are pleased to inform
you about new toothpaste.
,

happy delighted disap

sorry sad
reliev
(d) , - (it is)
nice of
someone to do something.

, :
nice mean
silly
po
kind stupid clever ca

- How kind of you to let me come!
- It is very generous of this old lady
to share her money with us.
Unit 101
Comparison (1)
(a)
:
This man is thick. This ma

thicker.
This apple is big. This app
Bigger thicker -
.

than:
- It's cheaper to go by car than to

go by train.
. than . Unit 103.
(b)
-er

cheap -cheaper hard -harder thin thinner

- My friend works hard. He must
work harder to pass his exam.
- I can't hear you. Can you speak
louder?
-er

,
-y:
easy-easier healthy-healthier
pretty- prettier
: narrow -narrower simple
-simpler
.
Appendix 3.
(c) more...(
'-er')
c

more modern more serious more

expensive more comfortable
- She is beautiful.
- Madonna is more beautiful.
,
more... ,
-ly:
- Could we walk more slowly, I'm

too tired.
- There are very many mistakes in

your exercise.
- You should do it more carefully.
more often:
- Now I see him more often as he

works in the same department.
, earlier(
'more early'):
- He came earlier to finish his work
before the lesson.
(d)

:
a bit/a little/much/a lot/bar (= a
lot).
:
- Don't go by train. It's much( a

lot)cheaper.
- Could you speak a bit( a
little )more slowly?
Unit 102
Comparison (2)
(a)

.

:
good/well Better
bad/badly Worse
much
more
many
little
far
late
old
less
farther (for dist
further(for time
meaning more a
later(for time)
older(for age)
elder(talking ab
members of a fa
Further ( 'farther')
more additional:
- Is there any further news? (
further =any more news)
- I can't walk any farther. I'm
exhausted.(= distance)

more less:
- We are glad that this work is less
difficult.
- I smoke more than I used to.
(b) Older elder:

old older.
elder,
.

(my) elder
brother/sister/son/daughter:
- My elder sister is an artist.
elder
- My sister is older than me. (

'elder than me')
(c)

.
: harder and harder,
more and more ,
more and more difficult.

, ,
-

.
: - It's becoming more
and more difficult to find a job.
(d)
the +
+ the better.
:
- What time shall we leave?
- The sooner the better. (= it will

be best if we leave as soon as
possible)
- What size box do you want?
- The bigger the better. (= it will
be best if the box is as big as
possible)
the... the...(
),
,
:
- The warmer the weather, the

better I feel.
- The more you have, the more you
want.
Unit 103
Comparison (3) - as ... as /
than
(a) :
, -
$5 ,
$2 .
Henry
He is richer than
But he isn't as rich as Joe
than he is)

not as ... as:
- Jack isn't as old as he looks. (= he

looks older than he is.)
- The city centre wasn't as
crowded this morning as it usually
is. (= it
is usually more crowded)
- Jim didn't do as well in his

examination as he had hoped. (= he
had
hoped to do better)
- `The weather's better today, isn't
it?' `Yes, it's not as cold.'
(= yesterday was colder)
- I don't know as many people as
you do. (= you know more people)
`not so
... as' (
`not as ... as'):
- Henry isn't so rich as Joe.
(b)
as ... as (
`so ... as')
:
- I'm sorry I'm late. I got here as
fast as I could.
- There's plenty of food, so eat as
much as you like.
- Let's walk. It's just as quick as
taking the bus.
- Can you send me the money as

soon as possible, please?
twice as ... as,
three times
as ... as ..
- Petrol is twice as expensive as it

was a few years ago.
- Their house is about three times
as big as ours.
(c) the same as (

`the same like'):
- Ann's salary is the same as mine.

( Ann gets the same salary as
me.)
- Tom is the same age as George.
- `What would you like to drink?'
Ì'll have the same as last time.'
(d) than as

me /him/her/them/us,

. :
- You are taller than I am. : You
are taller than me.

- They have more money than :
They have more money than us.
we have.
- I can't run as fast as he can. : I
can't run as fast as him.
Unit 104
Superlatives the longest,
the most enjoyable etc.
(a) :
What is the longest river
the world?
What was the most
enjoyable holiday you've
ever had?
Longest most enjoyable -
.
(b)

-est
most .... -est

most ... .
( ,
- . Unit 101.)
:
long/longest hot/hottest
easy/easiest hard/hardest
: most famous most boring most
difficult most expensive
.
Appendix 3.
- Yesterday was the hottest day of

the year.
- That was the most boring film
I've ever seen.
- `Why did you stay at that hotel?'
Ìt was the cheapest we could find.'
- She is a really nice person - one

of the nicest people I know.

best worst:
- That was a delicious meal. It's

one of the best I've ever had.
- Why does he always come to see
me at the worst possible moment?
,
the
:
`the best', `the most boring' ..
(c) Oldest eldest

old -
oldest:
- That house over there is the

oldest building in the town.
eldest,

:
- My eldest son is 13 years old.

- Are you the eldest in your family?
(d)
,
(,
..),
in:
- What's the longest river in the

world? ( òf the world')
- We were lucky to have one of the
nicest rooms in the hotel.
:(the best..) in the

class/in the team/in the company
..
: the happiest day of my life,
the hottest day of the year.
,
present perfect
(I have done )

. (. Unit 14a):
- What's the best film you've ever

seen?
- That was the most delicious meal

I've had for a long time.
(e) most +
( `the'),
very:
- The book you lent me was most
interesting. (= very interesting)
- Thank you for the money. It was
most generous of you. (= very
generous)
Unit 105
Word order (1) - verb +
object; place and time
(a) +

.
:
+
I like children very much. ( 'I
like very much children.')
Did you see Norman yesterday?
Ann often plays tennis.

.
,
:
- Do you clean the house every

week-end? ( `Do you clean
every
week-end the house?')
- Everybody enjoyed the party
very much. ( Èverybody
enjoyed
very much the party.')
- Our guide spoke English fluently.

( `...spoke fluently English.')
- I not only lost all my money - I
also lost my passport. ( Ì lost
also my passport.')
- At the end of the street you'll see
a supermarket on your left. (
`... see on your left a supermarket.')
also often
.. Unit 106.
(b)
(?)
(?/
?/ ?):

- She has been in Canada since
April.
- We arrived at the airport early.
:
- I'm going to Paris on Monday. (a

Ì'm going on Monday to Paris.')
- Don't be late. Make sure you're
here by 8 o'clock.
- Why weren't you at home last
night?
- You really shouldn't go to bed so
late.

:
- On Monday I'm going to Paris.
- Every morning Tom walks to
work.
,
early late
.

. Unit 106.
Unit 106
Word order (2) - adverbs
with the verb
(a)
( always,
also, probably)
:
- Tom always goes to work by car.

- We were feeling very tired. We
were also hungry.
- Your car has probably been
stolen.
(b)

. (
,
.)
i)
(goes,
cooked ..),
- I cleaned the house and also

cooked the dinner. ( `cooked
also')
- Jack hardly ever watches
television and rarely reads
newspapers.
- She almost fell over as she came
down the stairs.
,
(always/often/also ..)
have to:
- We always have to wait a long
time for the bus.

,
am/is/are /was/were :
- We were feeling very tired. We
were also hungry.
- Why are you always late? You're
never on time.
- The traffic isn't usually as bad as
it was this morning.
ii)
(can
remember, doesn't smoke , has

been stolen ..).

:
1 2
I can never remember his name.
Ann doesn't usually smoke.
Are you definitely going to the
party tomorrow?
Your car has probably been stolen.
- My parent have always lived in
London.
- Jack can't cook. He can't even

boil an egg.
- The house was only built a year
ago and it's already falling down.

probably
. , :
- I probably won't see you. I

will probably not see you.
( Ì won't probably see you')
(c) all both
- We all felt ill after the meal.

- Jack and Tom have both applied
for the job.
- We are all going out for a meal
this evening.
- My parents are both teachers.
Unit 107
Still and yet Any more / any
longer / no longer
(a) Still yet
still,
,

. still

(
. Unit 106b):
- It's 10 o'clock and Tom is still in

bed.
- `Have you given up smoking?'
`No, I still smoke.'
- Are you still living in the same
house or have you moved?
- When I went to bed, Ann was still
working.
- Do you still want to go to the
party or have you changed your
mind?
yet,
,
- , -
.
yet

. Yet
:
- I'm hungry. Is dinner ready yet?

- Have you finished writing that
letter yet?
- It's 10 o'clock and Tom hasn't got
up yet. ( ... isn't up yet.)
- We don't know where we're
going for our holidays yet.
yet present
perfect
(`Have you finished writing that letter
yet?').
. Unit 15b.
still yet
- Jack lost his job a year ago and

he is still unemployed.
Jack lost his job a year ago and
hasn't found another job yet.

- Is it still raining?
Has it stopped raining yet?
Still
:
- He said he would be here an hour
ago and he still hasn't come.
`he hasn't
come yet'.
, still ... not

().
:
- She hasn't written to me yet. (

'I expect she will write soon')
- She still hasn't written to me. (she
should have written before now)
(b) not ... any

more , not ... any
longer no longer, ,

Any more any longer

:
- Mr Davies doesn't work here any

more ( any longer). He left
about six months ago.
- We were good friend once but we
aren't friends any more ( any
longer).
No longer
(. Unit 106b):
- We are no longer friends.

- She no longer loves him.
no
more
:
- He is no longer a student. (
`He is no more a student')
Unit 108
Quite and rather
(a) Quite = `very',

à little':
- I'm surprised you haven't heard

of him. He's quite famous. (= less
than
very famous but more than a little
famous)
- It's quite cold. You'd better wear
your coat.
- Tom lives quite near me, so we

see each other quite often.
Quite a/an:
quite a nice day quite an old house
quite a long way
quite
,
: like enjoy:
- I quite like tennis but it's not my

favourite sport.
quite .
c.
(b) rather -
, quite ,
, ,
rather

:
- It's rather cold, so you'd better

wear your coat.
- `What was the examination like?'
`Rather difficult, I'm afraid'.
- Let's get a taxi. It's rather a long

way to walk.
quite
.
quite
,
rather :
- She is quite intelligent but rather

lazy.
rather

(nice /interesting ..),
''
''.
: rather nice = unusually
nice/
surprisingly nice/nicer than expected:
- These oranges are rather nice.

Where did you get them?
- Ann didn't like the book but I
thought it was rather interesting.
(= more interesting than expected).
Rather ,
a/an:
a rather interesting book
rather an interesting book
(c) Quite
`'.
:
Àre you sure?' `Yes, quite sure.'
(= completely sure)
Quite ''
,
:
sure right true unnecessary
different
amazing certain wrong safe
extraordinary
impossible amazed
- She was quite different from what

I expected. (= completely different)
- Everything they said was quite
true. (= completely true)
quite
(=`')
- I quite agree with you. (= I

completely agree)
- They haven't quite finished their
dinner yet.
- I don't quite understand what you
mean.
Unit 109
Although / though / even
though In spite of / despite
(a) :

.
,
.

Although it rained a lot
themselves
(= It rained a lot bu
: In spite of the rain
themselves
Despite of the rain, they en
themselves.
(b) although

+ :
- Although she smokes 40

cigarettes a day, she is quite fit.
- Although it rained a lot, we
enjoyed our holiday.
- I didn't get the job although I had
all the necessary qualifications.
in spite of ( despite )
,
(this/that/what
..) -ing:
- In spite of the rain, we enjoyed

our holiday.
- I didn't get the job despite my
qualifications.
- She wasn't well, but in spite of
this she went to work.
- Despite what I said last night, I
still love you.
- I'm not tired in spite of working
hard all day.
, ìn spite of',
despite
( of).
in spite of /
despite the
fact (that) ...:
- In spite of the fact (that) I was
tired, I couldn't sleep.
- She's quite fit despite the fact
(that) she smokes 40 cigarettes a
day.
although in spite
of/despite :
- Although the traffic was bad, I

arrived on time.
In spite of the traffic, I arrived on
time.
- I couldn't sleep although I was
very tired.
I couldn't sleep despite being very
tired.
(c)
though although:
- I didn't get the job though I had
all the necessary qualifications.

though

:
- The house isn't very nice. I like

the garden though. (= but I like the
garden)
- I see him every day. I've never
spoken to him though. (= but I've
never
spoken to him)
Even though -

although:
- Even though I was really tired, I
couldn't sleep.
Unit 110
Even
(a) :
Our football team lost yesterday.
We all played badly.
Bill is our best player but yesterday
even Bill played badly.
even,
, -
.
even Bill,

.
, ,
,
.
- These photographs aren't very

good. Even I could take better
photographs than these . (I'm
certainly not a good photographer,
so they must be bad.)
- It's a very rich country. Even the
poorest people own cars.

(so the rich people must be very rich)
- He always wears a coat - even in
summer.
- Nobody would lend him the money
- not even his best friend. (
Even his best friend wouldn't lend
him the money.)
(b)
even
.
( . Unit 106b):
- Don has travelled all over the

world. He has even been to the
Antarctic. (It's especially unusual to
go to the Antarctic,
so he must have travelled a lot.)
- He always wears a tie. He even
wears a tie in bed!
- They are very rich. They even
have their own private jet.
not even:
- I can't cook. I can't even boil an

egg. (so I certainly can't,
cook because boiling an egg is very

simple)
- They weren't very friendly to us.
They didn't even say hello.
- He's very fit. He's just run five
miles and he's not even out
of breath.
(c) even
(hotter/more surprised
..):
- It was very hot yesterday but
today it's even hotter.

- I got up at 6 o'clock but Jack got
up even earlier.
- I knew I didn't have much money
but I've got even less than I
thought.
- I was surprised to get a letter
from her. I was even more
surprised
when she appeared at my door the
next day.
(d) even
if, when though:
- I'll probably see you tomorrow.

But even if I don't, we're sure to
see each other before the weekend.
- He never shouts even when he's
angry. (you expect people to shout
when they are angry)
- He has bought a car even though
he can't drive.
if when .Unit 9.
even though .Unit 109.
Unit 111
As (reason) and as (time)

as:
(a) As ().

,
:
- As he needed someone to talk to,
he bought a dog.
- As tomorrow is a public holyday,
all the shops will be shut.
(b) As ().

,

:
- I came in just as she switched the
TV off.
- As they walked along the street,
they looked in the shop windows.

just as(
):
- I came in just as she switched the
TV off.
As ().

.
as
,

:
- A boy dropped his glasses as he
was climbing the tree .
- The man slipped as he was getting
off the train.

just as:
- Just as we were going out, it
started to rain.
, as,

.
as,

:
- When I got home, I had a bath.
( 'as I got home')
Unit 112
Like and as
Like as ,

-: ,

.
(a) Like = -,
...
- The dog is very intelligent. It is
like a human.
- It's raining again. I hate weather

like this.
Like - .

,
-ing.

like (someone/something)-ing:
- It sound like a baby crying.
(b) as

+ :
- I'll do it as you told me.
, such as
(=for example)
:
- Some starts, such as motorracing, can be dangerous.
, as usual:
- You're late as usual.
(c) as
.

.
as

like :
- He has finished his career as a
sportsman.
like
,
as + ,
-

(
,
-):
- A few years ago I worked as a
bus driver.
(
)
- Everyone is ill at home. Our
house is like a hospital.
(
)
Unit 113
As if
(a)
- -
looks/sounds/smeels/behaves
as if:
- She smells as if she has poured

the whole bottle of perfume on her
head.
- I don't felt as if I've had a
holiday.
as if
as thought.
- She smells as though she has

poured the whole bottle of perfume
on her head.

:
- He looks hungry. (looks +

).
- He looks as if he hasn't eaten for
several days. (looks + as if +
+ ).
(b)
looks/sounds/smeels/behaves as if
( as thought):
- It smells as if someone has poured
the whole bottle of perfume in this
room.
- I put on my coat because it looked
as if was raither cold.
(c) -
-, as if
:
- She ran as if she was running for

her life.
(d) As if +
,
- ,
-, :
- You smile at me as if I was a

child. (but I am not).

,
,
.

wish
( Unit 37).

,
were was:
- You smile at me as if I were a

child.
Unit 114
At / on / in (time)
(a) At
at,
:
at three oclock at sunrise at night

:
at midnight at the New Ye

the appointed time
at the beginning at the end

the weekends
- At weekends there is a lot of
traffic on the roads.
(b) On
on

:
On Monday we go to school.
On Sunday we stay home .
on Boxing Day on Christmas Day

on the 21 of May on the first of
November
:
on a rainy day (morning, n

somebodys arrival
on the appointed day on th
the occasion
(c) In
in

(, ,
):
in September in October in the 21

century
in 1968, in the 1970s in the early
(late) 30s
: in the morning, in the
afternoon.
in,

- : in half an hour,
in a month.
(d) at/on/in

next last:
Next morning.
It didn't rain last month.
Unit 115
For, during, while
(a) For during
for +
,

-:
for a week, for 3 hours, for 100
years.
- He has lived in Paris for three
years.
- We have been waiting for you for
two hours.
during +
c,
,
-
( ): during the
lesson,
during the year, during the past
day.
- During the last three monthes he
has made great progress in French.
- I fell in love with her during our
first talk.
(b) During while

during + ,
while + +
.
:
- I fell in love with her during our
first talk.
- I fell in love while we were
talking.
While
"" (
):
- He cooked supper while she lulled
the baby to sleep.
While
,

:
- Will you cook supper while she
lulls the baby?

Unit 9a.
while -ing .Unit 67.
Unit 116
By and until
(a) By (+ )

,
:
- Can you finish this work by
tomorrow? (= ,
)
- I'd like to have it by 11 o'clock.
(= 11 11 ).
, ,
until till.
- We shall wait for your answer
until 5 o'clock. (
5 )
- I hope he'll receive the invitation
by Sunday. (
,
)
- I hope he'll receive the invitation
until Sunday. (
(b)
by the time
(something happens)..:
- By the time you finish working in
the library, I'll be home already. (=
I will
come home between now and the
time you finish working in the
library)
by the
time
(something happened)..:
- By the time I finished, I was very
tired.
Unit 117
In, at, on (position) (1)

in, at, on, .
(a) In
in a cage in the sea in a quenue

:
in the street in a picture in
in the sky in a mirror in a

- I live in Pushkin Street.
- There were a lot of clouds in the
sky yesterday.
(b) At
at the window at the table at the
top of the hill

:
at the crossing at the traff
staircase
at lunch (dinner) supper a
university at the top
- We are pupils of the seventh form
at school No. 4.
(c) On
5 bottles on the blackboard on the
hand on a page
on the wall

:
on the left on the right on

on the way on a road on a
on the ground floor on the
..
- Shakespear's native town
is on the river Avon.
(d) In,at,on the corner

in the corner of
the room,
at the corner ( on the

corner) of a street:
- The table is in the corner
of the room.
- There is a beautiful house
at/on the corner of the
street.
(e) In/at/on the front

In/at/on the back
'in the front/in
the back of the car':
- She was sitting in the back

(of the car) when we
crashed.
'at the front/at
the back of a hall/
building/cinema/group of
people ' ..:
- The piano is at the back of

the hall.
'on the front/on
the back of a letter/
piece of paper' ..:

- Write your name on the back of
this piece of paper.
Unit 118
In, at, on (position) (2)
(a) , -
at -
.
:àt a party/at a
concert/at a conference /at a
football match':
- Were there many people at the

party / at the meeting?
- I saw Jack at the football match /
at the concert on Saturday.
(b) :
at
at
at the
home university seaside
at sea
at
at a
work station (on a
voyage)
at
at an
school airport
- I'll be at work until 5.30 but I'll be

at home all evening.
- Julia is studying medicine at
university.
- We'll be arriving at 9.30. Can you
meet us at the station?
- Tom's father is in hospital.
- Have you ever worked on a
farm?
(c)
in at
.
in a hotel
at a hotel; in a
restaurant
at a restaurant.
at,

,
(: ,
, ,
..):
- We went to a concert at the
Royal Festival Hall.
- The meeting took place at the
company's headquarters.
- `Where were you last night?' Àt
the cinema.' / Àt the theatre.'
at someone's house :
- I was at Tom's house last night.

( I was at Tom's last night.)
in,
:
- The rooms in Tom's house are

very small.
- I enjoyed the film but it was very
cold in the cinema.
(d) in
:
- Tom's parents live in Nottingham.

( àt Nottingham')
at,

:
- Do you know if this train stops at

Nottingham?
- We stopped at a pretty village on

the way to London.
(e)
,
arrive in :
- When did he arrive in Britain / in

London?

(
..) ,
arrive at :
- What time did he arrive at school
/ at work / at the hotel / at the
party?
arrive home (
):
- When did he arrive home?
Unit 119
To, been to, into By car / in
my car
(a) To
go to/come to/travel
to( ..),
.
:
go to
America
come to
England
fly to
Moscow
go to the
bank
be sent to
prison
walk to work
go to a party
be taken to
hospital
get to ( arrive
in/at . Unit 118e ):
- What time did you get to
London/work/the party?
go home /come
home /get home ..
( ):
- I'm tired. Let's go home. - What

time did you get home last night?
(b) Been to
I have been to (a place)=
-;
,
(.Unit 13c):
- Have you ever been to Japan?

- I've been to Rome four times.
- Ann has never been to a football
match in her life.
- Jack has got plenty of money. He
has just been to the bank.
(c) Into
Go into/come into .. = enter
( / ..):
- I opened the door and went into
the room.
- Don't wait outside! Come into the

house.
- The man the police were chasing
ran into a shop.
- A bird flew into the room through
the window.
(d) By car / in my car

by ...,
,
:
by
by
by
by car train plane boat/shi

: by by by air
road rail
- `How did you go to Paris?' `By
plane.'
- Tom usually goes to work by
bicycle / by car / by bus / by train.
, òn foot':
- Did you come here by car or on

foot?
, by,

`my car/the train/a taxi' ..
ìn my car' ( `by my
car'),
òn the train' ( `by the train').

in my car in Tom's car in
in a taxi

get in(to)/get out of
He got into the car and dr
got in the car...')

(,
on:
on my bicycle on the bus o

on a big ship
get on/get off

(,
Quick! Get on the train. It

leave.
Unit 120
On time/in time At the
end/in the end
(a) On time in time
On time = , .
-
on time ,
,
:
- The 11.45 train left on time. (= it
left at 11.45)
- A: I'll meet you at the corner at
7.30.
B: Okay, but please be on time. (=
don't be late / be there at 7.30)
- The conference was very well
organised. Everything began and
finished
on time.
In time (for something/to do

something)=
-/
-:
- Will you be home in time for

dinner? (= soon enough for dinner)
- I've sent Jill her birthday present.
I hope it arrives in time (for her
birthday). (= soon enough for her
birthday)
- I must hurry. I want to get home
in time to see the football match on
television. (= soon enough to see the
football match)

in time
too late :
- I got home too late to see the
football match.
just in
time :
- We got to the station just in time

to catch the train.
- A dog ran across the road in front
of the car, but I managed to stop
just in time (to avoid hitting the
dog).
(b) At the end in the end

At the end (of something) =
,
- .
:
at the end of the month at the end
of January
at the end of the film at the end of
the course
at the end of the match at the end
of the concert
- I'm going away at the end of

January / at the end of the month.
- At the end of the concert, there
was tremendous applause.
- All the players shook hands at the
end of the match.
ìn the end of
something'.

at the end
at the beginning:
at the beginning of the concert at

the beginning of January
In the end = .
in the end, ,

:
- We had a lot of problems with our
car. In the end we sold it and
bought
another one.
- He got more and more angry. In
the end he just walked out of the

room.
- Tom couldn't decide where to go
for his holidays. He decided to go
to
Italy in the end.
Unit 121
Noun + preposition
(`reason for', `cause of' etc.)

+ .

. .
a cheque FOR (a sum of money):
- They sent me a cheque for $ 50.
a demand / a need FOR something:

- The firm closed down because
there wasn't enough demand
for its product.
a reason FOR something:
- The train was late but no-one
knew the reason for the delay.
a rise / an increase / a fall / a
decrease IN something:
- There has been an increase in
road accidents recently.
an advantage / a disadvantage OF
something:
- The advantage of living alone is

that you can do what you like.
`there is an
advantage in doing something':
- There are many advantages in
living alone.
a cause OF something:
- Nobody knows what the cause of
the explosion was.
a photograph / a picture OF
someone/something:
- He always keeps a photograph of
his wife in his wallet.
damage TO something:
- The accident was my fault, so I
paid for the damage to the
other car.
an invitation TO a party / a wedding
etc.:
- Did you get an invitation to the
party?
a reaction TO something:
- I was surprised at his reaction to
what I said.
a solution TO a problem / an answer
TO a question /
a reply TO a letter/ a key TO a door:

- Do you think we'll find a solution
to this problem.
- The answer to your question is
`No'!
an attitude TO/TOWARDS
someone/something:
- His attitude to/towards his job is
very negative.
a relationship / a connection / contact
WITH someone/something:
- Do you have a good relationship
with your parents?
- Police want to question a man in

connection with the robbery.
: a relationship / a
connection / contact / a difference
BETWEEN two things:
- Police have said that there is no
connection between
the two murders.
- There are some differences
between British English and
American English.
Unit 122
Preposition + noun (`by
mistake', òn television'
etc.)

.

:
to pay BY cheque ( `to pay
IN cash' `to pay cash'):
- Did you pay by cheque or in cash?

(to do something) BY accident / BY
mistake / BY chance:
- We hadn't arranged to meet. We
met by chance.
a play BY Shakespeare / a painting
BY Rembrandt /
a novel BY Tolstoy ..:
- Have you read any books by
Agatha Christie? (= any books
written by Agatha Christie?)
(to be / to fall) IN love WITH
someone:
- Have you ever been in love with

anyone?
IN (my) opinion:
- In my opinion the film wasn't very
good.
(to be) ON fire:
- Look! That car is on fire.
(to be) ON the telephone / ON the
phone:
- You can't phone me. I'm not on
the phone. (= I haven't got a phone)
- I've never met her but I've
spoken to her on the phone.
ON television / ON the radio:

- I didn't watch the match on
television. I listened to it on the
radio.
(to be / to go) ON a diet:
- I've put on a lot of weight. I'll
have to go on a diet.
(to be / to go) ON strike:
- There are no trains today. The
railway workers are on strike.
(to be/to go) ON holiday / ON
business / ON a trip / ON a tour /
ON an excursion / ON a cruise / ON
an expedition etc.
- Tom's away at the moment. He is
on holiday in France.
- Did you go to Paris on business or
on holiday?
- One day I'd like to go on a world
tour.
,
`go to a place FOR a holiday / FOR
my holiday(s)':
- Tom has gone to France for a
holiday.
- Where are you going for your
holidays this year?

(to go / to come) FOR a walk / FOR
a swim / FOR a drink ..:
- She always goes for a walk with
her dog in the morning.
- After work we went to a cafe for
a drink.
(to have something) FOR breakfast /
FOR lunch / FOR dinner:
- What did you have for lunch?
Unit 123
Adjective + preposition (1)

+ .
.

. .
nice/kind/good/generous/mean/stupid/
(im)polite/rude/unreasonable OF
someone (to do something):
- Thank you. It was very nice/kind

of you to help me.
- It's stupid of her to go out without
a coat. She'll catch cold.
: (to be)
nice/kind/good/generous/mean/(im)pol
(un)pleasant/(un)friendly/cruel TO
someone:
- She has always been very
nice/kind to me. ( `with me')
- Why were you so rude/unfriendly
to Ann?
angry/annoyed/furious | ABOUT
something
| WITH someone FOR doing

something:
- What are you so angry/annoyed
about?
- They were furious with me for
not inviting them to the party.
delighted/pleased/satisfied/disappointe
WITH something:
- I was delighted/pleased with the
present you gave me.
- Were you disappointed with your
examination results?
bored/fed up WITH something:
- You get bored/fed up with doing

the same thing every day.
surprised/shocked/amazed/astonished
AT/BY something:
- Everybody was surprised/shocked
at/by the news.
excited/worried/upset ABOUT
something:
- Are you excited about going on
holiday next week?
- Ann is upset about not being
invited to the party.
afraid/frightened/terrified/scared OF
someone/something:
- Àre you afraid of dogs?' `Yes,

I'm terrified of them.'
proud/ashamed OF
someone/something:
- I'm not ashamed of what I did. In
fact I'm quite proud of it.
jealous/envious/suspicious OF
someone/something:
- Why are you always so jealous of
other people?
- He didn't trust me. He was
suspicious of my intentions.
aware/conscious OF something:
- `Did you know they were

married?' `No, I wasn't aware of
that.'
good/bad/excellent/brilliant/hopeless
AT (doing) something:
- I'm not very good at repairing
things.
married/engaged TO someone:
- Linda is married to an American.
( `with an American')
Unit 124
Adjective + preposition (2)

+ :
sorry ABOUT something:
- I'm sorry about the noise last
night. We were having a party.
: sorry FOR doing
something:
- I'm sorry for shouting at you
yesterday.
: I'm sorry
I...:
- I'm sorry I shouted at you
yesterday.
(to feel / to be) sorry FOR someone:
- I feel sorry for George. He has
got no friends and no money.
impressed BY/WITH
someone/something:
- I wasn't very impressed by/with
the film.
famous FOR something:
- The Italian city of Florence is

famous for its art treasures.
responsible FOR something:
- Who was responsible for all that
noise last night?
different FROM ( TO)
someone/something
- The film was quite different from
( to) what expected.
interested IN something:
- Are you interested in art and
architecture?
capable/incapable OF something:
- I'm sure you are capable of

fond OF someone/something:
- Mary is very fond of animals. She
has three cats and two dogs.
full OF something:
- The letter I wrote was full of
mistakes.
short OF something:
- I'm a bit short of money. Can you
lend me some?
tired OF something:
- Come on, let's go! I'm tired of
waiting.
keen ON something:
- We stayed at home because Ann
wasn't very keen on going out
in the rain.
similar TO something:
- Your writing is similar to mine.
crowded WITH (people ..):
- The city centre was crowded with
tourists.
Unit 125
Verb + preposition (1)

+ :
apologise (TO someone) FOR
something (. Unit 60a):
- When I realised I was wrong, I
apologised to him for my mistake.
apply FOR a job/a place at
university ..:
- I think this job would suit you.
Why don't you apply for it?

believe IN something:
- Do you believe in God? (= Do you
believe that God exists?)
- I believe in saying what I think. (=
I believe that it is a good
thing to say what I think.)
belong TO someone:
- Who does this coat belong to?
care ABOUT someone/something (=
think someone/something is
important):
- He is very selfish. He doesn't

care about other people.
care FOR someone/something:
i) = like something (

):
- Would you care for a cup of
coffee? (= Would you like ...?)
- I don't care for hot weather. (= I
don't like ...)
ii) = look after someone:
- She is very old. She needs
someone to care for her.
take care OF someone/something (=

look after):
- Have a nice holiday. Take care of
yourself!
collide WITH someone/something:
- There was an accident this
morning. A bus collided with a car.
complain (TO someone) ABOUT
someone/something:
- We complained to the manager of
the restaurant about the food.
concentrate ON something:
- Don't look out of the window.
Concentrate on your work!

consist OF something:
- We had an enormous meal. It
consisted of seven courses.
crash/drive/bump/run INTO
someone/something:
- He lost control of the car and
crashed into a wall.
depend ON someone/something:
- `What time will you arrive?' Ì
don't know. It depends on the
traffic.'
on
(when/where /how ..):

- Àre you going to buy it?' Ìt
depends (on) how much it is.'
die OF an illness:
- `What did he die of?' À heart
attack.'
Unit 126

+ :
dream ABOUT someone/something:
- I dreamt about you last night.
dream OF being something/doing
something (= imagine):
- I often dream of being rich.
: `(I) wouldn't dream (of
doing something)':
- `Don't tell anyone what I said.'

`No, I wouldn't dream of it.'
happen TO someone/something:
- A strange thing happened to me
the other day.
- What happened to that gold
watch you used to have?
hear ABOUT something (= be told
about something):
- Did you hear about the fight in
the club on Saturday night?
- Have you heard about Jane?
She's getting married.
hear OF someone/something (= know

that someone/something exists):
- `Who is Tom Madely?' Ì have no
idea. I've never heard of him.'
- Have you heard of a company
called 'Smith Electrics'?
hear FROM someone (= receive a
letter / telephone call from someone):
- `Have you heard from Ann
recently?' `Yes, she wrote to me
last
week.'
laugh/smile AT someone/something:
- I look stupid with this haircut.

Everyone will laugh at me.
listen TO someone/something:
- We spent the evening listening to
records.
live ON money/food:
- George's salary is very low. It
isn't enough to live on.
look AT someone/something (= look
in the direction of):
- Why are you looking at me like
that?
: have a look AT, stare AT,
glance AT
look FOR someone/something (= try
to find):
- I've lost my keys. Can you help
me look for them?
look AFTER someone/something (=
take care of):
- She's very old. She needs
someone to look after her.
- You can borrow this book if you
promise to look after it.
pay (someone) FOR something:
- I didn't have enough money to
pay for the meal.

: pay a bill / a fine / $50 / a
fare / taxes .. ( ).
rely ON someone/something:
- You can rely on Jack. He always
keeps his promises.
Unit 127

+ :
search (a person / a place / a

someone/something:
- I've searched the whole h
keys but I still can't
find them.
- The police are searching
prisoner.
shout AT someone (
- He was very angry and st
at me.
: shout TO someone
(,
- He shouted to me from th
the street.
speak/talk TO someone (

- (on the telephone) Hello,

Jane, please?
- Who was that man I saw
in the pub?
suffer FROM an illness:
- The number of people su
heart disease has increase
think ABOUT someone/som
concentrate the mind on):
- You're quiet this mornin
thinking about?
- I've thought about what
I've decided to take your
advice.
- `Will you lend me the mo
about it.'
think OF someone/somethin
bring to mind, have an idea
- He told me his name but
it now.
( `think about it')

- That's a good idea. Why
that?
thin
-
- `What did you think of th
didn't think much of it.'
think OF

.
ABOUT:
- My sister is thinking of (
to Canada.
- Tom was thinking of (
a new car but changed
his mind.
- When I'm alone, I often
about) going to Canada.
wait FOR someone/somethi
- I'm not going out yet. I'm

rain to stop.
write TO someone:
- Sorry I haven't written to
long time
phone someone Did you ph

yesterday?
discuss something We discu
things at the meeting.
enter (= go into a place) She
she entered the room.
+
+ -ing .Unit 60a.
Unit 128
Verb + Object +
preposition (1)

+ + :
accuse someone OF (doing)
something (. Unit 60b):
- Tom accused Ann of being selfish.
- Three students were accused of
cheating in the examination.
ask (someone) FOR something:
- I wrote to the company asking

them for more information about
the job.
: àsk (someone) a question'
( )
blame someone/something FOR
something:
- Everybody blamed me for the
accident.
blame something ON
someone/something:
- Everybody blamed the accident
on me.
: `(someone is) to
blame for something':
- Everybody said that I was to
blame for the accident.
borrow something FROM someone:
- I didn't have any money. I had to
borrow some from a friend of
mine.
charge someone WITH (an offence /
a crime):
- Three men have been arrested
and charged with robbery.
congratulate someone ON (doing)
something (. Unit 60b):

- When I heard that he had passed
his examination, I phoned him
to congratulate him on his success.
divide/cut/split something INTO
( ):
- The book is divided into three
parts.
- Cut the meat into small pieces
before frying it.
do something ABOUT something
(= -,
):
- The economic situation is getting

worse and worse. The
government ought to do something
about it.
explain (a problem / a situation / a
word ..) TO someone:
- Can you explain this word to me?
( èxplain me this word')
: èxplain (to someone)
that/what/how/why ...'
( ):
- Let me explain to you what I
mean.
invite someone TO (a party / a

wedding etc.):
- Have you been invited to any
parties recently?
leave (a place) FOR (another place):
- I haven't seen her since she left
home for work this morning.
point/aim something AT
someone/something:
- Don't point that knife at me! It's
dangerous.
Unit 129
Verb + Object + preposition
(2)

+ + :
prefer someone/something TO
someone/something (.Unit 64):
- I prefer tea to coffee.
protect someone/something FROM
( against) someone/something:
- He put sun-tan oil on his body to

protect his skin from the sun.
( ... against the sun.)
provide someone WITH something:
- The school provides all its
students with books.
regard someone/something AS
something:
- I've always regarded you as one
of my best friends.
remind someone OF
someone/something
(= -
):
- This house reminds me of the one
I lived in when I was a child.
- Look at this photograph of Tom.
Who does he remind you of?
: remind someone ABOUT

something
( - -):
- I'm glad you reminded me about
the party. I had completely
forgotten
it.
remind someone to do something
(.Unit 55b ).
sentence someone TO (a period of
imprisonment):
- He was found guilty and
sentenced to six months'
imprisonment.
spend (money) ON something:
- How much money do you spend
on food each week?
Note that we usually say `spend
(time) doing something':
- I spend a lot of time reading.
throw something AT
someone/something (in order to hit

them):
- Someone threw an egg at the
minister while he was speaking.
: throw something TO
someone (for someone to catch):
- Ann shouted `Catch!' and threw
the keys to me from the window.
translate (a book ..) FROM one
language INTO another
language:
- George Orwell's books have been
translated into many languages.
warn someone ABOUT

someone/something (of
):
- I knew she was a bit strange
before I met her. Tom had warned
me
about her.
- Everybody has been warned
about the dangers of smoking.
`warn someone against doing
something' .Unit 60b
`warn someone not to do
something' .Unit 55b .

+ +
+-ing .Unit 60b.
Unit 130
Phrasal verbs (get up,
break down, fill in etc.)
(a)
:
on off in out up down away back
over about round forward through
along

. :
get on The bus was full. We
couldn't get on.

drive off She got into the car and
drove off.
come back Tom is leaving
tomorrow and coming back on
Saturday.
turn round When I touched him on
the shoulder, he turned round.

(on/off/up/down ..)
.
:
- Sorry I'm late. The car broke

down.
- Look out! There's a car coming.
- It was my first flight. I was very
nervous as the plane took off.
- I was so tired this morning that I
couldn't get up.
- How did you get on in your
examination yesterday?
(break
down/get up/get on..)

.
(b)
.

.
, :

I turned off the light. I turned
the light off.
:
- Could you
- It's warm.
- The fire-brigade
soon arrived and
- I think I'll
fill in
fill th
Take
Take
put o
put t
thro
old n
thro
news
brea
- The police got into door
the house by
brea
down

(it/them/me /you/him/her/us).

on off in out
up down ..:
- They gave me a form and told me

to fill it in. ( `fill in it')
- Ann's asleep. Don't wake her up.
( `wake up her')
- `What shall I do with these old
newspapers?' `Throw them away.'
- Here's the money you need.
Don't forget to pay me back.
(c)
+
.
:look forward to / keep

up with/
cut down on.

:
- Are you looking forward to your

holiday?
- You're walking too fast. I can't
keep up with you.
- Jack has cut down on smoking.
He only smokes five cigarettes a
day
now.
Appendix 1
List of present and past
tenses
Present simple
(Unit 2,Unit 3,U
I work in a bank but I don

much.
Tom watches television ev
Do you like parties?

We don't go out very often
stay at home.
Present continuous
(Unit 1,Unit 3,U
Please don't disturb me. I

"What's Tom doing?" "H
television."
Hello, Ann. Are you enjoy

We aren't going to the par
night.
Present perfect I have don

21)
I've lost my key. Have you
anywhere?
Ìs Tom here?' "No, he ha
How long have they been m

The house is very dirty. W
cleaned it for weeks.
Present perfect continuo

doing
(Unit 16,Unit 17,
I'm tired. I've been workin

You're out of breath. Hav
running?
How long has he been lear
I haven't been feeling very
Past simple I did
I lost my key yesterday.

They went to the cinema b
enjoy the film.
What time did you get up
It was hot in the room, so

window.
Past continuous I was d
When I arrived, Tom was

television.
This time last year I was li
What were you doing at 10
night?
The television was on but

watching it.
Past perfect I had do
I couldn't get into the hous

lost my key.
When I arrived at the par
there. He had gone home.
They didn't come to the ci
because they had already
The house was dirty becau

cleaned it for weeks.
.
Past perfect continuous I

(Unit 23)
I was very tired. I had bee

all day.
He was leaning against a w
breath. He had been runni
Appendix 2
Regular and irregular

verbs
1 .
Past simple past participle
-ed.
:
clean im
infinitive
( ): carry
cleaned
past simple/
painted
past participle:

Appendix 3.
past simple Unit 11

past
participle perfect
tenses
(have/has/had cleaned)

(passive forms).
Unit 42,Unit 44:
- I cleaned my room yesterday.
(past simple)
- Your English has improved.
(present perfect - . Unit 13,Unit
21)
- The house was dirty. We hadn't
cleaned it for a long time. (past
perfect - .(Unit 22)
- This door has just been painted.
(present perfect passive)
- He was carried out of the room.

(past simple passive)
past simple past participle
-ed,
2

:
infinitive past
simple /
past participle
infini
/
past p
burn burnt
burned
smell
dream dreamt smell
dreamed
lean leant
leaned
learn learnt
learned
spell
spill
spoil
spoile
:
- I leant out of the window. I
leaned out of the window.
- The dinner has been spoilt.
The dinner has been spoiled.
British English
(burnt/learnt ..)
.
3 .

(infinitive , past simple past
participle )
. , hit:
- Someone hit me as I came into

the room. (past simple)
- I've never hit anyone in my life.

(past participle - present perfect)
- George was hit on the head by a
stone. (past participle - passive)

past simple , past
participle
( infinitive ).
, tell - told:
- He told me to come back the next

day. (past simple)
- Have you told anyone about your

new job?(past participle - present
perfect)
- I was told to come back the next
day. (past participle - passive)

,
.
, break - broke - broken:
- He broke his arm in a climbing

accident. (past simple)
- Somebody has broken the

window. (past participle - present
perfect)
- When was the window broken?
(past participle - passive)
4
.
past
past
simple particip
be
was/were been
beat
beat
beaten
become became become
begin
began begun
infinitive
bend
bet
bite
blow
break
bring
build
burst
buy
catch
bent
bet
bit
blew
broke
brought
built
burst
bought
caught
bent
bet
bitten
blown
broken
brough
built
burst
bought
caught
choose
come
cost
cut
deal
dig
do
draw
drink
drive
chose
came
cost
cut
dealt
dug
did
drew
drank
drove
chosen
come
cost
cut
dealt
dug
done
drawn
drunk
driven
eat
fall
feed
feel
fight
find
fly
forbid
forget
forgive
ate
fell
fed
felt
fought
found
flew
forbade
forgot
forgave
eaten
fallen
fed
felt
fought
found
flown
forbidd
forgotte
forgiven
freeze
get
give
go
grow
hang
have
hear
hide
hit
froze
got
gave
went
grew
hung
had
heard
hid
hit
frozen
got
given
gone
grown
hung
had
heard
hidden
hit
hold
hurt
keep
know
lay
lead
leave
lend
let
lie
held
hurt
kept
knew
laid
led
left
lent
let
lay
held
hurt
kept
known
laid
led
left
lent
let
lain
light
lit
lit
Appendix 3
Spelling
,

:
+ s/es(.) books ideas
matches
+ -s/es (
he/she/it) works enjoys washes
+ -ing working enjoying
washing
+ -ed worked enjoyed
washed
+
-er(
) cheaper quicker brighter
+ -est
( ) cheapest
quickest brightest
+ -ly
() cheaply quickly brightly

,
.

.

a e i o u
(b c d f ..)
1 +
-s/es.
-es ,
-s/-ss/-sh/-ch/-x:
match/matches bus/buses
box/boxes
wash/washes miss/misses
search/searches
:
potato/potatoes tomato/tomatoes
do/does go/goes
2 , -y
(baby, carry, easy ..)

+ y (-by/-ry/-sy
..):
y ie -s:
baby/babies lorry/lorries
country/countries
secretary/secretaries
hurry/hurries study/studies
apply/applies try/tries
y i -ed:
hurry/hurried study/studied
apply/applied try/tried
y i -er -est:
easy/easier/easiest
heavy/heavier/heaviest
lucky/luckier/luckiest
y i -ly:
easy/easily heavy/heavily
temporary/temporarily
y -ing:hurrying
studying applying trying
y ,

+ y
(-ay/-ey/-oy/-uy):
play/plays/played
enjoy/enjoys/enjoyed
monkey/monkeys.
: day/daily
: pay/paid lay/laid
say/said
3 ,
-ie
(die , lie , tie ).
-ie ,
ie y -ing:
lie /lying die /dying tie /tying
4 , -e
(smoke , hope , wide ..)
-e ,
e -ing:
smoke/smoking hope/hoping
dance/dancing confuse/confusing
: be/being
, e :see/seeing agree/agreeing

-e ,
d
(past):
smoke/smoked hope/hoped
dance/danced confuse/confused

-e ,
-r -st

:
wide/wider/widest late/later/latest
large/larger/largest

-e ,
- -ly:
polite/politely extreme/extremely
absolute/absolutely

-le
(terrible ,probable ..),

- -y:
terrible/terribly probable/probably
reasonable/reasonably
5
(stop/stopping/stopped,
hot/hotter/hottest ..)

--.
: stop plan rob hot thin
wet prefer begin
,

(-pp-, -nn- ..) -ing, -ed, er,-est:
stop/stopping/stopped
plan/planning/planned
rob/robbing/robbed
hot/hotter/hottest
thin/thinner/thinnest
wet/wetter/wettest

(prefer, begin ..),

,
:
preFER/preferring/preferred
perMIT/permitting/permitted
reGRET/regretting/regretted
beGIN/beginning
,

:
VISit/visiting/visited
deVELop/developing/developed
LISten/listening/listened
reMEMber/remembering/remember
: British English
, -l
-ll- -ing -ed
( ,
):
travel/travelling/travelled
cancel/cancelling/cancelled

,

(-rt, -rn, -ck ..):
start/starting/started
turn/turning/turned
thick/thicker/thickest

,
(-oil, -eed, -ain
..):
boil/boiling/boiled
need/needing/needed
explain/explaining/explained
cheap/cheaper/cheapest
loud/louder/loudest
quiet/quieter/quietest
,
y w .(
y w
;
.):
stay/staying/stayed grow/growing
new/newer/newest
Appendix 4
Short forms (I'm / you've /
didn't etc.)

Ì'm/you've /didn't' ..
(= I am/you have /did not).

(, ).

,

(')
:
I'm = I am you've = you have didn't

= did not

am/is/are/have/has/had/will/shall/wou
'm = am I'm
's = is / has he's she's it's

're = are you're we're they're
've =
have I've you've we've they've
'll = will /
shall I'll he'll she'll it'll you'll we'll t
'd = would/
had I'd he'd she'd you'd we'd they'
's is has:
- He's ill. (= He is ill.)
- He's gone away. (= He has gone
away.)
'd can be would or had:

- I'd see a doctor if I were you. (= I
would see)
- I'd never seen her before. (= I had
never seen)

(who/what/how ..)
that/there /here :
who's what's where's that's

there's
who'll what'll when's that'll

there'll
who'd how's here's
- Who's that girl over there? (=
who is)
- What's happened? (= what has)
- I think there'll be a lot of people
at the party. (= there will)

( 's)
:
- John's going out tonight. (= John

is going)
- My friend's just got married. (=
My friends has just got)

('m/'s/'ve ..)
(

):
- Àre you tired?' `Yes, I am.' (
`yes, I'm.')
- Do you know where he is? (
`Do you know where he's?')

+ not (isn't/didn't ..):
isn't (= is not) haven't (= have not)

wouldn't (= would not)
aren't (= are not) hasn't (= has not)
shouldn't (= should not)
wasn't (= was not) hadn't (= had
not) mightn't (= might not)
weren't (= were not) can't (=

cannot) mustn't (= must not)
don't (= do not) couldn't (= could
not) needn't (= need not)
doesn't (= does not) won't (= will
not) daren't (=dare not)
didn't (= did not) shan't (= shall
not)
,
:
he isn't / she isn't / it isn't he's

not / she's not / it's not
you aren't / we aren't / they aren't

you're not/we're not/they're
not
Appendix 5
American English
There are a few grammatical
differences between British and
American English:
Unit 13 In American English the past

simple is often used to give new
information or to announce a recent
happening:
- I lost my key. Can you help me
look for it?
The past simple is used with just and

already:
- I'm not hungry. I just had lunch.
- `Don't forget to post the letter.'
Ì already posted it.'
Unit 15b Americans use the past

simple with yet:
- I didn't tell them about the
accident yet.
Unit 24a In American English the
forms I have / I don't have / do you
have? are more usual than Ì've got / I
haven't got / have you

got?':
- We have a new car.
- Do you have any change?
Unit 35b Americans often use the

infinitive (without to) in structures
with insist/suggest etc.:
- They insisted that we have dinner
with them.
- Jim suggested that I buy a car.
This structure is also used in British
English.
Unit 75a Americans say `the

hospital':
- The injured man was taken to the
hospital.
Unit 104d Americans say òn a
team':
- He's the best player on the team.
Unit 108a Quite is not often used
with this meaning in American
English.
In American English quite usually
means `completely' as in
section c.
Unit 114d Americans say òn the

week-end / on week-ends'.
Unit 124 In American English
`different than' is also possible.
`Different to' is not used.
Unit 127 Americans say write
someone (without to):
- Please write me soon and tell me
how you are.
Appendix 2.2 These verbs (burn,
learn etc.) are normally regular in

American English: burned, learned
etc.
Appendix 2.4 The past participle of

get is gotten in American English:
- Your English has gotten much
better since I last saw you.
Appendix 3.5,Note the American
spelling of these words:
traveling, traveled canceling,
canceled

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Unit 1 - Present continuous (I

Unit 8 - Will or going to?

have done) (3)

Unit 20 - Present perfect (I have

and needn't have

Unit 42 - Passive(1) (be

begin, start, intend, continue,

Unit 72 - The (1)

Unit 79 - ...'s (apostrophes) and

information relative clauses (1)

Unit 98 - So and such

adverbs with the verb

Unit 115 - For, during, while

(`by mistake', `on television'

The dog is playing with its

- Why are you crying?

he/she/(it)is (= he's etc.)

Kate is in her car.

writing a new play now.

I / we / you / they write

- I always put down the new words

- Does she study French three

- I work with the computer every

- Excuse me, do you speak English?

(c) present simple,

- Every Saturday we go to the

- The Earth is round. It goes round

Present continuous Prese

The vacuum cleaner The v

want like belong know suppose

She is speaking with her

belong know prefer suppose

I hate being interrupted all

- I can see someone through the

to have supper, to have troubles,

anything about it.

- It's going to be another warm

- Oh, He's left the door open. I'll

think I'll take a bus.

- I'll go and lock the door. ( `I

- He can't visit you tomorrow

because his parents are coming to

- I think I'll stay at home and read

- I won't tell Sally what you've

- Jim is playing golf on week-end.

Ted: I'm very worried abo

- When will he know his

probably I'll probably be a

friends with her.

- Shall I order a taxy? (= ,

- What concert shall we go this

Peter: My new car has

Can you repair it?

Father: OK, but now

I'm very busy.

I'll repair it tomorrow.

It has a flat tyre.

I'm going to repair it

- Do you think Jim will buy that

- Look at those black lines. The

- Mike will probably arrive at

you want to give her.

- When we get off the train, I'll buy