St Denys Church, Sleaford

St Denys Church, Sleaford, is a medieval parish church

in Sleaford, Lincolnshire, England. A church and priest
have probably existed in the settlement since at least
1086, but the exact date of the present buildings construction is unknown. The oldest parts are the tower and
spire, which date back to the late 12th and early 13th centuries; the stone broach spire is one of the earliest examples of its kind in England. The Decorated Gothic nave,
aisles and north transept were built in the 14th century.
The church was altered in the 19th century: the north
aisle was rebuilt by the local builders Kirk and Parry in
1853 and the tower and spire were largely rebuilt in 1884
after being struck by lightning. St Denys remains in use
for worship by the Church of England.

ducted at 8:00am on Sundays, followed by Sunday School

and an all-age family worship at 10:00am. A parent and
toddler group is scheduled for Wednesdays at 9:30am,
and Holy Communion is conducted at 10:00am.[3]

2 History

The church is a Grade I listed building, a national designation given to buildings of exceptional interest.[1] The
architectural historian Sir Nikolaus Pevsner stated it is
remembered for the owing tracery of its windows.[2]
Built out of Ancaster stone with a lead roof, St Denys is
furnished with a medieval rood screen and a communion
rail, possibly by Sir Christopher Wren, and has a peal of
eight bells, dating to 1796. The church also houses several memorials, including two altar tombs commemorating members of the Carre family, Sleafords Lords of the View of the church from Eastgate, looking north-west. The chancel is visible in the foreground, extending from the nave and
Manor in the 17th century.
aisles. The clerestory and spire are also visible.

Description

2.1 Background and origins

St Denys Church is the parish church of the benece of

Sleaford (formerly called New Sleaford), which encompasses most of the market town of Sleaford in the English
non-metropolitan county of Lincolnshire. The benece
is a vicarage and falls within the deanery of Laord and
the archdeaconry and diocese of Lincoln;[3] as of 2015,
the vicar is Rev. Philip Anthony Johnson, who was appointed in 2013.[4][5] The church is located next to (and
faces onto) the market place at the town centre.[3] It is
dedicated to St Denys; the Victorian clergyman and local
historian Edward Trollope stated that this is a medieval
form of St Dionysius, but does not elaborate on which of
the several saints called Dionysius this refers to.[6] According to a pamphlet published by the parochial church
council, St Denys is a medieval composite of St Dionysius (or St Denis), who was martyred in Paris in c. 250, St
Dionysis the Areopagite and an anonymous Syrian saint
called the pseudo-Areopagite.[7]

The Sleaford area has been inhabited since the late Iron
Age; people settled around the ford where a prehistoric track running northwards from Bourne crossed the
River Slea.[8] A large hoard of coin moulds belonging to
the Corieltauvi tribe have been uncovered in this area
and dated to the late Iron Age.[8] It was occupied by
the Romans,[9] and then by the Anglo-Saxons.[10] The
place-name Slioford rst appears in 852, meaning crossing over a muddy stream, in reference to the Slea.[11]
The settlement around the crossing came to be known
as Old Sleaford in 13th-century sources to distinguish
it from developments further west, around the presentday market place, which came to be known as New
Sleaford.[12] The origins of New Sleaford are not clear,
leading to a theory that it was planted by the Bishop
of Lincoln in the 12th century as a means of increasing his income, hence the epithet New. The towns
compass-point layout, the 12th-century date of St Denys
As of 2015, regular church services are scheduled for stonework and other topographical features oer eviSundays and Wednesdays. Holy Communion is con- dence for this theory.[13][14]
1

A speculative reassessment of Domesday Book (1086)

material suggests that St Denys origins may be earlier.
Two manors called Eslaforde (Sleaford) were recorded
in the Domesday Book, one held by Remigius, Bishop of
Lincoln, the other by Ramsey Abbey. The Bishop succeeded a Saxon thegn, Bardi, and held 11 carucates with
29 villeins, 11 bordars, 6 sokemen, a church and priest, as
well as 8 mills, 1 acre of woodland, 320 acres (130 ha) of
meadow and 330 acres (130 ha) of marsh. Ramsey Abbey
had been granted land in Sleaford and surrounding villages before the Norman Conquest of England; in Domesday its fee consisted of 1 carucate, 1 sokeman, 2 villeins
and 27 acres of meadow. It was sokeland of the abbot
of Ramseys manor of Quarrington, where he held two
churches.[15] There is no evidence for a second church at
Quarrington, which suggests that the record is alluding
to one in another of the abbots manors for which Quarrington was an estate centre. The local historians David
Roe and Christine Mahany ruled out the possibility that
this referred to Cranwell, another of the abbeys fees, and
concluded that it is probably a reference to the church at
Old Sleaford, which was granted by a knight of Ramsey
to Haverholme Priory in c. 1165. Hence, the church possessed by the bishop in the other manor must have been a
second church in Sleaford, and therefore could only have
been St Denys in what would become New Sleaford.[16]

2.2

Expansion

Sleaford and its church were altered considerably in the

12th century, especially under Bishop Alexander of Lincoln; a castle was constructed to the west of the town during his episcopate and work on the earliest surviving parts
of the church may date to this period.[17] Facing onto the
market place, the tower is the oldest part of the present
church building and dates to the late 12th century, probably c. 1180.[18] Its broach spire has been dated to the
early 13th century, possibly c. 1220.[18] A prebendary of
Sleaford is recorded in the late 13th century whose ofce was probably founded by one of the post-Conquest
Bishops, who were its patrons. The vicarage of Sleaford
was founded and endowed in 1274; the record has survived and shows Henry de Sinderby being presented to
the vicarage by the Treasurer of Lincoln and Prebendary
of Sleaford, Richard de Belleau; the Bishop instituted
him that March. The vicar could prot from tithes and
oblations, and was given a house formerly occupied by
one Roger the chaplain, but he had to pay 15 to the
prebendary at the feasts of the Nativity and St John the
Baptist. The prebendary otherwise retained his jurisdiction over the parish.[19]
A period of rebuilding and remodelling occurred in the
late Middle Ages. A chantry chapel, dedicated to the
Virgin Mary, was founded in 1271 by the merchants
Thomas Blount and John de Bucham, who endowed it
with lands around Old and New Sleaford, and several
surrounding villages. The chapel is located on the north

HISTORY

aisle, and the chaplain was instructed to pray there for

the founders at his daily mass.[20] The chantry priests
house is recorded in the 1440s as one of the oldest buildings in Sleaford; located in the churchyard, it became the
Vicarage.[21] The tower was probably accompanied by a
nave of a similar date, which was rebuilt in the Decorated Gothic style in the mid to late 14th century; the
transept followed twenty or thirty years later, according
to Trollope.[18][22] A clerestory was added in around 1430
and the chancel was remodelled at this time.[18]

2.3 Early modern and later

There is a widely held local tradition that St Denys was
used during the English Civil War (164251) as a barracks for parliamentary troops who destroyed the interior
furnishings.[23] The local historian Trollope stated that the
soldiers looted the brass eagle lectern (last recorded in
1622),[24] broke the stained glass windows and the organ,
and stole valuables.[25] Whether this damage occurred or
not, repairs to the windows and roof were carried out in
1657, paid for by public subscription. Galleries were also
added to the church in the 18th century: the south in
1758, west in 1772, and north in 178384.[26] In 1772,
Edward Evans, a ships surgeon on HMS Egmont, donated
300 to replace the organ with one built by Samuel Green
of London.[20]
For most of the 19th century, the Anglican community
dominated Sleafords civic bodies, including the Board of
Guardians, who oversaw the workhouse, and the Local
Board of Health. Dr Richard Yerburgh and his son,
Richard, were vicars in 180951 and 185182 respectively and had family connections with the local builders
Kirk and Parry; Yerburgh and Thomas Parry (one half
of the rm) were on the Board of Guardians and were
labelled members of a family party by opponents during the Boards 1870 elections (they were nonetheless
re-elected).[27][28] They and other local clergymen were
key players in the establishment of National schools in
Sleaford and Quarrington, which Kirk and Parry built.[27]
The Anglican congregation, at an estimated 700 to 800
people in 1851 (St Denys had enough space for 743 people), was less than half of the size of the nonconformist
community, which was probably larger than 2,000 and
tended to ourish in poorer parts of the town.[29][30]
The 19th century also witnessed two major restorations
to St Denys. As the congregation expanded, the need
for greater space was met with the addition of a new
north aisle in 1853. This coincided with a wider restoration project carried out at the cost of 3,500 by Kirk
and Parry, which included the demolition of the galleries, the addition of a strainer arch and the relocation of the organ.[26][31] The church was damaged by an
electrical storm in 1884 and parts, including the stone
broach spireone of the oldest in England[2] were rebuilt by Kirk and Parry in 188586.[26] The old organ was
sold in 1891 and St Hughs Chapel and the choir vestry

3
were dedicated to the memory of a local solicitor, Henry
Snow, in 1906.[26][32] Electric lighting was introduced in
195153 and extensive restoration work was carried out
in 1966, when the organ was rebuilt, and in 1988.[26]
Fifty-four solar panels were added in 2008, at the cost
of 70,000, and by 2011 were able to cover the churchs
electricity bill.[33]

Architecture,
grounds

ttings

and

The nave of St Denys, looking eastwards towards the

chancel

The chancel and choir, looking eastwards

St Denys is constructed in Ancaster stone across four periods: the earliest sections in a transitional style between
Early English Gothic and Decorated Gothic; the late medieval nave, aisles and chancel in Decorated Gothic; the
later Perpendicular Gothic clerestory and chancel; and the
Victorian neo-Gothic restorations. The earliest parts consist of the late 12th or early 13th-century tower and spire
on the west side of the church, which have a combined
height of 144 feet (44 m). Its arched entrance exhibits
features of both the Early English and Decorated Gothic
styles. During the restoration, a 15th-century window
was removed, placed in the churchyard and replaced by
arcading and three circlets, deemed somewhat absurd
by the architectural historian Sir Nikolaus Pevsner.[2][18]
With the exception of the tower and spire, much of the
church was rebuilt in the Decorated Gothic style during the late 14th century. The nave and aisles extend
eastwards from the tower. Outside, parts of the aisles
are highly decorated; the north doorway includes shafts,
mouldings and nials, while the simpler south doorway
has niches and monster carvings. The northern doorway has a gable which encroaches up into a ve-light
window.[34] Pevsner remarks that St Denys is particu-

larly notable for its tracery,[2] and the buildings entry on

the Statutory List of Buildings of Special Architectural
or Historic Interest notes particularly good mid [14thcentury] tracery and ornament.[18] The window above
the north doorway is a good example; it contains elements shared by others of the Decorated style around
the church, including reticulated ogee arches of varying complexity.[34] A Perpendicular clerestory adorns the
aisles with three-light windows; it dates to the early 15th
century, possibly c. 1430. The north aisle was extended
in 1853, but the architects, Kirk and Parry, reused the
windows.[18][35] The north transept includes a six-light
window"one of the great owing designs of the country, according to Pevsner.[35]
The tower ceiling has a tierceron vault and is connected
to the nave and aisles by arches. The naves arcading
spans four bays, the last of which on the north side acts
as an entrance to the transept. The north aisle was extended in 1853 by Kirk and Parry, who added a strainer
arch to support the tower and join it with the north
aisle.[36] The reredos and altar were built in 1922 by L.T.
Moore;[n 1] the rood screen was restored by Ninian Comper in 1918 and the Communion rail was taken from
Lincoln Cathedral during a restoration;[36] it has been attributed to Sir Christopher Wren, but Pevsner makes no
mention of this.[36][37] The screen and altar rails in St
Hughs Chapel are the work of C.H. Fowler; E. Stanley
Watkins completed the reredos in 1906.[36] In the 1640s,
the stained glass included the armorial bearings of Sir
William Hussey impaling his wifes Barkley arms, and
the arms of Markham and John Russell, Bishop of Lincoln. These have not survived,[39] but the current stained
glass includes a very Gothic window by Hardman dating to c. 1853, three by Holland of Warwick from the
late 1880s, one of Ward and Hughes (1885) and one by
Morris & Co. from 1900.[36] In 2006 Glenn Carter completed a stained glass window dedicated to Yvonne Double which had been commissioned by her widower, Eddy
Double.[40][41][n 2]
The earliest peal recorded at St Denys had 6 bells, three
dating from 1600, one from 1707 and two undated. In
1796 a new peal of 8 bells were cast by Thomas Osborn of
Downham, Norfolk; the tenor is in the E key and weighs
19 long cwt 3 qr 6 lb (2,218 lb or 1,006 kg).[43][44] Samuel
Greens organ of 1772 was rebuilt by Holdich in 1852[45]
and replaced by the present organ in 1891, which was
built by Forster and Andrews of Hull; rebuilt by Harrison
and Harrison in 1966, it was restored by A. Carter in 1999
and has three manuals and a pedalboard.[46][47] St Hughs
Chapel has its own organ, installed by Cousans and Sons
in 1912 with one manual.[47][48] The church also houses
a collection of fteen antique, chained books in an oak
reading desk; the oldest items date to the early 17th century and include tracts on divinity. Other items of furniture include two old chests and a dole cupboard, while a
16th-century tapestry is in the churchs possession.[36][49]
The octagonal font is in a Decorated Gothic style, but has

4 MEMORIALS

been altered considerably.[36]

The churchyard around St Denys has been expanded several times: rst in 1391, when the Bishop of Lincoln,
John Bokingham, was granted a piece of land 150 by 8
feet (45.7 m 2.4 m) to one side of the church. Land
to the north was also added in 1796. The grounds were
enclosed by a dwarf wall, which was replaced by a more
substantial stone wall and iron fence in 1837; the railings
were removed during the First World War.[7][50] In a report on the towns health in 1850, William Ranger criticised the overcrowding of the churchyard; in 1855, burials in the grounds ceased and the vestry elected a burial
board to produce a solution.[n 3] They purchased 2 acres,
3 roods and 31 poles (0.92 ha) of land to the north of
Eastgate at a cost of 1,500; this was converted into a
cemetery and a further 2 roods and 17 poles (0.063 ha)
were bought for an access road. These grounds were extended in 1862 by an acquisition of 3 acres and 39 poles
(1.51 ha) of land to the west of the cemetery; they are
now managed by Sleaford Town Council.[51][52]

Altar tomb of Sir Edward Carre

church, and brass plate from the same period was discovered during the 1853 restoration. Richard Dokke, along
with his wife Joanna and son John, are commemorated
in a plaque dating to the 1430s, and a plaque to William
Harebeter and his wife Elizabeth also dates to the 15th
century.[53]

The doorway in the tower of the church, showing Although Gervase Holles recorded many 16th-century
three orders of shafts and zigzag mouldings in the monuments when he visited Sleaford, most have
arch
disappeared.[54] Amongst those which remain are the
The ve-light window with reticulated ogee arches tombs and plaques commemorating the rst members of
the Carre family to settle in Sleaford. The Carres hailed
above the doorway of the north aisle
from Northumberland, but George Carre (d. 1521), a
The rood screen, restored by Sir Ninian Comper in wool merchant, established himself in the town and is
commemorated in St Denys by a brass. On the northern
1918[1]
side of the chancel is an alabaster monument dedicated to
View into the north transept and the chantry chapel Georges eldest surviving son Robert Carre (d. 1590), his
three wives and some of their children; he became lord of
East window of the chancel
the manors of Old and New Sleaford. Opposite, on the
Yvonne Double memorial window, by Glenn Carter, southern side, is an alabaster altar tomb by Maximilian
Colt dedicated to Roberts fourth son and eventual heir,
2006[2][3]
Sir Edward Carre, 1st Baronet (d. 1618), which carries
the egies of Edward and one of his two wives, proba The pulpit
bly his second, Anne Dyer; according to Trollope, it was
15th-century window removed from the tower dur- said to have been mutilated during the Civil War.[55][56]
ing restoration work in c. 1884
Further plaques commemorate Sir Edward Carres grandson, Sir Robert Carre, 3rd Baronet (d. 1682), and his son,
1. ^ Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked Sir Edward (d. 1683), who is also commemorated by a
bust in the church.[57]
but never dened (see the help page).
There are numerous other memorials to prominent
2. ^ Cite error: The named reference double1 was in- Sleafordians. Early examples are plaques to John
voked but never dened (see the help page).
Walpoole (d. 1591, monument dated 1631), the draper
Camock),
3. ^ Cite error: The named reference double2 was in- Richard Warsope (d. 1609, erected by Robert
[58]
Later
monand
Rev.
Theophilius
Brittaine
(d.
1696).
voked but never dened (see the help page).
uments include those of Richard Moore (d. 1771) and
Elizabeth Cooper (d. 1792), as well as a slab for Eleanor
(d. 1725), wife of John Peart.[56][59] The novelist Frances
4 Memorials
Brooke (d. 1789) is buried in the church.[60] Clergymen
include William Seller, Joseph Francis (d. 1749) and AnAccording to Edward Trollope, the oldest tombstone in thony Skepper (d. 1773). A window is dedicated to a
the church was from the 13th century; it was faded and local solicitor, Henry Snow (d. 1905), and memorials
illegible when he recorded it in or before 1872. A 14th- on the north wall include George Jeudwine (d. 1952),
century slab, originally for a now-lost egy, is in the another solicitor, and the local historian William Hos-

5.2

Citations

ford (d. 1987).[61] The monument to Ann Bankes (d. [14] Pawley 1996, pp. 1516
1834) incorporates a statue of a woman sinking into the
[15] Mahany & Roe 1979, p. 11
ground, which Pevsner called remarkably tender, while
the tablet to Ann Moore (d. 1830) in the transept is noted [16] Mahany & Roe 1979, pp. 1314
as good Grecian.[56]
[17] Pawley 1996, p. 25

5
5.1

References
Notes

[1] An earlier reredos, designed in ne Gothic style by

Charles Kirk, was erected in memory of M.P. Moore (d.
1866).[37][38]
[2] Other windows have been dedicated to prominent parishioners, including Dr Richard Yerburgh, Charles Kirk,
Francis and Benjamin Handley, Caroline E. Moore,
Robert George Bankes, John Bissill, John Caparn, Mrs.
Lucy Ashington, Henrietta Bankes, John Pearson, and
William Hoster. Thomas Parry, C. Drake Newton and
Mrs. Warwick.[42]
[3] The rst members were M.P. Moore, John Warwick, Edward Newbatt, William Foster, Thomas Simpson, Edward
Allen, J.T. Marston, Charles Kirk and Thomas Parry.
Newbatt and Kirk declined the oer and so W.H. Holdich
and Rev. Richard Yerburgh were elected in their place.[51]

[18] Historic England.

Parish Church of St Denys
(1062157)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
[19] Trollope 1872, pp. 140141
[20] Trollope 1872, p. 152
[21] Pawley 1996, p. 33
[22] Trollope 1872, pp. 147148
[23] Pawley 1996, p. 42
[24] Trollope 1872, p. 164
[25] Trollope 1872, p. 151
[26] Hoare 1988, p. 1
[27] Pawley 1996, p. 88
[28] Ellis 1981, p. 101
[29] Pawley 1996, pp. 8889
[30] Ellis 1981, p. 98

5.2

Citations
Using Wikipedia for research

[1] Listed buildings. Historic England. Retrieved 7 July

2015.

[31] Trollope 1872, p. 149

[32] Dedication of a Chapel. Grantham Journal. 14 April
1906. p. 6. Retrieved 6 July 2015 via British Newspaper
Archive. (subscription required (help)).
[33] Prot for St Denys solar panel project in Sleaford. BBC
News. 26 October 2011. Retrieved 6 July 2015.

[2] Pevsner, Harris & Antram 2002, p. 650

[34] Pevsner, Harris & Antram 2002, pp. 650651
[3] Sleaford Parish Church - St Denys, Sleaford. A Church
Near You. Church of England. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
[4] Contact us. St Denys Church, Sleaford. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
[5] New vicar at St Denys Church. Sleaford Standard. 23
October 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
[6] Trollope 1872, p. 147
[7] Hoare 1988, p. 12
[8] Mahany & Roe 1979, p. 6
[9] Mahany & Roe 1979, pp. 810
[10] Mahany & Roe 1979, p. 10
[11] Ekwall 1977, p. 462
[12] Settlement of Old Sleaford (Reference Name
MLI91636)". Lincs to the Past. Lincolnshire Archives.
Retrieved 29 November 2014.
[13] Mahany & Roe 1979, pp. 1116

[35] Pevsner, Harris & Antram 2002, p. 651

[36] Pevsner, Harris & Antram 2002, p. 652
[37] Trollope 1872, p. 154
[38] Chronicle for the Year 1866. Lincolnshire Chronicle.
5 January 1867. p. 8. Retrieved 26 March 2015
via British Newspaper Archive. (subscription required
(help)).
[39] Trollope 1872, p. 163
[40] BEM honour for services to the community. Sleaford
Standard. 13 June 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
[41] Commissions. Glenn Carter Glass. Retrieved 7 July
2015.
[42] Trollope 1872, pp. 163164
[43] Trollope 1872, pp. 150151
[44] Sleaford, S. Denys. Doves Guide for Church Bell
Ringers. Retrieved 3 September 2015.

[45] Lincolnshire Sleaford, St.

Denys, Market Place
[N14356]". National Pipe Organ Register. British Institute of Organ Studies. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
[46] Lincolnshire Sleaford, St.
Denys, Market Place
[N14357]". National Pipe Organ Register. British Institute of Organ Studies. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
[47] Lincolnshire Sleaford, St.
Denys, Market Place
[N14358]". National Pipe Organ Register. British Institute of Organ Studies. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
[48] Lincolnshire Sleaford, St.
Denys, Market Place
[D00199]". National Pipe Organ Register. British Institute of Organ Studies. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
[49] Trollope 1872, pp. 165166

Pevsner, Nikolaus; Harris, John; Antram, Nicholas

(2002) [1989], Lincolnshire, The Buildings of England, New Haven and London: Yale University
Press, ISBN 978-0-300-09620-0
Trollope, Edward (1872), Sleaford, and the wapentakes of Flaxwell and Aswardhurn, London: W.
Kent & Co., OCLC 228661584

6 Further reading
Jenkins, Simon (2012). Englands Thousand Best
Churches. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-184614-664-0.

[50] Trollope 1872, pp. 166167

[51] Ellis 1981, p. 77
[52] Sleaford Cemetery. Sleaford Town Council. 3 July
2015. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
[53] Trollope 1872, p. 155
[54] Trollope 1872, pp. 155156
[55] Trollope 1872, pp. 131, 135, 156158
[56] Pevsner, Harris & Antram 2002, p. 653
[57] Trollope 1872, pp. 159160
[58] Trollope 1872, pp. 161162
[59] Trollope 1872, p. 162
[60] Edwards, Mary Jane (2008). Brooke [ne Moore],
Frances (bap. 1724, d. 1789)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. (subscription
required (help)).
[61] Hoare 1988, p. 8

5.3

Bibliography

Ekwall, Eilert (1977) [1960], The Concise Oxford

Dictionary of English Place-names (4th ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, ISBN 978-0-19-869103-7
Ellis, Charles (1981), Mid-Victorian Sleaford: 1851
1871, Lincoln: Lincolnshire Library Service,
ISBN 978-0-86111-102-2
Hoare, Douglas (1988), St Denys Church, Sleaford,
Sleaford: St Denys, Sleaford, Parochial Church
Council, OCLC 877129833
Mahany, Christine; Roe, David (1979), Sleaford,
Stamford: South Lincolnshire Archaeological Unit,
ISBN 978-0-906295-02-1
Pawley, Simon (1996), The Book of Sleaford, Finmere: Baron Birch for Quotes Ltd., ISBN 978-086023-559-0

EXTERNAL LINKS

7 External links
Ocial website

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

8.1

Text

St Denys Church, Sleaford Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Denys{}_Church%2C_Sleaford?oldid=693239014 Contributors:

Michael Devore, Eregli bob, Ham II, Pablo X, Woohookitty, Ketiltrout, Lofty, Gaius Cornelius, Chris the speller, Ohconfucius, John,
Mr Stephen, The ed17, Mike Christie, ErrantX, Casliber, Hassocks5489, The Anomebot2, Keith D, R'n'B, GrahamSmith, TomS TDotO,
Hugo999, Deor, Nedrutland, Graham Beards, Lightmouse, Niceguyedc, Legobot, Yobot, Materialscientist, Citation bot, Cliftonian, Eebkent, Cdw1952, Trappist the monk, Woodseats44, Helpful Pixie Bot, Itc editor, Lingzhi, TFA Protector Bot, Eric Corbett, Edwininlondon,
Cayelr, Golf, Noswall59, FACBot, SirThomasMoreLikeIt, Shackcore, Pepulakotisa and Anonymous: 1

8.2

Images

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