dryHOC

USING HEAT OF COMPRESSION IN ADSORPTION DRYING

- THE HARD FACTS

If we study the life cycle cost of any system

used for supplying utility to a plant, then to our
greatest astonishment we will find that it is not
the purchase or maintenance cost but the
energy cost rules the roost.

DRYING

More efficient generation, distribution and

checking of the leakages to save energy is the
talk of the day.

Basic concept of Heat of Compression Dryer

Regen
REGEN

Energy cost which is spiraling to-day, has

become one of the prime consideration for any
industrial establishment while producing
utilities for the plant.

Hot air from last stage outlet is fed into the

adsorber vessel for regeneration and then the
same air is cooled in an specially designed
combination (after and regen cooler) cooler.

10.0%

Basic concept of Heat of Compression Dryer

Cooling

5.0%

In a two or a three stage compressor, almost 90

% of the input energy is lost in the cooling
water through inter and after coolers.
Heat available from compressor
(As a percentage of shaft input)

Three Stage Compressor

30
45

30

30
Intercooler

Residual

Intercooler 1

Intercooler 2

Radiation

Aftercooler

Residual

Radiation

Aftercooler

Motor Loss

Motor Loss

In a two stage, about 45 % of the energy is lost

in the after cooler and in a three stage unit this
comes to around 30 %.
We can make use of this energy as a source of
hot air and can use the same either directly or
with an additional heater to reach the required
temperature.
Sometimes an air-to-air heat exchanger can
also be used to recover this and an additional
heater can be used to augment the additional
heat required.
At the first look this savings look very
attractive but there are lot of misconception
which this article will try to remove.
Before we get into more details, let us under
stand how this system with the help of a simple
flow diagram: -

DRYING

COOL

A study of a two stage and three stage

compressor will give us a better idea.

45

In fact discharge temperature depends on

DISCHARGE PRESSURE, COOLING WATER
TEMPERATURE, TYPE COMPRESSOR CASING
COOLING, approach temperature of the
cooler.
Next curve shows the predicted discharge
temperature from various types of compressors
(Approach temperatures for the cooler for
centrif and recips are taken as 10 C whereas
the same for screw is taken as 15 C)
Fig - 5

Expected Discharge Temperature

170

85.0%

Two Stage Compressor

8

ONLY NON-LUB. COMPRESSORS ARE TO

BE USED.
No - 2 - Discharge temperature depends on
the solely on ambient temperature.

Fig - 3

After cooling, this air goes through the second

adsorber where the moisture gets adsorbed in
activated bed and dry air goes out.

LIFE CYCLE COST

COMPRESSED AIR SYSTEM
(For a period of 10 yrs)

In a recip this oil come out as unburnt carbon

particle and with free water forms sludge
which spoils the whole desiccant bed. -

160
150
140

Screw
Recip

130

Fig - 4

120

Depending on the heat requirement, an

optional heater may be provided at the inlet to
the dryer.
This flow diagram depicts a full flow system.
Other systems could be either splitting the flow
for regeneration and then remix with the air
after regeneration. After remixing this air is
then cooled either in a single cooler or in two
different coolers, i.e. after and regen cooler.
Sometimes an air-to-air exchanger is used at
the inlet which helps to reheat the air after after
cooling.
This reheated air is then passed through a
heater for heating up to the regen temperature.
Though this saves enormous amount of
energy but some misconceptions are to be
cleared before selecting any HEAT OF
COMPRESSION DRYER: No - 1 - Lubricated compressors can be
used: Discharge temperature from a lubricated screw
compressor varies between 80 to 115 C.
before the after cooler and at this temperature
the vapour pressure of the oil goes up and the
oil carry over goes above 120 ppm which
finally blocks the micropores of the desiccant
through polymerization and coking
This ultimately reduces the adsorption capacity
of the desiccant drastically and more over the
additional heating of this air to 160 - 170 deg.c.
poses fire hazard problem.

110

Centrif

100
90
Winter 5
Deg.C.

Summer 43
Deg C.

From fig. - 5 it is quite clear that the cooling

water temperature and the approach
temperature plays the vital role in the final
discharge temperature from the compressor.
The discharge temperature can be calculated
with the help of the following equation: (K - 1) / K
(Ts + 273) x (Pd / Ps)
- 273
Tsdepends on cooling water temperature and
approach temperature. K depends little bit
on casing cooling.
No - 3 - It can be designed in the same way
we design a blower purge dryer.
In an adsorption dryer there are two factors two
be considered - one is adsorption and the other
is regeneration.
From the adsorption point of view they may
work out in the in the same manner but there is
a vast difference in regeneration.
In regeneration, we try to bring the desiccant
back to its original adsorption capacity so that
it can be reused in the next cycle by flowing a
stream of hot air through the bed.
Now the question comes upto
temperature we should heat up the bed.

what

The answer is the ISOSTERES for the specific

desiccant. The Isostere relates the gas or

dryHOC
desiccant bed temperature to dew point at
constant water loading and constant pressure.

R EG EN A R A TIO N A IR D EW PO IN T FO R H EA T O F C O M PR ESSIO N D R Y ER

47 Deg.C.
2 Bar G

Let us have a look into the regeneration air

dew point of three various types of heat
reactivated dryers which are normally used in
plant air drying: -

What is the Dew Point ?

71.50 Deg.C
Air for Regen

What is the Dew Point ?

42 Deg.C.
1.15 Bar G

Blower Reactivated Atmospheric Purge

42 Deg.C.
3.4 Bar G

Heat reactivated Split - Stream

Heat of Compression
Before we get into the dew point, let us under
stand what is the Dew point.
At dew point, the partial pressure of the water
vapor equals the saturation vapor pressure of
the water vapor.
Partial pressure of water vapour is the number
which we get from multiplication of saturation
vapour pressure and the relative humidity.
The total pressure is the summation of partial
pressure of water vapour (Pw) and the partial
pressure of air or gas. (Pg): MOSISTURE CARRYING CAPACITY =
(MW G / MW w) x (P w / p g)

From this equation, if the relative humidity and

pressure of the gas is known, then we can
easily calculate the saturation vapour pressure
of the water which gives the dew point.
In a blower-reactivated dryer, we use the
atmospheric air for regeneration. Hence the
dew point point of the regeneration air can be
calculated based on the worst ambient
condition like the relative humidity,
atmospheric pressure and the ambient
temperature.
In a split-stream dryer, we use the air from the
outlet of the last stage after cooler and the after
cooler discharge temperature and pressure
generally determines the dew point of the
regeneration air.
However, this does not take into consideration
the efficiency of the separators at intercooler
and after cooler outlet. If we are serious to take
them into account then the dew point may be
couple of degrees more than the actual after
cooler discharge temperature.
But actual problem starts with a Heat of
Compression Dryer where the hot air before
the after cooler is taken directly to regenerate
the bed.
Now the question arises as to how to calculate
the same. This is not so simple as we have to
calculate the moisture at the air intake to the
compressor, stage separation with separation
efficiency and then only we can arrive at the
dew point of the air or the gas which is going
for the regeneration.
Hence any enquiry must accompany these
parameters otherwise prediction of dew point
or determining the kW of the optional heater is
difficult.
Even
atmospheric
pressure,
temperature at compressor inlet, inlet relative
humidity can change this. The next figure 6
will clarify the same

58 .5 Deg.C.

Air for Regen

Site condition - Ambient Temp 40 Deg.C., R.H. 85 %
Atmospheric Pr. 1 Bar A,Cooling water temp 32 Deg.C.
Figure - 6

From the above it is clear that the dew point of

the regeneration air for a Heat of Compression
dryer depends primarily on: Inlet condition to the compressor
Compressor stage parameters like pressure,
temperature and separation efficiency.
Compressor discharge pressure.
Hence by keeping the intake to compressor as
constant we can definitely vary the
regeneration air dew point for a heat of
compression dryer by changing the stage
parameters and discharge pressure. Use of
chilled water can also give us a better result.
Before we come to the to the conclusion on
this point, let us have look into the expected
dew point of regeneration air used for various
types of dryers as mentioned above.
Blower reactivated dryer will depend only on
atmospheric conditions: Amb. Temp. Deg.C. 43
R.H.
%
80
Dew Point of
Regen Air

43 5
60 80

5
60

Deg.C. 38.5 33.5 2.0 (-) 2.0

In a split stream dryer, the dew point of the

regeneration air will depend on last stage
parameters - mostly the temperature and
separation efficiency of the moisture separator.
Number of stages will also have some effect: No. of stages
I .C. temp.
Deg.C.
A.C. temp.
Deg.C.
Separation
%
Disch. Pr.
Bar.G.
Regen air
dew point
Deg.C.

3
42
40
98
8
41.5

2
42
40
98
8

2
47
40
98
8

42.3 41.9

In fact the atmospheric conditions do not really

vary the dew point of the regen air in case of a
split stream dryer. Rather the discharge temperature and the separation efficiency of the
moisture separator plays the most vital role.
From the above it is quite clear that the
calculation of the regeneration air dew point is
quite straight forward in case of above two
dryers.
But the problem starts with the heat of
compression dryer where the dew point of the
regeneration air depends on all the three like

inlet condition of the compressor, interstage

condition and discharge condition.
The difference between the regen air dew point
widens with higher ambient and cooling water
temperature.
In fact at lower ambient temperatures there is
hardly any separation in the intercoolers and
that brings the regen air dew points quite close.
From this it is quite clear that a heat of
compression dryer requires all details of the
upstream compressor to determine the
regeneration air dew point and if anybody is
guaranteeing the dew point without asking for
these information then either he making a wide
guess or he does not know what he is talking
about.
Hence before designing any heat of compression dryer you need to know the intake
condition of the dryer, the stage parameters
and the final discharge parameters. Moreover
an estimation of the interstage cooler fouling
and subsequent change in cooling effect with
separation efficiency in the separators helps to
determine the dew point achievable through
out the working life of the dryer.
For example, at 43 C ambient, 32 C
cooling water temp. and 80 % R.H. - the
regen air dew point for a screw compressor
as per parameter shown crosses the limit of
the acceptable regen air dew point as
published in the isostere of water resistant
silica gel.
Hence prediction of dew point in this case
becomes a wide guess unless we do something
with the compressor intercooler.
No-4 - If the unit is designed for summer
condition then we need a heater for winter
to achieve the temperature required to
maintain the dew point.
This is absolutely wrong because: Discharge temperature depends on cooling
water temperature and the pressure ration - not
the ambient temperature.
Moreover at lower cooling water temperature
the intercooler cools better to condense more
water.
Better cooling in the intercoolers separates
more water and hence the regeneration air dew
point goes down.
With lower regeneration air dew point we need
lower temperature to regenerate the bed.

Type of compressor - Centrifugal

Ambient Temp.
Discharge Temp.
Water Temp.
Regen Air Dew Pt.
Bed Heating Temp.
Dew Point Attainable.

Deg.C. 43
5
Deg.C. 130 105
Deg.C. 32
10
Deg.C. 58.2 31.5
Deg.C. 145
95
Deg.C. ( - ) 40 ADP

dryHOC
5) Any desiccant can be used
Wrong - as different desiccant has different
characteristics and the selection will be based
on: Published isosteres from various
desiccant manufactures
- Calculated regeneration air dew point
based on the compressor parameters
Before we go into details, let us establish the
basic chrematistics of the desiccant which can
be used for normal air drying application in
heat of compression dryer: - The desiccant should be capable of
accepting a regeneration air dew point
which is calculated based on the compressor
parameters.
- The desiccant should be capable of getting
regenerated at lowest temperature at lowest
equilibrium water loading.
The published isostere of alumina shows that it
can handle the maximum regeneration air dew
point as 122 f. which is 50 C and during
summer months the dew point of regeneration
air with any type of compressor will be 55 to
70 C if not more.
Moreover regeneration with higher dew point
air / gas converts alumina to alumina trihydrate
Which cannot adsorb water and with every
regeneration, the bed looses its adsorption
capacity.
Moreover the regeneration temperature is also
considerably higher.
In case of silica gel and mol. sieve - they both
have published isostere which shows that they
can accept a regeneration air dewpoint upto
70 C i.e. 20 deg.c. above activated alumina.
From the above it is quite clear that the only
desiccant which can work with a Heat Of
Compression Dryer is Water Resistant Silica
Gel. Though it has a higher initial price but it
remains to be the only desiccant for this
application.
Only Mol. Sieve can be used for deeper dew
point applications for air and gas, but
regeneration has to be done at much higher
temperature. Alumina can be used if we use
colder water in the intercooler so that the regen

air dew point goes down but this will also

effect discharge temperature.

centrifugal (Auto Dual control) is the last

choice due to oil pressure restoration time.

6) Fixed time cycle regeneration can be

used: -

Hence everybody tries be within the turndown

which 100 - 70 % for throttling and IGV
control and may be 100 - 50 % in DGV
control.

Wrong - the regeneration depends on the

amount of hot air passing through the bed for a
certain fixed time but a compressor never runs
on full load and hence prediction of
regeneration time is always a problem.
Let us first understand how the regeneration
takes place. (Fig - 7).
Hot air slowly increases the bed temperature at
constant flow rate and at about 100 C the
water vaporizes and then we heat up the bed
further to the desired bed heating temperature
to remove the Heels to achieve the required
dew point based on the type of desiccant.
The blue line shows the hot air for regeneration
and the red one shows the bed heating which
slowly goes up till the set temperature Now if
the compressor loads / unloads or runs at
partial load then what happens - the bed can
not be regenerated properly for the next cycle.
This requires a detailed study of various types
of compressors and their control systems.
Basically two types are used in industrial
applications. i.e.
Positive displacement - Recip and Screw
Dynamic
- Centrifs
In positive displacement the control could be
load/unload capacity control.
In dynamic it could be throttling, inlet guide
vane or discharge guide vane control - all can
be termed as capacity control
In a recip the control could be: Load / Unload

0 - 100 %

Load / Unload

0 - 50 - 100 %

In 0 - 100 % control the problem is to

determine the right load pattern or the demand
and hence if the unit runs on a low load then
the bed may not be regenerated in fixed time.
Same thing happens with other two controls
but atleast you get some hot air because the
demand is not expected to go down below 50
or 25 % .If it happens then the selection of the
size of the compressor is not right.
Load / Unload control

Desiured bed
heating
temperature

TIME
Figure - 7

For step control the signal could be either the

unloading pressure switch or the motor current
which can be feed into the onboard PLC with a
control logic which will extend the cycle time
proportionately and the bed heating
temperature can be controlled by a temperature
sensor or a transmitter.
Moreover as the bed heating temperature
changes with the change of season, the bed
heating temperature can set based on the
particular discharge temperature and pressure
of the last intercooler to avoid unnecessary
heating of the bed in order to increase the
desiccant life.
In a centrifugal, flow is continuous and varies
between 100 to 70 % - hence some hot air is
always available.
Here the control can based on a flow
transmitter and totalizer or on motor current
which extends the total cycle time and there-by
the regeneration time.
Let us see how this varies with an example of a
centrifugal compressor of 10000 Nm3/hr at 9
bar (g) delivering air at 110 deg.c.
Flow
Nm3/h 10000 7000 5000
Regen. time
hrs
1.2 1.35 1.7
Cooling time
hrs
0.4 0.6 0.85
Drying Velocity m/sec 0.16 0.11 0.079
Regen velocity m/sec
0.21 0.15 0.096
Heater load
kW
220 153 105

Load / Unload 0 - 25 - 50 - 75 - 100 %

In a Screw compressor the control could be: -

TEMPERATURE

Now as the source of hot air supply changes its

flow, the regeneration requires careful control.

Slide Valve Control

Speed control *
Inlet Throttling *
Load/Unload with

0 - 100 %

50 - 100 %
50 - 100 %
70 - 100 %
0 - 60 - 100 % steps
by motor pole change
Stepless continuous at constant pressure

In a centrifugal all the controls are basically

capacity control as Load / Unload in a

Hence it is quite clear from the above that both

the controls for regeneration time and heater
glowing is a must in a heat of compression
dryer. Moreover like any dryer a minimum of
30 % of the flow should be available to avoid
channeling during regeneration - hence on a
continuous basis a heat of compression dryer
can operate from 100 % down to 30 %, but if
the flow is load / unload type then more care
has to be taken.
7) Compressor after cooler can be used as
the regeneration / combination cooler.
Please refer figure -3 where the cooler shown
in between the two towers is the combination
or regeneration cooler.
The load it sees contains the adsorbed moisture
from the bed and normal after cooler load as
we are using hot air straight from the
compressor.
Moreover any compressor vendor while sizing
an after cooler do not take into cognigence the
Latent and Sensible heat which makes the
cooler almost 35 % smaller in capacity.

dryHOC
If we now add the moisture load from the bed
the we may fall short by about 50 to 60 % than
the actual size required.
8) Prefilter is required

bottom which acts as an IMPINGEMENT

separator and water is separated due change in
direction of flow and impingement separation.
This is the most common system we use in our
4 + 4 hrs cycle where the bed height being
shorter, we have space to accommodate the
separation system inside the adsorber. In 8 + 8
hrs cycle also this can be used but the adsober
height may go up.

Prefilter is basically used either if we are using

a lubricated compressor to bring down the oil
carry over to the dryer down 1 ppm or below
by using a Coalescing filter or in case of a oil
free
compressor
with
a
substantial pipe run before the TABLE - 1
air is feed into dryer.
APPLICATION GUIDE FOR ' dryHOC
In the second case where the
ambient temperature is lower
than
the
after
cooler
temperature, then condensation
will take place, which will flow
inside the dryer as free water
and this free water will corrode
the pipe and rust particles will
start getting the dryer.
Moreover, the separators used in
most of the compressor after
cooler are nothing but a flow

Diverter with baffle plate with

very low efficiency of separation
and may allow free water to go
to the line.
On the other hand in heat of
compression dryer, the heat
exchangers are larger (as
explained earlier) which does
more efficient cooling.

Com pressor

Discharge Stage
Pressure

BAR (E)

Reciprocating

10,5

Flow

M^3 / hr

400-4000

A combination of both can also be used

depending upon the application.
Draining of the condensed water is done either
by a timer controlled or level controlled ball or
globe valve.
9) Pressure drop can be taken as same as
that of blower reactivated dryer.
The flow path in heat of
compression and split-flow is
entirely different than that of a
blower reactivated dryer.

' (Heat of Com pression)

Discharge Pressure
Pressure
Tem p from Dew Point
Dew Point
Last Stage Possible
Possible
with HoC with additional
at heater

oC

150

oC

-15

oC

-27

Screw

10.5

400-10000

180

-24

-27

Centrifugal

10.5

400-10000

165

-20

-27

2000-36000

140

-12

-27

2000-36000

120

-4

-27

For pressure above 8 bar , the intercooler pressure and temperature has to be checked
Better dewpoint is possible with some additional cooling of the compressor intercooler , please consult us,
This is predicted based on the assumption that there is a continuous flow of hot air . If there is a fluctuation
of load then please consult us.

In a blower reactivated dryer, the

air for drying passes through only
one tower and two valves, but in
other two systems the same air has
to pass through two towers, regen
cooler and more numbers of
valves,
Hence to minimize the pressure
drop, pipeline sizing and valve
sizing becomes very important.
Moreover in heat of compression,
we take the hot air out before the
after cooler. Now a compressor
vendor while quoting with an after
cooler considers a drop of 0,1 to
0.15 bar in the cooler and sizes his
frame
and
motor
power
accordingly.
This after cooler only comes in
the circuit during the cooling
mode of the adsorber after
regeneration and during this phase
the pressure drop through the
dryer goes up by the after cooler
drop.

Normally for heat of compression

The other alternative uses a densely packed SS
application, a buyer buys a compressor without
Separation system is always designed at a very
WIRE MESH MIST PAD and also gives
an after cooler and the compressor vendor sizes
low velocity with any of the following two
excellent separation.
his unit with out considering the after cooler
alternatives: pressure drop.
The first alternative uses a
layer of ceramic balls Figure - 7
provided at the adsorber
to 15 % of the total cycle time.
In this case the after cooler
Based on Dewpoint of Regen Air and Compressor Discharge Temperature
comes to dryer vendors
This means larger coolers,
scope and he gets a
bigger valves and lager piping
40
specification to stay within
- which automatically increases
a drop of 0.5 bar in the
20
the cost.
40 Deg.C.
same way as it is specified
From the above it is quite clear
0
in case of a blower
60 Deg.C
50 Deg.C.
that heat of compression dryer
reactivated or split flow
70 Deg.C.
requires
through
under-20
dryer. But one point goes
standing of the entire system
unnoticed that in the case
and careful planning of the
-40
of blower reactivated or
system. With our computersplit-flow, the after cooler
-60
based calculation, we can offer
is already accounted in the
you the process calculation,
compressor calculation.
-80
mass balance, energy cost
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240
So a vendor of a heat of
comparison taking into account
compression
dryer
is
the whole system.
forced to size his system at
Regen Dewpoint - 70 deg,c,
Regen Dewpoint - 60 deg.c.
10) Heating and cooling can
0.35 to 0.4 bar taking into
Regen Dewpoint - 50 deg.c.
Regen Dewpoint - 40 deg,c
be done counter - current to
account the extra drop due
May change with application
adsorption.
to after cooler during
In a heat of compression dryer,
cooling
which
will
counter-current heating and
continue for a period of 10

Dew Point Attainable

dryHOC
co-current cooling to drying gives best result points but we limit the regeneration temperature
as this makes the residuals low at the effluent upto 180 deg.c. For a special case detailed
end of the bed in the subsequent adsorption step. calculation in consultation with the desiccant
Counter-current heating and cooling is very manufacturer and compressor vendor can be
detrimental as we are using a very high dew made for deeper dew point performance.
point gas for cooling and this will preload the Figure - 7 shows the correlation between the
bed and will effect the dew point in the compressor discharge temperatures, regen air
dew point and the dew point attainable.
subsequent cycle.
The above curve shows the dew point that can
In a split flow, the cycle is very tight, as we do be achieved with water resistant silica gel based
not have any stand by time. This means, in case on various regeneration air dew point and
the compressor is loading / unloading or running compressor discharge temperature.
in intake throttled condition, then the bed will Higher the regen air dew point, higher is the
not be heated up within the preset time provided heating required. Hence lower intercooler
temperature and higher pressure on last but one
for regeneration.
Where as in full flow as we have 50 - 60 % of stage will give a lower dew point at a lower
the cycle time as stand by time, we can eat into discharge temperature.
11) Should we use full flow or split flow ?

this and sense the bed heating by means of a

temperature sensor and change the phase to
cooling once the sensor has signaled the set bed
heating temperature.
Moreover in the full flow, in case of desiccant
deterioration, we can set the cycle time at lower
level than designed and still continue to get dew
point from the same desiccant
12) How deep we can go in dewpoint ?
Theoretically we can go to even deeper dew

ENERGY COST COMPARISON OF VARIOUS ADSORPTION DRYERS

Heatless

Internally Externally
Heated
Heated

Flow rate NM3/HR

Hours /Year
Regen air
Method

6000
8000
Dry Air
Purge

6000
8000
Dry Air
Purge

6000
8000
Wet Air
Blower

Cooling

Dry Air

Dry Air

Wet Air

Heating

N.A.

Dew point

Elec.Heater Elec.Heater

(-)40 ADP (-)40 ADP

Heat
of
Compression Split Stream Split Stream
with water resistant silica gel
with silica with Alumina
6000
6000
8000
8000
Wet Air
Wet Air
Air at line pr. Air at line pr.
Purgeless
Purgeless
Wet Air
Wet Air

2400
8000
Wet Air
Air at line pr.
Purgeless
Wet Air

2400
2400
8000
8000
Wet Air
Wet Air
Air at line pr. Air at line pr.
Purgeless
Purgeless
Wet Air
Wet Air
Elec.Heater Elec.Heater

N.A.

Elec.Heater

Steam plus

(-)40 ADP

(-)40 ADP

(-)40 ADP

(-)40 ADP

(-)40 ADP

(-)40 ADP

0
0
840
0

38
0
300
0

99
0
0
0

0
0
0
9

33.6
0
0
7.73

0
40.5
0
7.73

84
0
0
6

106.5
0
0
7

0.2
0.1
0.06
0.36

0.2
0.1
0.06
0.36

0.15
0.1
0.06
0.31

0.15
0.08
0.06
0.29

0.3
0.08
0.06
0.44

0.2
0.08
0.06
0.34

0.3
0.1
0.06
0.46

0.3
0.1
0.06
0.46

Power Cost $ /KW

Steam $ /Tonne
Air $ / M3
Water $ / M3
Chilled Water $/M3
Pressure Drop @
KW / Bar / M3

0.1085
23.3
0.012
0.0706
0.07
4

0.1085
23.3
0.012
0.0706
0.07
4

0.1085
23.3
0.012
0.0706
0.07
4

0.1085
23.3
0.012
0.0706
0.07
4

0.1085
23.3
0.012
0.0706
0.07
4

0.1085
23.3
0.012
0.0706
0.07
4

0.1085
23.3
0.012
0.0706
0.07
4

0.1085
23.3
0.012
0.0706
0.07
4

Energy Cost $

80640

61784

85932

5083.2

33530.704

11915.104

76300.8

96395.6

7499.52

7499.52

6457.92

6041.28

9166.08

2833.152

3833.088

3833.088

88139.52
10
881395.2

69283.52
10
692835.2

92389.92
10
923899.2

11124.48
10
111244.8

42696.784
10
426967.84

14748.256
10
147482.56

80133.888
10
801338.88

100228.688
10
1002286.88

Total power Kwh

Steam in Tonnes
Purge Air m3/hr
Water m3/hr
Pr. drop in Bar
Dryer
Prefilter / Separator
Afterfilter
Total

Pressure Drop $
Total Cost $
Eco. Life Years
Energy Consump. $