ID

CKM.BPK.EE/PK/09/01

UNIT KECEKAPAN TENAGA DAN TENAGA DIPERBAHARUI

TARIKH 28.12.2009

KAJIAN DAN PEMBANGUNAN

CKM.BPK.EE/PK/09/01
FEASIBILITY STUDY OF DIRECT FIRED
AND SOLAR THERMAL ABSORPTION
CHILLER

Bahagian Pembangunan Kepakaran

Cawangan Kejuruteraan Mekanikal
Ibu Pejabat JKR Malaysia

Table of content

INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................3

2.1
2.2
2.3.
2.4
3

Objectives of Study ................................................................................................................................. 3

The Solar Absorption Chiller to be supplied ................................................................................ 3
The Renewable Energy Technology to be investigated to meet this demand ................ 4
Design approach and evaluation ...................................................................................................... 4
CURRENT SITUATION ON THE CASE STUDY BUILDING .........................................................5

3.1 Air Conditioning Specification for the Building .......................................................................... 5

3.2 Data collected from case studied building. ................................................................................... 6
3.3 Electricity cost analysis ........................................................................................................................ 7
4

BASIC PRINCIPLE OF SOLAR THERMAL ABSORPTION CHILLER .........................................9

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON ABSORPTION LIQUID ........................................................... 11

CHARACTERISTIC OF THE ABSORPTION CHILLER TO BE EMPLOYED .......................... 13

6.1
6.2
6.3
6.3

Types of solar Collectors................................................................................................................... 13

Advantage and Disadvantages of Evacuated tubes: ............................................................... 14
Governing the temperature of Solar Collector for the Application .................................. 16
Solar insolation for Kuala Lumpur for studied evacuated tubes. ...................................... 19

EVALUATION OF OPTIONS ............................................................................................................ 22

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................... 24

REFERENCES....................................................................................................................................... 25

SOLAR ABSORPTION CHILLER

List of Figure
Figure 2: Cooling load profile of studied building ................................................................................6
Figure 3: Electricity cost for year 2007 ....................................................................................................7
Figure 4: Electricity cost for year 2008 ....................................................................................................8
Figure 5: Electricity cost for year 2009 ....................................................................................................8
Figure 6: Basic principle of absorption chiller,
http://www.raee.org/climatisationsolaire/doc/technical_overview_of_active_techni
ques.pdf .......................................................................................................................................................9
Figure 7: The design of solar thermal absorption cooling ............................................................ 10
Figure 8, The various type of absorption chiller................................................................................ 12
Figure 9: Collector Efficiency of Various Liquid Collectors. .......................................................... 14
Figure 10, cross section through a direct flow vacuum tube ..................................................... 15
Figure 11: Monthly variation of solar radiation, Assilzadeh et al, (2005), Journal of
Renewable Energy ............................................................................................................................... 18
Figure 12: Solar Fraction and Cooling load of the studied building. .......................................... 21
Figure 13: Purposed load profile between solar and direct fired absorption chiller. ......... 22

List of Tables
Table 1: Specification of absorption chiller ......................................................................................... 13
Table 2: Specification of Solar Collector ............................................................................................... 21
Table 3: System comparison for Klinik Kesihatan. ........................................................................... 23

List of Appendixes
Appendix 1: Natural gas tariff in Malaysia ........................................................................................... 26
Appendix 2 : Electricity tariff (Medium commercial )................................................................. 26
Appendix 3: Mean emission for electricity in Malaysia . Source: Energy Centre Malaysia,
http://www.ptm.gov.my ................................................................................................................... 27

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2 INTRODUCTION
High energy consumption in Government hospital building in Malaysia is crucial and
would highly impacted the yearly operating cost of the building. This problem should
have been encompassing in the early stage of infrastructure. Therefore, during the
preliminary design stage the builders, architect and engineer should included a
renewable energy and efficient design features in every building that they planning to
build.
From the energy audits for Governments hospitals building in Klang Valley carried out
by Green Technology Centre has annotate that nearly 60% of total energy consumption
were contributed by the air-conditioning system (PTM, 2009) . Hence this shown airconditioning represents the biggest single power consumer in public and commercial
sectors.
This study is involving an example of Government hospital building which will be
adapted sustainable design features to reduce energy consumption and reduce green
house gas emission in the building. The renewable energy technologies chosen for this
particular study are solar thermal absorption chiller and gas fired absorption chiller.
2.1 Objectives of Study
The aims of this project are to:

Introduce new renewable energy technology opportunities for Hospital buildings

in Malaysia

reduce energy consumption and operation cost of air-conditioning systems

Investigate the economic feasibility on adapting solar thermal absorption chiller

(STAC) in hospital building.

2.2

The Solar Absorption Chiller to be supplied

The Solar Thermal Absorption chiller will be employed in the Government hospital
building. The average solar radiation solar radiation in Malaysia is approximately around
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700 KJhr/m2 (Assilzadeh et al, 2005), hence we should take this opportunity to harness
the availability of power from sun to generate cooling equipment in the building as an
alternative energy sources rather than depending on conventional fossil fuel energy
generation.
The scope of this project is to compare the advantage and disadvantage of using Solar
Thermal Absorption Chillers and compared with the conventional electricity powered
chillers systems. There are a few key questions to be answer

Is there sufficient solar radiation to supply the Solar Thermal Absorption Chillers?

availability of day lighting in the skies,

Size of the solar collector

Natural gas availability in propose area

Type of solar collector

In the report, a comparative analysis will be conducted into the various types of solar
collector so that the most effective solar collector would be installed with the absorption
chillers. Analysis on pros and cons of various type of absorbent liquid will also be
included in the report.
2.3.

The Renewable Energy Technology to be investigated to meet this demand

Find the average availability of solar radiation in the area proposed

Identify and define the characteristic of the absorption chiller is to be propose

Calculate the size of solar collector base on the solar radiation availability

Briefly choose the solar collector type and the refrigeration type for the
system

Briefly compare the electricity consumed by conventional chiller and

compared with Solar Thermal absorption chiller

2.4

Design approach and evaluation

The design approach for this project would be the technical and economic evaluation
which would include basic preliminary design of solar thermal absorption chiller with
suitable collector type for an efficient operation compared to conventional air-

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conditioning systems such as air-cooled chiller or the absorption chiller power by gas
engine.

3 CURRENT SITUATION ON THE CASE STUDY BUILDING

The solar thermal absorption cooling will be adapted in the Small hospital buildings
which will be tenure by the Health Department of Malaysia. The proposed building is a
two floors building with a pitch roof with the gross air-conditioning area of 2828 m2. The
normal operation for the studied building is 8 hours starts from 8.00am to 5.00 pm,
however, all the equipment such as air-conditioning and lighting starts from 8.15am to
5.30pm daily.

3.1 Air Conditioning Specification for the Building

The design of this building is assume to use the data based on American Society of
Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, HVAC Design Manual, 2003. The
design conditions for the air-conditioning system are as below:i.

inside Design Conditions

The room air conditions is design to be maintained at 75F 2F (24C 1C) of
Dry Bulb temperature and 55% 5% Relative Humidity

ii.

outside Ambient Conditions

Design calculations have been based on outside condition of 92F (33.3 C) Dry
Bulb and 80F (26.7C) Wet Bulb temperature.

iii.

Fresh Air Ventilation

The amount of fresh air for ventilation purposes shall be taken as not less than 20
cfm1 per person

Cfm=cubic feet per meter

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3.2 Data collected from case studied building.

Cooling load profile for Klinik Kesihatan Medan Maju
140.00
120.00

115.49

118.91

123.01 121.15 120.01

121.96
118.67

104.59
93.88

100.00

Tonne

80.24
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
08/21/09
08:00 AM

08/21/09
09:00 AM

08/21/09
10:00 AM

08/21/09
11:00 AM

08/21/09
12:00 PM

08/21/09
01:00 PM

08/21/09
02:00 PM

08/21/09
03:00 PM

08/21/09
04:00 PM

08/21/09
05:00 PM

Tonne

Time

Figure 1: Cooling load profile of studied building

From the data collected on 20 August to 22nd August 2009, the average cooling load
studied building is on average of 103 tonnes. Therefore, the sizing for solar thermal
absorption chiller or gas fired absorption chiller should be design to supply the cooling
load profile (Figure1) and meet the overall requirements of air-conditioning system. This
is to ensure that the design would be more energy efficient and air-conditioned area will
be supplied as per specification that has been determined in the early stage according to
clients project brief.

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3.3 Electricity cost analysis

Total electricity usage (kWh) and cost (RM) year 2007
45000
40000
35,920.00
35000
35,563.00

kWh or RM

30000

38,765.00
35,694.00
30,873.00

31,433.00

25000
Total
electricity
kwh

20000
15000
10000

Electricity
Cost (RM)

5000
0
Jan

Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Jul

Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Figure 2: Electricity cost for year 2007

Figure 3, above illustrates the billing period of year 2007. The data received from the
end user starting from month of June 2007. The graph shows that the minimum
energy usage occurs in the month of September with 30873kWh. Average energy
usage for six months period was 34708kWh with the total of 208248kWh (RM67,
264.00). The highest energy usage occurs during the month of October which was
38765kWh. This scenario happens most probably due to high cooling demand of airconditioning and extension on operating hours from 8 hours to 10 hours daily.
However, this would only be the predicted reason against the profile shown. Detail
study need to be investigated in the future to make the best annotate on the scenario.

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Total electricity usage (kWh) and cost (RM) year 2008

40,000.00
35,000.00
kWh or RM

30,000.00
25,000.00
20,000.00
15,000.00
10,000.00

Total
Electricity
kWh

5,000.00
0.00
jan Feb Mar April Mei Month
June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Electricity
cost (RM)

Figure 3: Electricity cost for year 2008

Figure 3, illustrates the electricity cost and kWh consumed in year 2008, it can be seen
the maximum electricity usage were for the on month of October which is 37,804kWh
and cost RM15, 016. Again, the electricity profile in kWh had shown marginally pattern
and no abrupt changes in the energy consumption.
Total electricity usage (kWh) and cost (RM)
year 2009
60,000.00
50,000.00

Kwh or RM

40,000.00
30,000.00
Total
Electricity
usage kwh

20,000.00

Total
electricity
costRM

10,000.00
0.00
Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun
Jul
Month

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Figure 4: Electricity cost for year 2009

Figure 5, illustrated the energy consumed by the studied building in year 2009. From the
figure above, the energy was increase dramatically on month of June due to new tariff
imposed from TNB which was from RM 0.323 per kWh to 0.408 per kWh.

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4 BASIC PRINCIPLE OF SOLAR THERMAL ABSORPTION CHILLER

In this report, the solution on adapting solar thermal absorption cooling for the airconditioning systems start by preliminary discussion on the basic concept of solar
cooling absorption chiller, the collectors and various type of absorption liquid. Basically
the absorption chiller consists of four components which include the generator,
condenser, evaporator and the absorber (Figure 5) .Primarily, the cooling effect is based
on the evaporation of the refrigerant for (i.e water mixture from the absorption chiller).
The water will evaporate in the evaporator at very low pressures. Secondly, the
vaporised refrigerant is absorbed in the absorber, thereby diluting the H 2O/LiBr (water
and lithium bromide) solution. To make the absorption process efficient, the process has
to be cooled. Thirdly, the solution is continuously pumped into the generator, where the
regeneration of the solution is achieved by applying driving heat (e.g. hot water) and
finally, the refrigerant is then leaving the generator by this process condenses through
the application of cooling water in the condenser and circulates by an application of an
expansion valve again into the evaporator.

Figure 5: Basic principle of absorption chiller,

http://www.raee.org/climatisationsolaire/doc/technical_overview_of_active_techniques.pdf

For this study an ideal framework of solar thermal absorption cooling is as per Figure 6.
Where the heat transmitted from the solar collector to the hot water storage tank by
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means a driving heat for the absorption chiller. However if the solar radiation is not
enough to generate the heat as for this case assume that the solar radiation might drop
below 700 kJ (the solar intensity is insufficient to start the absorption chiller) therefore
the gas boosted system will be operated. Then with the driving heat in the solar collector
the absorption chiller will start to operated with a basic concept as discussed above. The
heat from the evaporation then cooled by means of cooling tower and the chilled water
collected in the chilled water storage before the chilled water being distributed in for
number of air handling units.

P-28

Gas Boosted System

Solar Collector
Hot Water Storage Tank
P-13

Cooling Tower

P-32

P-13

P-19

E-18
P-31

P-30

E-8
P-29

P-14
P-30

P-14

P-18

E-16

P-10

E-2

E-3

E-7

E-9

E-1

E-10

E-5 Storage Tank

Chilled Water

P-20P-33

P-26

P-34

P-20

P-20

P-25
P-21

E-15
E-12

Fan Coil

E-13

AHU1

E-19

E-14

AHU2

AHU3

AHU4

Figure 6: The typical design of solar thermal absorption cooling

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Comparative analysis on Absorption liquid

There were many types of absorption liquid could be used for this system. However, two
major liquid normally available in the markets and they are the lithium bromide
water (LiBr-H2O) and ammonia-water (NH3-H20). These two solutions have their pros
and cons as below:

The coefficient of performance (COP) for the H2O_NH3 system is lower than for
the LiBr_H2O system. Generally, H2O_NH3 systems operate at a 10-15% lower
solar fraction2 than LiBr_H2O systems.

H2O_NH3 requires a higher generator inlet temperature. Generally, LiBr_H2O

absorption units require generator inlet temperatures of 70C-88C, while
H2O_NH3 absorption units require temperatures of 90C- 88C; which results in
the H2O_NH3 cooling systems achieving a lower COP when using Flat-plate
collectors. It requires higher pressures and hence higher pumping power.

H2O_NH3 more complex system requiring a rectifier to separate ammonia and

water vapor at the generator outlet is required.

There are restrictions on in-building applications of ammonia-water cooling units

because of the hazards associated with the use of ammonia.

Therefore from this reviews, the suitable solution for this project will be the lithium
bromide water applications and with a driving heat of (80C to 100C) as per figure
7.

The percentage of a building's seasonal energy requirements that can be met by a solar energy
device(s) or system(s). (http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/S/AE_solar_fraction.html)
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Figure 7, The various type of absorption chiller.

http://www.raee.org/climatisationsolaire/doc/technical_overview_of_active_techniques.pdfdate viewed
4th June 2009

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Characteristic of the absorption chiller to be employed

The absorption chiller estimated to be installed with this particular building would be
approximately 100 RT (Refrigerant tonne). This is to match the current load profiled of
the purposed building. The specification of absorption chiller is per Table 1 below. As the
manufacturer could provide 108 tonne model, therefore in this studied building the
analysis will be based on 108 tonne absorption chiller.
Table 1: Specification of absorption chiller

6.1 Types of solar Collectors

Listed below are some of the types of solar collector available in the market
i.

Flat-plate collectors;

ii.

evacuated tube collectors;

iii.

dish type concentrating collectors;

iv.

solar pond; and

v.

photovoltaic

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Base on the ASHRAE Handbook, of HVAC Systems Equipment the suitable solar collector
for this project will be the evacuated tube collector due to high efficiency for the airconditioning applications (Figure 8). The efficiency of collectors could be reach
approximately at 0.05 to 0.09 (m2.K/W)

Figure 8: Collector Efficiency of Various Liquid Collectors.

6.2

Advantage and Disadvantages of Evacuated tubes:

Advantage

Disadvantage

High operating temperature can be

High stagnation temperature with

achieved that with a flat plate collectors.

corresponding demands on all materials

(Higher temperature suitable for solar

used near the array an on the heat transfer

cooling).

fluid

Reduce thermal losses that with flat plate

Considerably higher initial cost from a flat

collectors due to excellent heat insulation

plate collectors

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Higher energy yields those flat plate

Higher cost on the available solar heat at

collectors with the same effective absorber

medium operating temperature range,

area.

since cost advantages only at higher

operating temperatures.

Close compact construction of the collector

which will require no interior insulation
material, and thus no penetration of
moisture or dirt into the collectors.

From this pros and cons of the evacuated tube we can conclude that the evacuated tube
have higher efficiency compared to flat plate, however, the cost is relatively high and not
suitable for a low temperature applications. Figure 9 illustrate the cross-section of the
evacuated tube with a direct flow concept.

Figure 9, cross section through a direct flow vacuum tube

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6.3

Governing the temperature of Solar Collector for the Application

Depending on the flow rate of the hot water and the average solar radiation at the
proposed location two method can be used to determine the temperature namely:
i.

High Flow
The usual flow (high-Flow, referred as high flow means that the nominal
flowrate of the total field amounts to about 40-80 litres per hours per m2 of
the collector surface. This mode is chosen if all the collectors are parallelconnected (Figure 10). This avoids dead zones which gives only negligible
contribution to the collection of heat (Peuser.F.A et al, 2002). The formulae to
calculate the temperature different in the collector are as follow:
T Heatfkux /( Flowrate heatcapaci ty )

For example
Solar radiation: 1000 W/m2
Efficiency of the collector is 60%
Heat capacity of 60/40 mixture water/antifreeze: 3.7 KJ(kg.K)

600 J /( s m2)
14.6 K
40kg
3700 J / kg K
3600 s m2

By using the usual flow method the temperature different is small for this case
the temperature different is 14.6K (14.6C)3.

1 K = 1 C (Engineering Toolbox, 2010)

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Figure 10 Collector Field Layout with On-Roof Installation (parallel) downloadcenter.wagnersolar.com/download.php- Germany

ii.

Low Flow
The low flow mode is characterized by a nominal flow rate of 12-20 litres per
hour per collector m2. This mode requires that, at least partly, a serial connection
(Figure 11) is applied, so each collector receives a minimal of flow.
By the formulae as above the temperature different is approximately 29.2K to
48.6K
Therefore for this study the most suitable method for the applications is the low
flow due to the methods on installing the collector will be serial method due to
high temperature required to generate the absorption chiller (80C-110C).

Figure 11 Collector Field Layout with On-Roof Installation (series) downloadcenter.wagnersolar.com/download.php- Germany

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Figure 12: Monthly variation of solar radiation, Assilzadeh et al, (2005), Journal of
Renewable Energy

T Heatfkux /( Flowrate heatcapaci ty )

Refer to Figure 12, the average solar radiation = 700KJ/hr-m2 (by taking 60% of
efficiency = 420KJ/hr m2)
The solution is 100% water and does not required antifreeze (assume 10,000kg)
Specific heat of water = 4.178(KJ/kg/K) (Engineering toolbox,2008).

420,000 J /( s m2)
36.2 K
10000kg
4178 J / kg K
3600s m2

As per calculation above, therefore the solar collector temperature is 36.2K

(36.2C). For this study the temperature required for the solar collector to drive
the absorption chiller is 86 C (122 C4-36C) (hot water temperature). However
further simulation (e.g TRANSYS) need to be entailed in order to achieve
accurateness data for the actual design.

The maximum temperature for the solar collector as per maximum solar radiation for Malaysia

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Figure 13: The temperature of solar collector

6.3 Solar insolation5 for Kuala Lumpur for studied evacuated tubes.
Analysis done to size up number of evacuated tube to meet the current cooling load of
studied building. The average solar insolations were base on NASA approved website of
US Government and manufacturers data. From this website and manufacturers data it
is that estimated 100 sets of evacuated tubes could supply 30 tonne of cooling, therefore
for 100 tonne of cooling the number of evacuated tubes needed will be 400 sets. The
calculation for solar insolation could provide cooling were as the table and formula
below.

The amount of electromagnetic energy (solar radiation) incident on the surface of the earth. ref :
http://www.apricus.com/html/solar_collector_insolation.htm
5

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The average solar insolations were estimated for each hour starting from 8.00am to
5.00pm daily. Each hour, the solar fraction analysis were estimates to evaluate the
performance of solar collector to provide cooling. According to this analysis, the peak
solar for cooling with 400 sets of collectors is at 2.00pm which could produce 144.85
tonne of cooling. The manufacturers data was according to Table 2 below shown that the
gross area of purposed solar collector is 4.08m2 .The area need to install the collector for
air-conditioning of this building would be 400sets x 4.08m2 =1,632 m2. Therefore, this
would be crucial for the studied building to provide area for the collector. Further
analysis and discussion with the architect need to be done in other to coordinates this
new installation. However, to surmount problems associated with the available roof area,
for the preliminary of first this first project on solar absorption chiller only the common
area will air-conditioned as the cooling load will be much lesser.

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Table 2: Specification of Solar Collector

Estimated Cooling Load & Solar Insolation

160.00
140.00
120.00
Tonne

100.00
80.00
Solar
Insolation
(Tonne)

60.00
40.00
20.00

Cooling
Load
(Tonne)

0.00

Time
Figure 14: Solar Insolation and Cooling load of the studied building.

Figure 13, illustrates the solar fraction (how much solar could produce cooling) versus
the cooling load of the building. From this analysis, it is noted that the system need a
back-up power to overcome the problems associated with lower solar fraction which in
this case it would be at 8.00am to 11.00am. Henceforth, if the propose project area could
supply a natural gas to fire the absorption chiller, this would be a best practice to adapt.
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However, if natural gas is not accessible, therefore the hybrid system shall be used.
Hybrid system shall be the VRV system or water cooled package which would not
involved major impact on the structured of the whole building. Figure 13, illustrated the
proposed load profile for proposed project area with availability of natural gas which
could operates in hybrid mode with the solar collectors.

Proposed load profile between solar and

direct fired.
Load Profile (RT)

100
80
60
40

Solar

20

Direct Fired

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hour end
Figure 15: Purposed load profile between solar and direct fired absorption chiller.

7 EVALUATION OF OPTIONS
The evaluation was done by making a comparison different types of cooling airconditioning i.e solar absorption chiller and an air-cooled chiller, air-cooled split unit,
water cooled chiller and direct fired absorption chiller. The outcomes of the evaluation
discussed as per subject below:
7.1

Economic Evaluation

From Table 2, the analysis done on comparing the energy cost, operating cost and
maintenance cost of the whole project. The life cycle cost analysis done for 20 years
duration in which the capital expenditure and operation expenditure are incorporated
throughout the years. Investments cost incurred on adapting the solar thermal
absorption chiller would be RM27,000 per ton of cooling and the gas fired absorption
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chiller would be RM10,700 per ton of cooling. This can be seen that the life cycle cost of
gas fired system is cheaper by more that half the life cycle cost of the solar absorption
chiller. Henceforth, to be more viable and holistic approach the absorption chiller would
be more practical to be adapt in the building were there are waste heat and natural gas is
available.

Table 3: System comparison for Klinik Kesihatan.

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7.2

Social Evaluation

Generally the solar absorption chiller is more sustainable systems which use less usage
of electricity power. The scope of this project will be the installation of the solar cooling
for the existing building. This project however would become as a benchmark of new
design features for the government offices in Malaysia. If the project is successful, might
be in the future it would increase a capacity building of new renewable technology
implementation for the building in Malaysia. New technology most probably needed a
competent worker to install the systems, thus, this project would create job
opportunities in Malaysia and would increase the market forces in the photovoltaic
industries. Most importantly, in the aspect on improving the productivity of the
employees, cleaner air from the STAC would achieve the indoor-air quality, hence
improving the quality of work.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Solar thermal Absorption chiller will be feasible to adapt due to the high of energy saving
approximately i.e 50% saving compared to conventional air-cooled package unit that is
normally installed in the Government hospital building in Malaysia. The payback period
is approximately 9 years of the total investment if the solar absorption chiller
implemented in the studied building. However, if natural gas is available in the proposed
area, the payback period will be achieve in 3 years time with the application of gas-fired
absorption chiller. Although, the installation costs is very high, the CO2 emission
reduction could be achieve at 50% compared to conventional systems. It is
recommended to implement the solar absorption chiller in the hospital building and shall
be hybrid with the electric power air-conditioning system to make sure that the system
will operates continuously. Recommendations shall include the actual project done in
one of the Government hospital building in Malaysia. From there, to obtain an actual
data such as solar fraction of receives from the collectors on the proposed area would be
more accurate and reliable. Furthermore the funding in research and development of this
particular system should be a priority.

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9 REFERENCES
Azni Zain Ahmed, 2008, Integrating Sustainable Energy in Buildings: A Case Study in
Malaysia, FAU Conference, Copenhagen, Denmark, 14-15 May;
www.fau.dk/Azni%20FAU%20Conference%20Paper.doc , viewed 16 June 2009
Engineering Toolbox, http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/water-thermal-propertiesd_162.html , Viewed 23/06/09
GROSSMAN, G., 2002 Solar-powered systems for cooling, dehumidification and airconditioning. Solar Energy, 72, 53-62.
F. Assilzadeh, S.A. Kalogirou, Y. Alia, K. Sopian 2005, 'Simulation and optimization of a
LiBr
solar absorption cooling system with evacuated tube collectors', Renewable
energy, vol. 30, pp. 1143-59.
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http://raee.org/climatisationsolaire/gb/presentation.htm retrieved 7 June 2008
The

Energy Commission of Malaysia, Government Of Malaysia,

http://www.st.gov.my/tariff.html#TNB retrieved on 7 June 2009

2007

The Ministry of Energy, Water and Communication, Government of Malaysia, 2007

www.ktak.gov.my, retrieved on 7 June 2009
LI, Z. F. & SUMATHY, K. (2000) Technology development in the solar absorption airconditioning systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 4, 267-293
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11 June 2009
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on 5 June 2009

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SOLAR ABSORPTION CHILLER

Appendixes:
Appendix 1: Natural gas tariff in Malaysia
http://www.st.gov.my/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2492&Itemid=1

Appendix 2

: Electricity tariff (Medium commercial )

Source : The Energy Commission of Malaysia,2007

http://www.st.gov.my/tariff.html#TNB retrieved on 7 August 2009

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SOLAR ABSORPTION CHILLER

Appendix 3: Mean emission for electricity in Malaysia . Source: Energy Centre Malaysia,
http://www.ptm.gov.my

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