Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
List of
List of tables
Preface
Acknowledgements
figures
page xviii
xxiii
Introduction
LTI
General concepts
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.10
1.11
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
XXV
xxvi
1
13
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
21
23
23
26
26
26
27
28
30
48
53
XI
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Contents
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
PART II
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
55
56
60
62
66
69
71
77
84
89
xii
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95
95
98
99
101
110
116
118
119
119
129
130
133
13 5
140
143
147
149
151
Contents
5.11
152
158
7
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
Airstream mechanisms
The pulmonic airstream mechanism
The glottalic airstream mechanism
The velaric airstream mechanism
Combined glottalic and pulmonic airstream mechanisms
Phonological use of non-pulmonic airstreams
Symbols for segments made on various airstream
mechanisms
Further reading
161
162
171
173
179
181
Phonation
Voicelessness: nil phonation
Voicelessness: breath phonation
Whisper phonation
Voiced phonation
Creak phonation
Falsetto phonation
Compound phonation types
Symbols for phonation types
Further reading
184
187
189
190
191
194
197
198
200
200
183
183
Stop articulations
Place-neutral stop articulations
Oral versus nasal aspects of stop articulations
Displaced stop articulations
Topographical aspects of stop articulations
Transitional aspects of stop articulation: tapped, flapped
and trilled stops
8.6 Complex oral/nasal stop articulations
8.7 Stop segments and phonation types
8.8 Stop articulations and non-pulmonic airstreams
8.9 Syllabic stop segments
8.10 Symbols for stop articulations
Further reading
205
206
209
214
215
218
227
235
237
239
242
243
xiii
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Contents
9 Fricative articulations
9.1 Place-neutral fricative articulations
9.2 Displaced fricative articulations
9.3 Examples of fricative segments in languages
9.4 Conformational aspects of fricative articulations
9.5 Topographical aspects of the shape of the tongue in
fricative articulations
9.6 Auditory characteristics of fricatives
9.7 Transitional aspects: flapped, tapped and trilled
fricatives
9.8 Syllabic fricatives
9.9 Fricative articulations and phonation types
9.10 Fricative articulations and non-pulmonic airstreams
9.11 Symbols for fricative articulations
Further reading
244
245
248
253
255
10
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
Resonant articulations
Syllabic vocoids
Charts of the vocoid space
Phonetic symbols for vocoids
Labial elements of vocoid segments
Intermediate vocoids
Exemplification of vocoid symbols
Transitional aspects of vocoid production:
monophthong, diphthong and triphthong
Tongue-root position in vocoid articulations
Nasal vocoid articulations
Voiceless and whispered vocoids
Non-syllabic approximant articulations
Nasal approximants
Lateral resonants
Symbols for resonant articulations
Further reading
269
270
272
277
278
280
281
Multiple articulations
Double stop articulations
Double fricative articulations
Resonant articulations with multiple strictures
Secondary articulations
The phonological patterns of secondary articulations
The ambiguous use of '-ization' labels
314
314
316
318
320
333
334
10.8
10.9
10.10
10.11
10.12
10.13
10.14
11
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
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258
260
263
264
265
266
266
266
282
289
291
295
297
305
306
313
313
Contents
11.7
335
335
Intersegmental co-ordination
339
339
348
356
358
376
389
391
391
394
399
402
406
414
415
416
420
423
427
431
431
432
434
435
436
445
448
450
450
452
14
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
XV
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Contents
15.3 Perturbations of pitch and loudness due to segmental
performance
15.4 The prosodic analysis of pitch
15.5 The analysis of melody in language
15.6 The analysis of pitch-patterns in tone systems
15.7 The analysis of pitch-patterns in intonation systems
15.8 The analysis of loudness
15.9 Prosodic settings of pitch and loudness
Further reading
452
456
462
462
483
500
506
508
511
512
517
518
523
524
527
532
533
534
535
539
546
PART VIII
19
19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4
Types of transcription
Phonological and phonetic transcriptions
Systematic phonemic and allophonic transcriptions
Allophonic and phonetic transcriptions
General phonetic transcription and the IPA
Further reading
549
549
550
556
561
562
Conclusion
Evaluating general phonetic theory
General phonetic theory and the segment
The role of convenient fictions in theory-building
Linear and non-linear characteristics of speech units
Default assumptions and language statistics
xvi
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565
566
568
569
570
Contents
Further reading
591
Envoi
592
Appendix I
593
596
622
685
694
xvn
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