Divide By Zero And A Measurement Of Infinities

_____________________________________________________________________
written by Adi Cox
2nd December 2015

PART ONE
Error Or Infinity?
It is generally considered an error when we get 1/0 (one divided by
zero), but some people insist that 1/0 = infinity. The argument
against 1/0 equaling infinity is that there is no number that when
infinity is multiplied the answer is one. This is important when we
algebraicly rearrange the equation: 1/0 = infinity.
If

1/0 = infinity

then zero x infinity = 1

I would like to make a case here for: zero x infinity = 1
It is important to note that to make this possible this zero would
have to be an infinitesmal and not a true zero. This zero is not
nothing but it is immeasurably small. If zero is nothing then
zero x infinity = ERROR.
The number line
0}{1/(00)... 1 ...(00)/1}{P
where (00) = infinity = (00)/1 and 1/(00) = infinitesimal.
True zero is nothing and poorna is everything. Poorna is represented
by an upper case P. Poorna is beyond the concept of this paper but
zero for the purposes of this paper will be an undefined zero that
has both properties of the true nothing zero and the immeasurably
infinitesimaly small zero.
Infinity comes in many sizes.
The infinity of all positive integers is the same sized infinity as
the infinity of all negative integers. This can be easily proved as
all positive integers can map one to one to all negative one to one
integers.
e.g.

-1 ---> +1
-2 ---> +2
-3 ---> +3
.
.
.
.

Zero is an integer that is neither negative nor positive. So all

possible integers is the size of all negative integers, all positive
integers and zero.
The infinity of all positve rational numbers is bigger than all
positive integers. This can easily be shown:
e.g.

1 ---> {1/1, 2/2, 3/3, ... n/n}

2 ---> {2/1, 4/2, 6/3, ... (2n)/n}
3 ---> {3/1, 6/2, 9/3, ... (3n)/n}
.
.
.
.
.
.

The above example shows that there are an infinite number of

representations of rational numbers for any integer value. There is
a distinction here between the representations of numbers and
numbers themselves.
e.g.
{1/1, 2/2, 3/3, ... , n/n}
is the set of the representations of all rational numbers that
is equal to one, which is an infinite set.
{1/1 = 2/2 = 3/3 = ... = n/n}
is the set of all numbers, which is a set of size of only one because
all these rationals represent just one number.
We also need to consider the infinite rational numbers between the
integers.
i.e.
x/y where 0<x<y and x and y are positive integers.
The x/y above equals all rational numbers between zero and one.
The denominator y can be as large as it likes so we can map all
positive integers to all rational numbers greater than zero and less
than one.
e.g.

0.x
0.x
0.x
.
.
.
0.x

---> 1/y
---> 2/y
---> 3/y
.
.
.
---> (y-1)/y

So the set of all rational numbers between zero and one is the same
size set as the previous infinity sets of positive integers and
negative integers.
CONCLUSION 1

The conclusion here is that we can have a standard infinity which is

the infinity that is the same size as the set of all positive
integers, which is the same size as the set of all negative integers
and which is the same size as the set of all rational numbers
between zero and one or between any value n and n+1, where n is any
integer.
e.g.1.
If 1/0 = standard infinity
then the set of all integers is all negative integers, all positive
integers and zero = 1/0 + 1/0 + 0/0 = 2/0
2/0 = two standard infinities.
e.g.2
If 1/0 = standard infinity
then the set of all rational numbers x/y where x and y are positive
integers, has standard infinity times standard infinity = (1/0)^2 =
standard infinity squared.
e.g.3
If 1/0 = standard infinity
then the set of all complex numbers a + bi
or negative integers or zero. Both a and b
negative integers and zero. So we get (1/0
+ 0/0) = (2/0)^2 = two standard infinities

where a and b are positive

can be all positive and
+ 1/0 + 0/0)(1/0 + 1/0
squared.

CONCLUSION 2
We have measured the set size and have a standard size for an
infinite set, being the same size as all positive integers. There is
another measurement and that is the entries within the infinite
sets. If we say that the standard entry sizes for an infinite set is
the size of the entries of all positive integers then:
The infinite set of all squared numbers is a standard infinite set
because every integer maps to an integer squared.
e.g.

1 ---> 1
2 ---> 2^2 = 4
3 ---> 3^2 = 9
.
.
.
.
.
.
n
n^2

The entries of the set of all squared numbers is larger by a power

of two.
The infinite set of all +ve square root numbers is a standard
infinite set because every integer maps to a +ve integer square root.
e.g.

1 ---> +ve sqrt(1)

2 ---> +ve sqrt(2)

3 ---> +ve sqrt(3)

.
.
.
.
.
.
n
+ve sqrt(n)
The entries of the set of all +ve square root numbers is smaller by
a power of a half.
We would say that the infinite sets of all +ve square root numbers,
all positive integers and all squared numbers are each standard
infinite sets, but the entries of these sets are values of different
sizes. Te entries of the infinite set of all squared numbers would
be to a power of four larger than the entries of the infinite set of
square root numbers.
e.g.

+ve
+ve
+ve
.
.
.
+ve

sqrt(1)
sqrt(2)
sqrt(3)
.
.
.
sqrt(n)

---> 1^2 = 1
---> 2^2 = 4
---> 3^2 = 9

---> n^2

MAIN POINTS:
1, We have defined a standard infinite set as 1/0 (one divided by
zero)
2, We have given examples of standard infinite sets. ie. the
infinite sets of all +ve square root numbers, all positive
integers and all squared numbers.
3, We have given examples of other infinite sets. ie.
The set of all integers is all negative integers, all positive
integers and zero = 1/0 + 1/0 + 0/0 = 2/0
The set of all rational numbers x/y where x and y are positive
integers, has standard infinity times standard infinity = (1/0)^2
= standard infinity squared.
The set of all complex numbers a + bi where a and b are positive
or negative integers or zero. Both a and b can be all positive
and negative integers and zero. So we get (1/0 + 1/0 + 0/0)(1/0 +
1/0 + 0/0) = (2/0)^2 = two standard infinities squared.
4, We have measured the entries of infinite sets as a second way to
measure infinity.
5, We have defined infinity as a type of number which is represented
as a set. We have kept it simple here, but there is evidence of
infinity as a number having unusual properties such as 1/0 is NOT
equal to (1/0)^2. That is one divided by zero is not equal to one
divided by zero squared.
As the set of all rational numbers x/y where x and y are positive
integers, has standard infinity times standard infinity = (1/0)^2

= standard infinity squared. This is not the same as standard

infinity 1/0.
6, The number 0/0 (zero divided by zero) is equal to any finite
number. I have used 0/0 to represent 0 previously in this paper.
0/0 is a number that acts like zero when used in addition and a
one when used in multiplication. So effectively it is used as an
identity operand to make no change to any operation when used in
this infinite number context. It is regarded as the zero infinite
number.

_____________________________________________________________________
PART TWO
Examples Of The Sizes Of Infinities Within Numbers Types.
_____________________________________________________________________
All Positive Integers = {1/0,n}
Standard infinity is defined as the set of all positive integers and
has the notation {1/0,n} where 1/0 represents the size of the
infinity and the n represents the size of the entities within that
infinity.
All Negative Integers = {1/0,n}
The infinities of all negative integers and all positive integers are
isomorphic to each other because they are both {1/0,n} infinities.
All Positive Even Integers = {1/0,2n}
1 ---> 2
2 ---> 4
3 ---> 6
.
.
.
n ---> 2n
All Negative Even Integers = {1/0,2n}
1 ---> -2
2 ---> -4
3 ---> -6
.
.
.
n ---> -2n

All Positive Odd Integers = {1/0,approx 2n}

1 ---> 1
2 ---> 3
3 ---> 5
.
.
.
n ---> 2n-1
All Negative Odd Integers = {1/0,approx 2n}
1 ---> -1
2 ---> -3
3 ---> -5
.
.
.
n ---> -(2n-1)
All Integers = {2/0,n}
The infinity that is all integers is the addition of all negative
integers, all positive integers and zero. 1/0 + 1/0 + 0/0 = 2/0 and
so we represent all integers as {2/0,n}
All Positive Integers Squared = {1/0,n^2}
1 ---> 1^2 = 1
2 ---> 2^2 = 4
3 ---> 3^2 = 9
.
.
.
n ---> n^2
All Negative Integers Squared = {1/0,n^2}
1 ---> -1^2 = 1
2 ---> -2^2 = 4
3 ---> -3^2 = 9
.
.
.
n ---> -n^2
All Integers Squared = {2/0,n^2}
Square Root Of All Positive Integers = {2/0,n^0.5}

1
1
2
2
3
3
.
.
.

--->
--->
--->
--->
--->
--->

sqrt(1)
sqrt(1)
sqrt(2)
sqrt(2)
sqrt(3)
sqrt(3)

=
=
=
=
=
=

-1
1
-1.414 to 3 d.p.
1.414 to 3 d.p.
-1.732 to 3 d.p.
1.732 to 3 d.p.

n ---> sqrt(n)

Negative Square Root Of All Positive Integers

= {1/0,n^0.5}

1 ---> sqrt(1) = -1
2 ---> sqrt(2) = -1.414 to 3 d.p.
3 ---> sqrt(3) = -1.732 to 3 d.p.
.
.
.
n ---> sqrt(n)

Positive Square Root Of All Positive Integers

= {1/0,n^0.5}

1 ---> sqrt(1) = 1
2 ---> sqrt(2) = 1.414 to 3 d.p.
3 ---> sqrt(3) = 1.732 to 3 d.p.
.
.
.
n ---> sqrt(n)
Rational Numbers That Represent The Value 1 = {1/0,n}
(representations where the numerator and denominator is an integer)
1 ---> {1/1, 2/2, 3/3, ... n/n}
Rational Numbers That Represent Positive Integers {(1/0)^4,n}
(representations where the numerator and denominator is an integer)
1 ---> {1/1, 2/2, 3/3, ... n/n}
2 ---> {2/1, 4/2, 6/3, ... (2n)/n}
3 ---> {3/1, 6/2, 9/3, ... (3n)/n}
.
.
.
n ---> {n/1, n/2, n/3, ... (nn)/n}
1 ---> {-1/-1, -2/-2, -3/-3, ... -n/-n}
2 ---> {-2/-1, -4/-2, -6/-3, ... (-2n)/-n}

3 ---> {-3/-1, -6/-2, -9/-3, ... (-3n)/-n}

.
.
.
n ---> {-n/-1, -n/-2, -n/-3, ... (-nn)/-n}
Rational Numbers That Represent Integers = {(1/0)^8,n}
(representations where the numerator and denominator is an integer)
0
1
2
3
.
.
.

--->
--->
--->
--->

{0/1,
{1/1,
{2/1,
{3/1,

0/2,
2/2,
4/2,
6/2,

0/3,
3/3,
6/3,
9/3,

...
...
...
...

n/n}
n/n}
(2n)/n}
(3n)/n}

n ---> {n/1, n/2, n/3, ... (nn)/n}

-1 ---> {-1/1, -2/2, -3/3, ... n/n}
-2 ---> {2/1, 4/2, 6/3, ... (2n)/n}
-3 ---> {3/1, 6/2, 9/3, ... (3n)/n}
.
.
.
-n ---> {-n/1, -n/2, -n/3, ... (-nn)/n}
0 ---> {0/-1, 0/-2, 0/-3, ... n/-n}
-1 ---> {1/-1, 2/-2, 3/-3, ... n/-n}
-2 ---> {2/-1, 4/-2, 6/-3, ... (2n)/-n}
-3 ---> {3/-1, 6/-2, 9/-3, ... (3n)/-n}
.
.
.
n ---> {n/1, n/2, n/3, ... (nn)/n}
1 ---> {-1/-1, -2/-2, -3/-3, ... -n/-n}
2 ---> {-2/-1, -4/-2, -6/-3, ... (-2n)/-n}
3 ---> {-3/-1, -6/-2, -9/-3, ... (-3n)/-n}
.
.
.
n ---> {-n/-1, -n/-2, -n/-3, ... (-nn)/-n}
All Decimal Numbers (from 1 to 2) = {10/0,0<n<1}
1
2
3
4
5

--->
--->
--->
--->
--->

1.1
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.5

6 ---> 1.6
7 ---> 1.7
8 ---> 1.8
9 ---> 1.9
10 ---> 1.01
11 ---> 1.11
12 ---> 1.21
.
.
.
x1 x2 x3 ...xn ---> 1.xn xn-1 xn-2 ... xn-n
All Decimal Numbers = {(10/0)^2,n<1}
1 ---> 0.1
2 ---> 0.2
3 ---> 0.3
4 ---> 0.2
5 ---> 0.5
6 ---> 0.6
7 ---> 0.7
8 ---> 0.8
9 ---> 0.9
10 ---> 0.01
11 ---> 0.11
12 ---> 0.21
.
.
.
x1 x2 x3 ...xn ---> xn. xn-1 xn-2 ... xn-n

All Binary Numbers (from 1 to 10base2) = {2/0,0<n<1}

1 ---> 1.1
10 ---> 1.01
11 ---> 1.11
100 ---> 1.001
101 ---> 1.101
110 ---> 1.011
111 ---> 1.111
.
.
.
x1 x2 x3 ...xn ---> 1.xn xn-1 xn-2 ... xn-n
All Base b Numbers n (from n to n+1)
where b is a positive integer

= {b/0,0<n<1}

All Positive Base b Numbers n

where b is a positive integer

= {(b/0)^2,0<n<00}

All Base b Numbers n

where b is a positive integer

= {(b/0)^4,-00<n<+00}

All Positive Imaginary Integer Numbers = {1/0,i}

1 ---> i
2 ---> 2i
3 ---> 3i
.
.
.
n ---> ni
All Negative Imaginary Integer Numbers = {1/0,i}
1 ---> -i
2 ---> -2i
3 ---> -3i
.
.
.
n ---> -ni
All Imaginary Integer Numbers = {2/0,i}
n ---> -ni
.
.
.
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
.
.
.

--->
--->
--->
--->
--->
--->
--->

-3i
-2i
-i
0
i
2i
3i

n ---> ni
The List Of Infinities, {infinity size,entities absolute size}
_____________________________________________________________________
All Positive Integers

= {1/0,n}

All Negative Integers

= {1/0,n}

All Positive Even Integers

= {1/0,2n}

All Negative Even Integers

= {1/0,2n}

All Positive Odd Integers

= {1/0,approx 2n}

All Negative Odd Integers

= {1/0,approx 2n}

All Integers

= {2/0,n}

All Positive Integers Squared

= {1/0,n^2}

All Negative Integers Squared

= {1/0,n^2}

All Integers Squared

= {2/0,n^2}

Square Root Of All Positive Integers

= {2/0,n^0.5}

Negative Square Root Of All Positive Integers

= {1/0,n^0.5}

Positive Square Root Of All Positive Integers

= {1/0,n^0.5}

Rational Numbers That Represent The Value 1

= {1/0,n}
(representations where the numerator and denominator is an integer)
Rational Numbers That Represent Positive Integers = {(1/0)^4,n}
(representations where the numerator and denominator is an integer)
Rational Numbers That Represent Integers = {(2/0)^8,n}
(representations where the numerator and denominator is an integer)
All Decimal Numbers (from 1 to 2)

= {10/0,n<1}

All Positive Decimal Numbers

= {(10/0)^2,0<n<00}

All Decimal Numbers

= {(10/0)^4,-00<n<+00}

All Binary Numbers (from 1 to 10base2)

= {2/0,0<n<1}

All Base b Numbers n (from n to n+1)

= {b/0,0<n<1}
where b is a positive integer and n has a base b point
All Positive Base b Numbers n
= {(b/0)^2,0<n<00}
where b is a positive integer and n has a base b point
All Base b Numbers n
where b is a positive integer

= {(b/0)^4,-00<n<+00}

All Positive Imaginary Integer Numbers

= {1/0,i}

All Negative Imaginary Integer Numbers

= {1/0,i}

All Imaginary Integer Numbers

= {2/0,i}

All Complex Numbers

= {1/0,n}{1/0,i}
where all real numbers are positive integers and
all imaginary Numbers are positive integer
_____________________________________________________________________
PART THREE
Isomorphisms of Infinities Within Numbers Types.

_____________________________________________________________________
All Negative Imaginary Integer Numbers Squared = {1/0,i^2}
All Positive Integers = {1/0,n}
{1/0,i^2} and {1/0,n} are isomorphic
-i^2 = 1
-2i^2 = 2
-3i^2 = 3
.
.
.
-ni^2 = n
_____________________________________________________________________
PART FOUR
Same Size Infinities With Regard To Entity Number And Absolute Size.
(where infinities are not isomorphic)
_____________________________________________________________________
All Integers = {2/0,n}
All Positive Even Integers = {1/0,2n}
The infinity for all integers has twice as many entities as the
infinity for all positive even integers, but the infinity for all
positive even integers has entities that are twice the size of the
entities for all integers and so although they are not isomorphic
All Integers and All Positive Even Integers are the same size.