A SOLUTION FOR STREET LIGHTING IN SMART CITIES

SmartCitiesisadomainofgreatinterestinthemodernsociety.Theaim
ofasmarturbanenvironmentistoincreasecitizenscomfortandqualityoflife
with minimum resources and power consumption and without affecting the
naturalenvironment.Streetlightingisoneofthemaininterestsinsuchasmart
environment.Thisthesisfocusesonimplementingalightingcontrolsystemthat
makes street lighting to be an autonomous and efficient part of the urban
environment.Theperformanceof theproposedsystemisanalyzedusingan
OMNET++ network simulation. The results lead to the conclusion that the
smart control system improves some drawbacks of a classic street lighting
system.
The term smart city is a complex concept leading to multiple
definitions, not always consistent. According to [1], a smart city has six
characteristics: smart economy, smart mobility, smart environment, smart
people,smartlivingandsmartgovernance.Thispaperwillusethetermsmart
citywithrefertosmartenvironment.
Ubiquitous computing or pervasive computing paradigm is used to
describe smart environments. This implies that robust, small and lowcost
devicescanbeusedtomonitorandcontrolvariousnaturalandinfrastructure
systemsthataffecttheurbanenvironment.Thesesmartobjects,mountedon
buildings,streetlights,andcars,gatherdataautonomouslytransmittedtodata
centersforfurtheranalysistoefficientlymanagethecitysuchasstreetlight
management,water/gasleakdetection,ortrafficmanagement.

The energy distribution system is very huge and expensive. Public

lightingowns10%fromtheelectricalenergyconsumercategories,[2].Alotof
researchismadetomakethestreetlightinglesspowerconsumingandmore
suitable to citizens needs. There are several ways to achieve this by both
hardwareandsoftwaresolutions.
Therestofthepaperisorganizedasfollows.Thenextsectionpresents
basicsaboutstreetlighting,thethirdsectiondescribesrelatedwork,thefourth
sectionpresentstheauthorsapproach,thefifthsectiondiscussessimulation
resultsandthelastsectionoutlinesconclusions.
II.STREETLIGHTINGBASICS
A.Streetlightingcontrolsystems
Streetlightingcontrolsystemscanbecentralizedordistributed.Forthe
firstcategorythereisasinglecontrolunitthatsendscommandstoallterminals,
inthesecondcategoryallterminalsactasindividualcontrolunits.
Acentralizedcontrolsystemispresentedin.Itiscomposedofthree
parts:controlcenter,remoteconcentratorandstreetlightingcontrolterminals.
The term smart city is a complex concept leading to multiple
definitions, not always consistent. According to , a smart city has six
characteristics: smart economy, smart mobility, smart environment, smart
people,smartlivingandsmartgovernance.Thispaperwillusethetermsmart
citywithrefertosmartenvironment.
Ubiquitous computing or pervasive computing paradigm is used to
describe smart environments. This implies that robust, small and lowcost
devicescanbeusedtomonitorandcontrolvariousnaturalandinfrastructure

systemsthataffecttheurbanenvironment.Thesesmartobjects,mountedon
buildings,streetlights,andcars,gatherdataautonomouslytransmittedtodata
centersforfurtheranalysistoefficientlymanagethecitysuchasstreetlight
management,water/gasleakdetection,ortrafficmanagement.
The energy distribution system is very huge and expensive. Public
lightingowns10%fromtheelectricalenergyconsumercategories,[2].Alotof
researchismadetomakethestreetlightinglesspowerconsumingandmore
suitable to citizens needs. There are several ways to achieve this by both
hardwareandsoftwaresolutions.
Therestofthepaperisorganizedasfollows.Thenextsectionpresents
basicsaboutstreetlighting,thethirdsectiondescribesrelatedwork,thefourth
sectionpresentstheauthorsapproach,thefifthsectiondiscussessimulation
resultsandthelastsectionoutlinesconclusions.
III.RELATEDWORK
Asstatedbeforethereareseveralwaystoimplementastreetlighting
systembasedonWSN.Therearemultiplechoicesdependingonthetechnology
used,protocols,typeofcontrolandothersfactorthatcaninfluencethelighting
systems.
Duetotherapidgrowthofindustryandcities,theindustryofstreetlighting
systems has a fast development and is becoming complex. The paper [3]
presentsthedrawbacksofmostdevelopedsystemsforstreetlighting.Anew
lightcontrolsystemisproposedwhichcanovercomeoldsystemsdrawbacks.
The common drawbacks of most light control systems are uneasiness of
handling and difficulty of maintenance. To reduce these weak points in

operatinglightcontrolsystem,theauthorsdesignedastreetlightcontrolsystem
byusingZigbeecommunicationdevices.
The proposed system is a centralized light control system. Remote
concentratorandremotestreetlightcontrolterminalareH/Wbasedsystem.
Centralized control system was developed for windows 2000 based server
systemandmostofdevelopingworkswasSWoriented.Zigbeecommunication
protocolisusedtotransferdatabetweenconcentratorandremotestreetlight
control terminal which transfers control and status information. The
communicationprotocolchosenfordatatransfersbetweencontrolcenterand
concentratorisCDMA.
JeanPhilippeVasseur,inthebookInterconnectingSmartObjectswith
IP: The Next Internet, [6], explains why the Internet Protocol, IP, is the
protocol of choice for smart object networks including intelligent lighting
systems.FirstpartofthebookdemonstrateswhytheIParchitectureiswell
suitedtosmartobjectnetworksbycontrastwithnonIPbasedsensornetworkor
otherproprietarysystemsinterconnecttoIPnetworks.PartIIincludesadetailed
analysisofIPtechnologies.Thefinalsectionofthebookdescribestheuseof
smartobjectnetworks.Thispartdiscussesindetailssevenmajorapplications:
smart grid, industrial automation, smart cities and urban networks, home
automation, building automation, structural health monitoring, and container
tracking.
MaciejMendalkaet.al,[4],presentanintelligentstreetlightingsystem
based on WSN. As a result they obtained a system designed to increase
functionalityoflightinstallations.TheproposedsystemismadeofWSNnodes
integratedwithlightsourcesbasedonhighpowerLEDdiodes.Theirplatform

enable new services such as telemetry, monitoring of noise, humidity,

temperature,aswellasservicesassociatedwiththeroadinformationsystems,
intelligenttransportationsystemsandintelligentroads.
The paper , presents a street lighting implementation based on
photovoltaic panels. The system uses solar energy as primary source and
batteriesassecondarysource.Lightingemittingdiodes(LEDs)areemployedas
lighting source. This system is being presented as an alternative for remote
localities,likeroadsandcrossroads.
Wu Yue proposes in [8] a street light control system able to detect
environmentalchangesduetointegratedsensors.Thesystemhas2function
modes:theautomatictimingcontrolandadynamicmode.Automatictimingis
used to switch light on at a predetermined time and keep III. RELATED
WORK
Asstatedbeforethereareseveralwaystoimplementastreetlightingsystem
basedonWSN.Therearemultiplechoicesdependingonthetechnologyused,
protocols, type of control and others factor that can influence the lighting
systems.
Due to the rapid growth of industry and cities, the industry of street
lightingsystemshasafastdevelopmentandisbecomingcomplex.Thepaper
[3]presentsthedrawbacksofmostdevelopedsystemsforstreetlighting.Anew
lightcontrolsystemisproposedwhichcanovercomeoldsystemsdrawbacks.
The common drawbacks of most light control systems are uneasiness of
handling and difficulty of maintenance. To reduce these weak points in
operatinglightcontrolsystem,theauthorsdesignedastreetlightcontrolsystem
byusingZigbeecommunicationdevices.

The proposed system is a centralized light control system. Remote

concentratorandremotestreetlightcontrolterminalareH/Wbasedsystem.
Centralized control system was developed for windows 2000 based server
systemandmostofdevelopingworkswasSWoriented.Zigbeecommunication
protocolisusedtotransferdatabetweenconcentratorandremotestreetlight
control terminal which transfers control and status information. The
communicationprotocolchosenfordatatransfersbetweencontrolcenterand
concentratorisCDMA.
JeanPhilippeVasseur,inthebookInterconnectingSmartObjectswith
IP: The Next Internet, [6], explains why the Internet Protocol, IP, is the
protocol of choice for smart object networks including intelligent lighting
systems.FirstpartofthebookdemonstrateswhytheIParchitectureiswell
suitedtosmartobjectnetworksbycontrastwithnonIPbasedsensornetworkor
otherproprietarysystemsinterconnecttoIPnetworks.PartIIincludesadetailed
analysisofIPtechnologies.Thefinalsectionofthebookdescribestheuseof
smartobjectnetworks.Thispartdiscussesindetailssevenmajorapplications:
smart grid, industrial automation, smart cities and urban networks, home
automation, building automation, structural health monitoring, and container
tracking.
Maciej Mendalka et. al, , present an intelligent street lighting system
based on WSN. As a result they obtained a system designed to increase
functionalityoflightinstallations.TheproposedsystemismadeofWSNnodes
integratedwithlightsourcesbasedonhighpowerLEDdiodes.Theirplatform
enable new services such as telemetry, monitoring of noise, humidity,

temperature,aswellasservicesassociatedwiththeroadinformationsystems,
intelligenttransportationsystemsandintelligentroads.
The paper , presents a street lighting implementation based on
photovoltaic panels. The system uses solar energy as primary source and
batteriesassecondarysource.Lightingemittingdiodes(LEDs)areemployedas
lighting source. This system is being presented as an alternative for remote
localities,likeroadsandcrossroads.
Wu Yue proposes in [8] a street light control system able to detect
environmentalchangesduetointegratedsensors.Thesystemhas2function
modes:theautomatictimingcontrolandadynamicmode.Automatictimingis
used to switch light on at a predetermined time and keep them active a
programmed time period. In dynamic mode the lights are activated when
motionisdetected.Simultaneouslythesystemmayactaccordingtotheactual
determination of the sunlight degree of illumination and the degree of
illuminationcontrolcriterion.
Solidstate lighting technology has the qualities of costcompetitive,
energyefficientcomparativetoconventionalelectricallighting,.Theauthors
presentthehistoryoflighting,discussthebenefitsandchallengesofthesolid
statelightingtechnologies,andcomparetwoapproachesforgeneratingwhite
light from solidstate sources. The first is based on phosphor LEDs (which
couldbe consideredas solidstatereplacementof fluorescenttubes) andthe
other the multichip LED lamps, which offer many advantages, such as
chromaticitycontrol,betterlightquality,andhigherefficiency.
ThepowerconsumptionproblemisapproachedbyR.Caponettoet.alin
[10]. They present control equipment for monitoring and managing a street

lightingsystem.Thesystemconsistsofalocalcontrolandaremotecontrol.
Thelocalcontrolisrealizedbymasterboardslocatedinsideelectricalpanels
andslaveboardsmountedoneachlamppost.Theremotecontrolisrealizedby
acentralunitfortheremotecommunicationwiththelocalcontrolsystem.In
caseofmasterandslaveboardscommunicationpowerlinemodemsareused,
whiletheremotecontrolcentralunitisconnectedtomasterboardsviaaGPRS
GSMcommunication.Theusercanselectthroughmasterboardstheelectrical
phaseforthepowerlinecommunicationandsendthecontrolcommandstothe
slaveboardsoneachlamppost.Slaveboardsallowturningon/offthelamppost,
toreducepowerconsumptionusingadevicedevelopedbyALBATROSItalia
S.R.L.,andtodetectthelampstatus,checkingthecurrentflowonthelamp
itself. The solution presented in this paper allows reducing lamp power
consumptionof2832%withjusta35%lightnessreduction.
Theaspectofsecurestreetlightingsystemisdiscussedin.Streetlighting
systemsarecharacterizedbylowvoltageloads,distributedinalargeareaand
collectively protected by the same protective device. In fault conditions,
hazardouspotentialsmayappear onthemetalpartsof suchequipment,and
exposepersonstoshockhazards.Toreducesuchrisk,differentsolutionsforthe
groundingareavailable.
TheStandardIEC60364recommendstheuseofClassIIcomponents,
thatis,equipmentwithdoubleorreinforcedinsulation,foralltheelementsof
thestreetlightsystem.Theauthorsanalyzethepossibletechnicalalternativesin
lightofIECstandards.Theyalsoproposeasolutiontoincreasethesafetyof
ClassIImetalpolesbyadoptingacircuitrywithinlightingsystemspanelboards
tomonitortheirdoubleinsulationtoground.

ChunguoJinget.al.proposein aroutingprotocolformonitoringand
controlofstreetlights.Theydescribedageographicalroutingstrategybasedon
thenetworkfeatures.Theproposedsolutiongroupslightingnodesintomany
clusters.Oneclustercomprisesbesideofthenodes,apowersubstation.The
nodesfromaclusteraredisposedineitherstarortriangletopology.Onenode
forwardsthepacket tothepowersubstationwheretheremoteterminalunit
(RTU)isinstalled.TheRTUusesclusterserialnumbertoavoidthepacket
disseminationtoneighborcluster.TheGSMnetworkwasusedfortransmitting
andreceivingdatabetweenthecontrolcenterapplicationandtheremoteRTUs.
Asaresult,theirapproachisaconnectivitysolutionbasedonInternetprotocols
andavailablewithalmosteveryGSMnetwork.
Designinghighefficient,lowcostandsecurestreetlightingsystemsisa
complex activity. Several aspects must be taken into account regarding the
systemarchitectureandthecommunicationprotocols.Wirelesssensornetworks
are a popular solution when it comes to controlling and monitoring street
lightingsystems.
The need to better control the streetlight networks is caused by: the
environmentalandenergysituationoftheplanet,therapidlyincreasingpriceof
electricity,theneedformoresecurityandsafety,theneedtoefficientlymanage
budgets.Thesearethereasonswhymonitoredstreetlightsystemsarethefuture
whenitcomestooutdoorlightingmarket.

IV.THEPROPOSEDSOLUTION

Thispaperproposesanautonomousstreetlightingsystembasedona
distributedcommandWSNnetwork.Theaimistoreducepowerconsumption
usinglowcostdevicesandreducingtheactivetimeoflightingdevicesasmuch
aspossible.Thesystemwasdesignedconsideringthedeploymentareaasin
Figure1.

Itisaresidentialstreetwithtwolanesandsidewalksonbothdriving
directions.Theroadwidthis7m(3.5mforeachlane)andthesidewalkwidth
is1.5m.Thestreethasatotalwidthof10manditextendsoveralengthof2
km.lamppostsarepositionedononesideoftheroadwithaspacingof25m.
The mounting heath of light sources is 8m. Figure 1 also shows that the
maximumbeampatternslengthis13m,inbothdirections,andthewidthis10
m. The dotted line marks the maximum distance for pedestrian movement
detectionis12m.ThelightsourceisaLEDluminarychoseninaccordance
withthedistanceparameters.Attachedtoeachlightsourcethereisanode.

Every node represents a smart light control device and it enables

pedestrian detection and natural light measurement. The control device will
command the light element according to the level of environmental light
measured.Thelightcanbeturnedofforonwith3levelsofintensity(low,
medium,intense).WithanincorporatedWiFitransceiverthecontroldevicecan
sendwakeupcommandstoneighbornodes.Theblockdiagramoftheproposed
moduleisillustratedinFigure2.
TheISL7668block,[13],representsalighttodigitaldevicewith16bit
resolution.ThemodulecanbeprogrammedviaI2Cinterfacetofoursensitivity
rangesdependingonthelightingconditions.Thepowerconsumptionisless
than300Ainnormaloperationmode.
DP001A,[14],isadigitalmotiondetectormodule.Itcandetectinfrared
radiationemittedbymovinghumanbodyoranimals.Thedetectionrangeand
activationtimeareprogrammable.Becausethedetectionangleis100degrees
thecontroldeviceneedstoincorporatetwomotionmoduleslocatedontheleft
andrightsides.

RN131,[15],isanembeddedwireless802.11b/gnetworkingmodule.
Themodulehasanintelligent,builtinpowermanagementwithprogrammable
wakeup. It can host data rate up to 1 Mbps for the UART interface and a
transmissionrateofmaximum54Mbpsovertheair.
The core of the smart light control device is the LPC2148
microcontroller, [16]. The tiny size and low power consumption make this
microcontroller feasible for applications were miniaturization is a prime
requirement.Thevarietyofserialinterfaces(USB2.0,UARTs,SPI,SSP,I2C
bus) and 40 kB of onchip SRAM are an advantage when implementing
communicationgateways,protocolsconverters,voicerecognitionorothertype
ofapplicationsthatrequirehighprocessingpower.Theinterfacestogetherwith
DACs, ADCs, PWM and GPIO lines make it easy to connect the
microcontrollertoagreatrangeofotherdevices.
V.EXPERIMENTALRESULTS

TotesttheproposedfunctionalitiesasimulationnetworkwithOMNeT++
(ObjectiveModularNetworkTestbedinC++),[17],wascreated..
OMNet++ is a free simulation library and framework based on C++
languagethatenablesmodelingalargenumberofnetworkssuchaswiredand
wirelesscommunicationnetworks,onchipnetworks,queuingnetworksandso
on.ForwirelesssensornetworksupportOMNeT++providesINETFramework
which contains models for several wired and wireless protocols including
802.11,TCP,IP,UDP.
OMNeT++isamodulardiscreeteventsimulationframework.Thebase
element is a simple module. More complex devices can be represented as
modules.Amoduleiscompoundofsimplemodules.InOMNeT++modules
exchangedatatroughmessages.Thesimulationtimeadvanceswhenamessage
isreceivedbyamodule.Incaseofamodulewithnoexternincomingmessages,
thesimulationtimecanbeadvancedwiththehelpofselfmessages.
Thesimulationisbasedonthemaincharacteristicspresentedinsection
IV.Thesimulationwascreatedforanetworkof10smartnodeswithlinear
topology and a module representing a human moving along the street as
depictedinFigure3.

Thehumanmodelwillupdateitspositionevery14secondstosimulatea
walkingspeedof1m/s.Integrationtimeforlightsensormeasurementsis100
ms.
The human isasimplemodulesendingamessageeverytimeitmoves.At
initializationitsendsaselfmessagetostartmoving.Thisimpliessendingan
Approachingmessagetoonedeviceatatime,everypropDelayperiod.The
propDelayperiodisconfigurabledependingonthehumanwalkingspeed.
Thecompoundmodulesdevicerepresentthesmartlightcontroldevices.They
areattachedtoLEDluminariesimplementedassimplemodulesled[i].Thelight
controlcomponentscanbevisualizedinFigure4.

CPU modulerepresentsthemicrocontroller.Itreceivesinputsfromthe
sensorsorfromtheWiFitransceiver.TheCPUprocessestheinputinformation
andaccordingtoitsendson/offcommandstoLEDdeviceandtoleftandright
neighboringnodes.ThemovementofhumanisdetectedwithaPIRsensor.For
simulationpurposeonlyonePIRsensorwasused.
If pir1 detectsamovementitnotifiestheCPU.Thesensorstaysactivefora
programmableperiodoftime.
Thesensorisworkinginaretriggermode.Whentheactiveperiod
expiresandnomovementisdetected,thesensorgoesidleandnotifiesalsothe
CPU.
After a movement has been reported, CPU launches a start conversion
command to lightSensor. The sensor begins light measurement. After a

stopSync period of time the CPU sends a stop conversion command. The
measureddatavalueis saved bylightsensor andanew conversionbegins.
WhenareadmessageisreceivedfromtheCPU,thesensorretrievesthelatest
savedlightvalue.FromthedatasuppliedbythelightsensortheCPUcomputes
theactualilluminance,itcomparesittopredefinedlevelsanditlightstheLED
accordingtotheresult.Afterthisthecontrolunitalsosendsalightoncommand
toright andleft neighbors troughtheWiFimodule.Whennomovementis
detected,thelightsoncommandsarerevoked.
RN131networkingmoduleisrepresentedinthesimulationbymultiple
simplemodulesaccordingtoitscapabilities:radiotransceiver,TCP/IPsupport,
routingtable.ThemoduleimplementationusesINETframework.Incaseof
commandsreceivedtroughWiFimodule,theyareexecutedbutnotsendtothe
neighbors.
Tohavesomecomparisonvalues,firstsimulationswithoutmovementdetection
wereperformed.Twocaseswereconsidered:1luxnaturallightenvironment
(high luminary intensity lighting is needed) and 500 lux natural light
environment (medium luminary intensity lighting is needed). The energy
consumption was computed for a simulation time of 2 hours while lighting
sourceswereon.TheresultsarepresentedinFigure5andFigure6.

Itcanbeobservedthattheenergyconsumptionwas56Whinthefirst
caseand28Whinthesecondoneforeachlightingsource.
Inthefollowingsimulationssomeassumptionswillbedone:thesimulation
time is 2 hours, the period between pedestrian passing along the street is
variable and is generated with a uniform distribution between 60 s and 10

minutesandtwocasesareconsidered:1luxand500luxnaturalenvironment
lightingconditions.Inthefirstcase,whenpedestrianmovementisdetectedthe
LEDluminaryisswitchedonatfullcapacityandinthesecondcaseathalf
capacity.
Scenario1
Theassumptionisthatonly1pedestrianismovingalongthestreet.The
humanmodelstartsmovingfromthefirstledpositionuntilthelastone.Figure
7 shows the minimum, average and maximum values for the total energy
consumptionregisteredforeachLEDluminary.

Conformingtotheresults,theminimumenergyconsumptionis0.107
Wh/LEDluminary.Themaximumenergyconsumptionvariesbetween7.84Wh
and9.66Wh.ComparingthevalueswiththosefromFigure5,itresultsabout
80%reductionoftheenergyconsumption.Asignificantreductionisobtained
evenwhenthecomparisonisdonewiththevaluesfromFigure6.
Figure8presentstheresultsinthecaseof500luxnaturalenvironmentlighting.
Theminimumvaluesarethesameforallluminaries,0.053Wh,themaximum
values range between 3.92 Wh and 4.83 Wh meaning half of the energy

consumptionincaseof1luxand94%decreasethantheconsumptionincaseof
500luxlightingconditionswithoutmovementdetectioncapabilities.
Thesecondsetofsimulationswasbasedontheassumptionthattwopedestrians
aremovingalongthestreet.Onehumanmodelstartsmovingfromthefirstled
positionuntilthelastone.Thesecondhumanmodelmovesalongthestreetin
the same time but beginning at the fourth lamp post. Figure 9 shows the
minimum,averageandmaximumvaluesfortheenergyconsumptionincaseof
fullypoweredlamps(1lux).

Theminimumenergyconsumptionslightlyvariesbetween0.1069Wh
and0.1086Whforthefirsthalfofthestreetandthenbecomesconstant,0.1069
Wh,forthesecondhalfofthestreet.Themaximumenergyconsumptionranges
between7.38Whand17Wh.Theresultsshowa69%decreaseoftheenergy
consumptionthantheonefromFigure5anda48%reductionifcomparedwith
thereferencecaseof500luxnaturalenvironmentlightingconditions.
Figure10presentstheresultsincaseof500lux.Theminimumvaluesare
similarforallluminaries,0.053Wh,asinScenario1.Themaximumvalues

varybetween3.69Whand8.5Whthisbeing50%oftheenergyconsumption
in case of 1 lux and 72 % better than 500 lux lighting conditions without
movingdetectioncapabilities.

Scenario 2 represents an improvement compared with the conditions

withoutmovingdetectionpossibilitiesbuttheenergyconsumptionisincreased
with40%thanthatfromScenario1.
Scenario3
Itisassumedthat8pedestriansaremovingalongthestreet.Thefirst
pedestrian starts moving from the first led position until the last one. The
followingpedestriansmovealongthestreetinthesametimebutstartingat
consecutivepositions.
Figure11illustratestheminimum,averageandmaximumvaluesforthe
energyconsumptionateachLEDluminarywhenhighintensityartificiallight
conditionsarerequired.Thefigureshowsthattheminimumvaluesarereduced
considerably ranging between 0.85 mWh and 107 mWh. The variation is
constantlyincreasingfromled0toled9.Theaverageminimumconsumptionis

80 % lower than Scenario 1 and 2. The maximum values have also an

increasingvariationwiththeaverageof33.8Whthisbeingwith40%lower
thantheenergyconsumptionincaseof1luxwith2hoursofartificialconstant
lightingbut3.5timesgreaterthan1luxcasefromScenario1and2.2times
greaterthanthesamecasefromscenario2.
Figure 12 provides the simulation results in case of 500 lux environmental
lightingconditions.

Comparedwiththepreviouscasetheminimumtotalenergyconsumption
isreducedwith50%takingvaluesfrom0.42mWhto53.4mWh.The
maximumvaluesfortheenergyconsumptionrangesbetween6.64Whand22.6

Whwithanaverageof17Wh.Thisis70%morethan500luxcasefrom
Scenario1and50%morethanthesamecasefromScenario2.Nevertheless
theseresultsare40%lowerascomparedtothecasewithoutmovement
detectionpossibilities.
ForScenario3theminimumvaluesweremuchlowerthantheonesfromthe
otherscenariosbutthetotalenergyconsumptionwasincreased.Thisiscaused
bythegreaternumberofpedestrians.Thisimpliesaconsiderablenumberof
switching commands for the LED luminaries leading to short operational
periodsoftimeperluminaryforstartingpointslamppostandprolongedperiods
forendingpoints.
Thepaperhaspresentedanefficientstreetlightingsystemwithreduced
power consumption in comparison to classical lighting systems. This is
accomplishedbyusingaWSNbasedstreetlightingsystem.
Thepowerconsumptionisdecreasedusingasmartlightcontroldevice.
The device uses lowpower hardware with configurable functioning modes.
Through this control device light will be active only when pedestrian
movementsaredetected.Alsothelightintensityisadjustedinaccordanceto
predefinedlevelsofluminance.UsingLEDluminariesinsteadofotherlight
sources will further decrease the power consumption with the advantage of
increasedlightoutputefficiency,longerlifeandenvironmentalfriendly.
Using smart control devices increases the street lighting systems
autonomy. Human operator intervention is necessary only for system
deploymentorincaseofdamageddevices.
The incorporated WiFi module enables easy collection of statistical
information.TheWiFimodulealsosupportremoteconfigurationusingTelnet.

Currently,inthewholeworld,enormouselectricenergyisconsumedby
thestreet lights,whicharecontrolledbymeansoftheembeddedbrightness
sensors.Theyareautomaticallyturnonwhenitbecomesdarkandautomatically
turnoffwhenitbecomesbright.Thisisthehugewasteofenergyinthewhole
worldandshouldbechanged.
Therearesomeattempts,inwhichtheenergywastesofthestreetlights
arereduced.Asensorlight,whichiscontrolledbythebrightnesssensorandthe
motionsensor,issometimesused.Itonlyturnsonforwwhilewhenthemotion
isdetectedinfrontofthelightanditisdark.
However,itusuallyistoolatetoturnthelightonwhenapersonoracar
comesinfrontofit.Thelightshouldturnonbeforeapersonoracarcomes.On
the other hand, some companies and universities have developed centrally
controlledsmartstreetlightsystemswiththehostcomputers.Theymightbe
suitableforbeingappliedtoalargeareaoranewlydevelopedareabasedonthe
totalplan.However,theymightnotbesuitableforbeingappliedtoasmallarea.
Weproposeanautonomousdistributedcontrolledlightsystem,inwhich
thelightsturnonbeforepedestrianscomeandturnofforreducepowerwhen
thereisnoonebymeansofadistributedinstalledsensornetwork.
PROPOSEDSYSTEM
Figure1showsthecomponents,withwhichoursmartstreetlightsystem
isrealized.
(a)Lampunit:
ItconsistsofpoweradjustableLEDarray,thebrightnesssensor,themotion
sensor,thecommunicationdevice,suchasZigBeemodule,andthecontroller.It
turnsonforseveralminutesundertheconditionsthatamotionisdetectedinthe

definedareabythesensorsincludingitsownsensor.Then,itsendsthemessage
tootherunits.Itturnsofforreducedpowerundertheconditionthatanymotion
isnotdetectedinthedefinedarea.
(b)Sensorunit:
It consists of the motion sensor, the communication device and the
controller. It sends out the message to other units under the condition that
motionisdetected.Thisunitisplacedtomanylocations,suchasatelectric
poles,athousegates,athousefenceandinsideoroutsideofthedoor,toensure
that every street light turn on before pedestrians notice that. As for power
supply,thesolarbatterycanbeagoodoption.
(c)Accesspoint:
Itconsistsofthecommunicationdeviceandthecontroller.Itisusedin
thecasethatthedistancebetweenthelampunitsandthesensorunitsaretoo
large to communicate each other. As for communication devices, a power
savingshortdistancedevice,suchasZigBee,isappropriateforoursystem.As
for the position information, each controller has plural addresses, which
correspondtotheadjacentdifferentnetworks.

Figure2showsanexampleofoursmartstreetlightsystem.Thestreet
lightsturnonbeforethepedestrianscomeandturnofforreducepowerwhen
thereisnoonebymeansofadistributedinstalledsensornetwork.
3.DISCUSSIONS
Thetargetsofourdevelopmentareasfollows, ! Easyinstallationand
extension:Eachunitcanbeinstalledonebyonetothenetworkbysettingthe
parameters.Thesystemisautonomousdistributedcontrolled.Nohostcomputer
is needed. ! Low cost: Only the parts of mass production are used. ! Easy
update:Thefirmwareofeachunitcanbeupdatedeasily.Thecontrolalgorisms
should be developed for the situations, such as a quiet residential area, a
shoppingstreet,apart,amainroadandamountainroad.!Selfdiagnosis:The
worsteventisthatthelightdoesnotturnonwhenthepedestriancome.Each
unitrecordsthefailures,inwhichthemotionisdetectedinfrontofitwithout
theadvancednotificationfromtheotherunits.
FEATURES&BENEFITS:
CompatiblewithLED,induction,highpressuresodium,metalhalideand
mercuryvaporstreetlightfixtures
Reportingofenergyconsumption(utilitygrademetering)
Remotedynamicdimming/trimming,flexibleon/offschedulingwith
overridecontrolanddaylightharvesting
Realtimemonitoring,oncepersecondpernode
Smartgridreadydemand/responseenergymanagement
Lightnodeprofilescanbedefinedonasectororindividualmodulebasis
EasytoinstallPlugtwistplaystandardNEMAthreeprongtwistlock
perANSIC136.10
Instantalertsandnotificationsviaemail&textmessage
Enhancedfaultmanagementanddiagnostics
Extendedwirelesscontrolnetworkcoveragerange
Automaticreportgeneration

SecurewebbasedGUImanagement
Multipleaccesslevelswithpasswordprotection
RealtimeGIS(geographicalinformationsystem)synchronization
ActiveGoogleEarthvisualization
5yearfullperformancewarranty

Theideaofdesigninganewsystemforthestreetlightthatdonotconsume
hugeamountofelectricityandilluminatelargeareaswiththehighestintensity
of light is concerning each engineer working in this field. Providing street
lightingisoneofthemostimportantandexpensiveresponsibilitiesofacity.
Lighting can account for 1038% of the total energy bill in typical cities
worldwide . Street lighting is a particularly critical concern for public
authorities in developing countries because of its strategic importance for
economicandsocialstability.Inefficientlightingwastessignificantfinancial
resources every year, and poor lighting creates unsafe conditions. Energy
efficient technologies and design mechanism can reduce cost of the street
lightingdrastically.Manualcontrolispronetoerrorsandleadsto
energy wastages and manually dimming during mid night is impracticable.
Also, dynamically tracking the light level is manually impracticable. The
current trend is the introduction of automation and remote management
solutions to control street lighting . There are various numbers of control
strategyandmethodsincontrollingthestreetlightsystemsuchasdesignand
implementationofCPLDbasedsolarpowersavingsystemforstreetlightsand
automatic traffic controller , design an fabrication of automatic street light
controlsystem,automaticstreetlightintensitycontrolandroadsafetymodule
usingembeddedsystem,automaticstreetlightcontrolsystem,IntelligentStreet
LightingSystemUsingGsm,energyconsumptionsavingsolutionsbasedon

intelligent street lighting control system [7] and A Novel Design of an

Automatic Lighting Control System for a Wireless Sensor Network with
IncreasedSensorLifetimeandReducedSensorNumbers.
Inthispapertwokindsofsensorswillbeusedwhicharelightsensorand
photoelectric sensor. The light sensor will detect darkness to activate the
ON/OFFswitch,sothestreetlightswillbereadytoturnonandthephotoelectric
sensor will detect movement to activate the streetlights. LDR, which varies
accordingtotheamountoflightfallingonitssurface,thisgivesaninductions
forwhetheritisadaynighttime,thephotoelectricsensorsareplacedonthe
sideoftheroad,whichcanbecontrolledbymicrocontrollerPIC16f877A.The
photoelectricwillbeactivatedonlyonthenighttime.Ifanyobjectcrossesthe
photoelectricbeam,aparticularlightwillbeautomaticallyON.Byusingthisas
abasicprinciple,theintelligentsystemcanbedesignedfortheperfectusageof
streetlightsinanyplace.
TheblockdiagramofstreetlightsystemasshowninFig.1consistsof
microcontroller, LDR, and photoelectric sensor. By using the LDR we can
operatethe lights, i.e. when the light is available then it will be in the OFF state
and when it is dark the light will be in ON state, it means LDR is inversely
proportional to light. When the light falls on the LDR it sends the commands to
the microcontroller that it should be in the OFF state then it switch OFF the
light, the photoelectric sensor will be used to turn ON or OFF the light
according to the presence or absent of the object. All these commands are sent
to the controller then according to that the device operates. We use a relay to act
as an ON/OFF switch.

2 Automatic street light system circuit design

The system basically consists of a LDR, Photoelectric sensor, Power
supply, Relays and Micro controller.
2.1 LDR
The theoretical concept of the light sensor lies behind, which is used in
this circuit as a darkness detector. The LDR is a resistor as shown in Fig. 2, and
its resistance varies according to the amount of light falling on its surface. When
the LDR detect light its resistance will get decreased, thus if it detects darkness
its resistance will increase.

2.2 Photoelectric Sensor

To detect the movement in the street, the photoelectric sensors have been
used in this paper, where emitter and receiver are in one unit as shown in Fig 3.
Light from the emitter strikes the target and the reflected light is diffused from
the surface at all angles. If the receiver receives enough reflected light the
output will switch states. When no light is reflected back to the receiver the
output returns to
its original state. In diffuse scanning the emitter is placed perpendicular to the
target. The receiver will be at some angle in order to receive some of the
scattered (diffuse) reflection. The photoelectric sensor specifications are
illustrated in Table 1.

2.3 Regulated Power Supply

Usually, we start with an unregulated power supply ranging from 9volt to
12volt DC. To make a 5volt power supply, KA8705 voltage regulator IC as
shown in Fig. 4 has been used. The KA8705 is simple to use. Simply connect
the positive lead form unregulated DC power supply (anything from 9VDC to

24VDC) to the input pin, connect the negative lead to the common pin and then
turn on the power, a 5 volt supply from the output pin will be gotten.

2.4 Relays
Relays are remote control electrical switches that are controlled by
another switch, such as a horn switch or a computer as in a power train control
module. Relays allow a small current flow circuit to control a higher current
circuit. Several designs of relays are in use today, 3-pin, 4-pin, 5-pin, and 6- pin,
single switch or dual switches. Relays which come in various sizes, ratings, and
applications, are
used as remote control switches. Fig. 5 shows different types of relays. In this
paper, the 4-pin relay will be used.

2.5 PIC16F877A Microcontroller

A microcontroller is a computer control system on a single chip. It has
many electronic circuits built into it, which can decode written instructions and
convert them to electrical signals. The microcontroller will then step through
these instructions and execute them one by one. As an example of this a
microcontroller we can use it to controller the lighting of a street by using the
exact procedures.
Microcontrollers are now changing electronic designs. Instead of hard wiring a
number of logic gates together to perform some function we now use
instructions to wire the gates electronically. The list of these instructions given
to the microcontroller is called a program. There are different types of
microcontroller, this project focus only on the PIC16F877A Microcontroller
where it's pins as shown in Fig. 6.

3 Automatic street light control

Circuit Design
The inputs in the streets lighting system are LDR and photoelectric
sensors, after dusk the light sensor will activate the system, to be ready to detect
any object by photoelectric sensors, on the road to turn ON the streetlights.
Lamps will be used as streetlights in this paper.
In this section each circuit, which has been designed will be discussed.
Firstly the LDR circuit as shown in Fig. 7, the LDR and RV1 form one arm of
the bridge, and R1-R2 form the other arm. These arms can actually be regarded
as potential dividers, with the R1-R2 arm applying a fixed half-supply voltage
to the non-inverting input of the op-amp, and with the LDR-RV1 divider

applying a lightdependent variable voltage to the inverting terminal of the opamp.

In use, RV1 is adjusted so that the LDR-RV1 voltage rises fractionally

above that of R1-R2 as the light intensity rises to the desired trigger lever, and
under this condition the op-amp output switches to negative saturation and thus
drives the relay on via Q1 and biasing resistors R3-R4 when the light intensity
falls below this level, the op-amp output switches to positive saturation. The
circuit is very sensitive, being able to detect light-level changes too small to be
seen by the human eye, the circuit can be modified to act as a precision darkactivated switch by either transposing the inverting and noninverting input
terminals of the op-amp, or by transposing RV1 and the LDR. Further, the Reset
circuit is used to put the
microcontroller into known state. Normally when a PIC microcontroller is reset,
execution starts from address 0 of the program memory. Also, the oscillator
circuit has been used to provide a microcontroller with a clock, so that the

microcontroller can execute a program. Four photoelectric sensors are used in

this paper. Their function to sense the objective that will pass through the street,
at the same time give a signal to the microcontroller to turn on the lamp. The
idea to save the energy, where the system have been designed to light ON the
lamp in the night only and only if there is any object passes through the street.
Except to that the light will be OFF. First photoelectric sensor is used to turn
ON the first lighting column via microcontroller automatically when any object
passes in front of it. Meanwhile the second photoelectric sensor will turn ON
the second lighting column and turn OFF the first one after few delay when the
object passes in front of it. The third sensor will activate the third lighting
column when the object passes in front of it, and will turn OFF the second
lighting column after few delays.

Finally the last sensor which will be used to turn OFF the third lighting
column after the object passes in front of it. Fig. 8 shows the overall system
schematic circuit that has been designed in this paper to control the street lights
using PIC microcontroller.
The details of this circuit can be summarized as follow:
1.

Pins 13 & 14 of the PIC are connected to the Oscillator circuit and
Crystal which consisting of 4 MHz crystal connected to two 33 Pf
capacitors.

2.

Pin 1 is connected to VCC +5V through 10K resistor, connected to reset

bottom for resetting the circuit.

3.

Pin 5 is connected to the LDR Circuit.

4.

Pins 16, 17, 18, and 19 connected to the photoelectric sensors through

10K
resistor.
5.

Pins 29, 30 and33 connected to the lamp1, lamp2 and lamp3, through
2.2K resistance and transistor and Relay.