Common surgical procedures:

Some of the most common surgical operations performed in the United States include the following:

Appendectomy /
An appendectomy is the surgical removal of the appendix, a small tube that branches off the large intestine, to treat acute
appendicitis. Appendicitis is the acute inflammation of this tube due to infection.
Breast biopsy X
A biopsy is a diagnostic test involving the removal of tissue or cells for examination under a microscope. This procedure is also
used to remove abnormal breast tissue. A biopsy may be performed using a hollow needle to extract tissue (needle biopsy), or a
lump may be partially or completely removed (lumpectomy) for examination and/or treatment.
Carotid endarterectomy
Carotid endarterectomy is a surgical procedure to remove blockage from carotid arteries, the arteries located in the neck that
supply blood to the brain. Left untreated, a blocked carotid artery can lead to a stroke.

What is a carotid endarterectomy (CEA)?

Carotid Endarterectomy

For some patients with carotid artery disease, the surgical removal of the plaque within the carotid artery (the artery that supplies blood to the brain) may be recommended.
This procedure is called a carotid endarterectomy. Carotid endarterectomy is the most commonly performed surgical treatment for carotid artery disease.

Why is this procedure performed? Why do I need this procedure?

Carotid endarterectomy may be recommended for patients who have had a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or a mild stroke due to significant carotid artery disease. For
these individuals, carotid endarterectomy can be highly beneficial in preventing future strokes.
CEA may also be recommended if the carotid artery has severe narrowing or blockage in the absence of the above symptoms. In this case, an individual is at risk for
embolization, where debris in the area of narrowing can break off and head upstream into a blood vessel in the brain blocking the supply of oxygen to cells in the brain. To
reduce this risk, CEA is done to open the artery and allow blood flow to the brain. In such instances, a stroke could occur if patient does not receive treatment for carotid
artery disease.
The decision to proceed with surgical therapy has to be made on an individual basis by the patient and his or her physician.
If a patient has a stroke, it is important to get to an Emergency Room to obtain prompt medical treatment within three to six hours. For more information on stroke, visit
here.

Where is the procedure performed and who performs carotid endarterectomy?

This procedure is performed in the hospital surgical suite by a vascular surgeon.

What are the risks and potential complications of the procedure?

As with any surgery, there is a risk of complications. In the hands of an experienced surgeon, there is minimal risk for bleeding, infection, blood clots, brain damage, stroke
or heart attack.
The risks of this procedure vary, depending on the severity of your carotid artery disease, location of the blockage, whether you've had a previous stroke and the presence
of other coexisting medical conditions. Special precautions are taken to decrease these risks, and there may be other possible risks. When you meet with your doctor,
please ask questions to make sure you understand the risks of the procedure and why the procedure is recommended.

Outcomes for Carotid Endarterectomy at Cleveland Clinic

Cleveland Clinic's Department of Vascular Surgery is recognized throughout the world for its success with carotid endarterectomy and its many published reports
concerning this operation. During the past 10 years, members of the department have performed CEA in 2,637 patients with an in-hospital mortality rate of only 0.5 percent
and a stroke risk of just 1.7 percent. The average length of stay in the hospital following CEA is only two days.

How do I prepare for carotid endarterectomy?

A few days before the procedure, pre-procedure tests may be performed to ensure that it is safe to perform the surgery. Your surgeon may order a cerebral angiogram to
better define your brain anatomy. A cerebral angiogram is an invasive diagnostic test that is used to produce X-ray pictures of the inside of blood vessels in the head.
You may need to discontinue certain medications before the procedure. Your health care team will provide specific instructions to help you prepare for the procedure. Nearly
all patients will remain on aspirin through the procedure. It is important to check with your physician before stopping aspirin or plavix, if you are on these medications.

What happens during the procedure?

A carotid endarterectomy is performed either under general anesthesia (the patient is asleep) or under local anesthesia with intravenous sedation.
During a carotid endarterectomy, the surgeon reduces the risk of stroke from the operation by shunting (using a plastic tube to re-route blood flow to the brain) and
monitoring the patient carefully. While the patient is under anesthesia, an incision is made in the neck, at the location of the blockage. The surgeon may insert a tube into
the artery above and below the atherosclerotic plaque in order to temporarily reroute blood flow around the blockage or narrowing and isolate the area. The surgeon then
makes a length-wise incision along the portion of the artery containing the plaque. The plaque is removed and in some cases, the diseased portions of the vessel are also
removed. When the plaque removal is complete, the surgeon stitches the vessel closed and then removes the tube. Blood flow to the brain is restored through its normal
path.

How long does the procedure last?

The carotid endarterectomy normally takes approximately 1 to 2 hours and is extremely well-tolerated by most patients.

What happens after the procedure?

Recovery from the procedure is rapid, as most patients are discharged home the day after the procedure.

Are there any side effects of a carotid endarterectomy?

While the operation can result in some postoperative neck pain, most of this can be relieved with standard, over-the-counter pain medications, such as extra strength
Tylenol.

Results of the procedure

Your doctor will discuss the results of the procedure with you. For most people, this procedure helps prevent further brain damage and reduces the risk of stroke. However,
unless patients adopt a healthier lifestyle, plaque buildup, clot formation and other problems in the carotid arteries can return.

How do I find out if I am a candidate for a carotid endarterectomy?

To find out if you are a candidate for this procedure, please call the Vascular Surgery Department at 216.444.4508 or 800.223.2273, ext. 44508.

Cataract surgery
Cataracts cloud the normally clear lens of the eyes. Cataract surgery involves the removal of the cloudy contents with ultrasound
waves. In some cases, the entire lens is removed.
Cesarean section /
Cesarean section (also called a c-section) is the surgical delivery of a baby by an incision through the mother's abdomen and
uterus. This procedure is performed when physicians determine it a safer alternative than a vaginal delivery for the mother, baby,
or both.
Cholecystectomy /
A cholecystectomy is surgery to remove the gallbladder (a pear-shaped sac near the right lobe of the liver that holds bile). A
gallbladder may need to be removed if the organ is prone to troublesome gallstones, if it is infected, or becomes cancerous.

Open cholecystectomy is a surgery in which the abdomen is opened to permit to remove the gallbladder. Surgical removal is the
most common therapy for gallbladder disorders specifically if medical or pharmacologic regimens do not treat the symptoms.
The disadvantages of this procedure are longer hospitalization and recovery period, significant postoperative pain, and a large
scar. However, the surgery is safe and carries a low risk for complications. Open cholecystectomy is used when laparoscopy is
unsuitable for the patient. This procedure usually takes about one to two hours.
This operation has been employed for over 100 years and is a safe and effective method for treating symptomatic gallstones,
ones that are causing significant symptoms. At surgery, direct visualization and palpation of the gallbladder, bile duct, cystic
duct, and blood vessels allow safe and accurate dissection and removal of the gallbladder. Intra-operative Cholangiography has
been variably used as an adjunct to this operation.
Open cholecystectomy is the standard against which other treatments must be compared and remains a safe surgical
alternative.

Indications of Open Cholecystectomy

Patients who have had extensive previous abdominal surgery

Patients with complications of acute cholecystitis

(Empyema, gangrene, perforation of the gallbladder)

Elderly patients. (those over 80 are particularly likely to have lower complication rates from open cholecystectomy
than laparoscopy)

Seriously ill patients with acute cholecystitis who do not respond to fluid aspiration (percutaneous cholecystectomy)

Patients with biliary sludge or gallstones (Cholelithiasis) pain

Patients with cholecystitis (chronic or acute inflammation of the bladder)

Patients with gall bladder cancer

Patients with biliary dyskinesia (abnormal gallbladder function)

Patients with cholangitis

Patients with choledocolithiasis

Infection

Presence of polyps or a mass in the gall bladder

Risks
Before undergoing this procedure, understanding the associated risks are essential. No procedure is completely risk-free. The
incidence of complications after cholecystectomy is relatively low.

Nursing Responsibilities & Interventions

Before the Procedure

The physician will explain the procedure to the patient and offer him/her the opportunity to ask any questions that
he/she might have about the procedure.

The patient will be asked to sign a consent form that gives him/her permission to do the test. The patient should read
the form carefully and ask questions if something is not clear.

In addition to a complete medical history, the physician may perform a physical examination to ensure that the patient
is in good health before undergoing the procedure. The patient may undergo blood or other diagnostic tests.

The patient will be asked to fast for eight hours before the procedure, generally after midnight.

The patient may be able to take his/her regular medications with a sip of water.

If the patient is pregnant or suspect that she may be pregnant, she should notify the physician.

The patient must notify the physician if he/she is sensitive to or are allergic to any medications, latex, tape, and
anesthetic agents (local and general).

The patient must notify the physician of all medications (prescribed and over-the-counter) and herbal supplements
that he/she is taking.

The patient must notify the physician if he/she has a history of bleeding disorders or if you are taking any
anticoagulant (blood-thinning) medications, aspirin, or other medications that affect blood clotting. It may be
necessary for the patient to stop these medications prior to the procedure.

If the procedure is to be done on an outpatient basis, the patient will need to have someone drive him/her home
afterwards because of the sedation given prior to and during the procedure.

The area around the surgical site may be shaved.

Based upon the patients medical condition, the physician may request other specific preparations.

Enemas may be ordered to clean out the bowel.

If nausea or vomiting is present, a suction tube to empty the stomach may be used, and a urinary drainage catheter
may also be used to decrease the risk of accidental puncture of the stomach or bladder during the operation.
Contents [show]

During the Procedure

The patient may be asked to remove any jewelry or other objects that may interfere with the procedure.

The patient may be asked to remove clothing and be given a gown to wear.

An intravenous (IV) line will be inserted to the patient

The patient will be positioned on the operating table on his/her back.

The anesthesiologist will continuously monitor patients heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, and blood oxygen level
during the surgery.

The surgery is performed under general anesthesia, which renders the patient unconscious.

After the anesthesia is administered, the abdomen is cleaned with an antiseptic solution to reduce the risk for
infection.

The surgeon makes an incision approximately 4-6 inches long in the upper right abdomen and cuts through the fats
and muscles to the gallbladder.

A drain may be inserted to prevent accumulation of fluid at the surgical site.

Cholecystectomy is done with hemostat repair of peritoneum with chromic 3-0 followed by the fascia with vicryl-0.

The skin incision(s) will be closed with stitches or surgical staples.

A sterile bandage/dressing or adhesive strips will be applied.

The amount of blood loss will be monitored.

The gallbladder may be sent to the lab for examination.

Equipment, Instruments, Supplies & Devices Required

Suction Machine

It is a portable suction apparatus used in wards and theatres for aspirating fluids and vomit from the mouth and airways, and
from operation sites by sucking the material through a catheter into a bottle. The term could also apply to devices which operate
from piped vacuum supplies or bottle gas cylinders but is more commonly used to mean electric suction units which contain a
vacuum pump, bacterial filter, vacuum gauge, trap for moisture (or any debris accidentally drawn into the mechanism), a
reservoir for the aspirated material, and a suction catheter or nozzle. They may be intended to provide high or low vacuum, and
high and low flow rates. Low vacuum is used for post-operative wound drainage.
The main reservoir is usually a glass bottle with volume marks up the side and sometimes this has a float valve so that the
vacuum is cut off before the bottle becomes full enough to allow the contents to be drawn into the pipe work of the pumping
mechanism. However, frothing of the contents can sometimes defeat the float valve mechanism.

Electrosurgical Unit
This machine has an escharotics substance, electric current, or hot iron used to destroy tissue.

Mayo table
Used to hold instruments in place.

Mobile Video Cart

The mobile video cart is equipped with locking brakes and has 4 anti-static rollers. The trolley has a drawer and three shelves,
the upper shelves have a tilt adjustment and used for supporting the video monitor unit. Included on the trolley is an electrical
supply terminal strip, mounted on the rear of the 2nd shelf (from the top).

Mosquito
used to clamp small blood vessels.

Kelly
used to clamp larger vessels and tissue

Right Angle
used to clamp hard-to-reach vessels and to place sutures behind or around a vessel. A right angle with a suture attached is
called a tie on a passer.

Richardson
used to retract deep abdominal or chest incisions.

Army Navy
used to retract shallow or superficial incisions.

Russian Forceps
used to grasp tissue.

Adson pick ups

either smooth: used to grasp delicate tissue; or with teeth: used to grasp the skin.

Thumb Forceps
used to grasp tough tissue (fascia, breast).

Tissue forcep (short and long)

used for grasping or manipulating tissues.

Mayo Hegar Needle Holder

used to hold needles when suturing.

Knife Holder
used to hold the surgical blades.

Surgical Blade
used to cut body tissue or surgical supplies.

Allis

used to grasp tissue. A Judd-Allis holds intestinal tissue; a Heavy Allis holds breast tissue.

Babcock
used to grasp delicate tissue (intestine, fallopian tube, and ovary).

Kocher
used to grasp heavy tissue. May also be use as a clamp.

Foerster Sponge Stick

used to grasp sponges.

Backhaus Towel Clips

used to hold towels and drapes in place.

Straight Mayo Scissors

used to cut suture and supplies.

Metzenbaum Scissors
used to cut delicate tissue

Senn Muller Retractor

used to retract skin

Kidney Basin
used to collect body fluids or as a container for various other liquids.

Blade handle (# 3, 4 and 7)

used to hold the blade in place.

Towel clips
used to hold towels and used in draping.

Malleable
used to retract deep wounds; may be bent to various shapes.

Deaver
used to retract deep abdominal or chest incisions.

Expected Outcomes After Open Cholecystectomy

Physiologic Outcome

If the gallbladder is removed, although bile still flows into the intestine from the liver, fat digestion may be less
efficient because the bile is not concentrated.

Potential problems associated with cholecystectomy include respiratory problems related to location of the incision,
wound infection, or abscess formation.

After the operation, the patient is expected to have urinary retention and constipation because of the absence of
peristalsis due to the side effects of anesthesia.

The patient may experience post-operative discomforts including nausea and vomiting, restlessness and pain.

Intestines recover slowly because of the effect of anesthesia, one cannot eat normally for the first few hours or days
after the operation.

As with any surgery, there are risks such as bleeding, infection, or an adverse reaction to anesthesia. Other risks
include bile duct or bowel injury.

The patient should not engage in heavy lifting or straining for six to eight weeks after open surgery.
o
Coronary artery bypass
Most commonly referred to as simply "bypass surgery," this surgery is often performed in people who have angina (chest pain) and
coronary artery disease (where plaque has built up in the arteries). During the surgery, a bypass is created by grafting a piece of a
vein above and below the blocked area of a coronary artery, enabling blood to flow around the obstruction. Veins are usually taken
from the leg, but arteries from the chest may also be used to create a bypass graft.

Click Image to Enlarge

Debridement of wound, burn, or infection

Debridement involves the surgical removal of foreign material and/or dead, damaged, or infected tissue from a wound or burn. By
removing the diseased or dead tissue, healthy tissue is exposed to allow for more effective healing.
Dilation and curettage (Also called D & C.)
A D&C is a minor operation in which the cervix is dilated (expanded) so that the cervical canal and uterine lining can be scraped
with a curette (spoon-shaped instrument).
Free skin graft
A skin graft involves detaching healthy skin from one part of the body to repair areas of lost or damaged skin in another part of the
body. Skin grafts are often performed as a result of burns, injury, or surgical removal of diseased skin. They are most often
performed when the area is too large to be repaired by stitching or natural healing.
Hemorrhoidectomy /
A hemorrhoidectomy is the surgical removal of hemorrhoids, distended veins in the lower rectum or anus.
Hysterectomy
A hysterectomy is the surgical removal of a woman's uterus. This may be performed either through an abdominal incision or
vaginally.
Hysteroscopy
Hysteroscopy is a surgical procedure used to help diagnose and treat many uterine disorders. The hysteroscope (a viewing
instrument inserted through the vagina for a visual examination of the canal of the cervix and the interior of the uterus) can
transmit an image of the uterine canal and cavity to a television screen.
Inguinal hernia repair
Inguinal hernias are protrusions of part of the intestine into the muscles of the groin. Surgical repair pulls the intestine back to its
original location.

Low back pain surgery

Low back pain can have various causes, including abnormal development of the backbone, stress on the back, injury, or a physical
disorder that affects the bones of the spine. Usually, surgery is not considered until other options have been exhausted, including
rest, medication, and mild exercise. The type of surgery performed on the back depends on the diagnosis.
Mastectomy
A mastectomy is the removal of all or part of the breast. Mastectomies are usually performed to treat breast cancer. There are
several types of mastectomies, including the following:
o
Partial (segmental) mastectomy, involves the removal of the breast cancer and a larger portion of the normal breast
tissue around the breast cancer.

Total (or simple) mastectomy, in which the surgeon removes the entire breast, including the nipple, the areola (the
colored, circular area around the nipple), and most of the overlying skin, and may also remove some of the lymph nodes under
the arm, also called the axillary lymph glands.

Modified radical mastectomy, in which the surgeon removes the entire breast (including the nipple, the areola, and
the overlying skin), some of the lymph nodes under the arm, and the lining over the chest muscles. In some cases, part of the
chest wall muscles is also removed.

Radical mastectomy, involves removal of the entire breast (including the nipple, the areola, and the overlying skin),
the lymph nodes under the arm, and the chest muscles.

Partial colectomy
A partial colectomy is the removal of part of the large intestine (colon) which may be performed to treat cancer of the colon or
long-term ulcerative colitis.
Prostatectomy
The surgical removal of all or part of the prostate gland, the sex gland in men that surrounds the neck of the bladder and urethra the tube that carries urine away from the bladder. A prostatectomy may be performed for an enlarged prostate, benign prostatic
hyperplasia (BPH), or if the prostate gland is cancerous.

Tonsillectomy
The surgical removal of one or both tonsils. Tonsils are located at the back of the mouth and help fight infections.

Common Surgical Procedures

Common Pediatric Surgical Procedures
Common outpatient procedures include:

Circumcision

Hydrocele

Inguinal Hernia Repair - Total laparoscopic needle-assisted or open technique

Umbilical Hernia repair

Epigastric Hernia Repair

Undescended Testicle - Laparoscopic or open technique

Lumps and Bumps

Hemangiomas

Lymphangiomas

Branchial Cysts/Sinuses

Lymph Node biopsy

Frenulectomy

Central Venous Line/Port Removal

Breast Mass Excision/Biopsy

Labial Adhesions

Percutaneous Liver Biopsy

Common inpatient laparoscopic and open procedures include:

Nissen Fundoplication - management of gastroesphageal reflux disease

Cholecystectomy - gallstones

Appendectomy - appendicitis

Splenectomy - splenomegaly

Pectus Excavatum Repair - pectus excavatum or caved in chest

Surgery for inflammatory bowel disease - Crohn's or Ulcerative colitis

Colostomy closure/reversal

Ovarian masses - tumors or cysts

Tumor Biopsy

Thoracotomy/Thoracoscopy - chest tumors, lung cysts

Laparoscopy/Laparotomy - abdominal

Pyloromyotomy - pyloric stenosis

Gastrostomy/PEG placement - failure to thrive or feeding intolerance

Skin Grafting - burns

Colonic Pull-through - Hirschsprung's Disease

Common neonatal surgeries include, but are not limited to:

Repair of Esophageal Atresia/Tracheoesophageal Fistula

Repair of Gastroschisis

Repair of Omphalocele

Repair of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

Abdominal Masses/Cysts

Colostomy - Imperforate Anus, bowel obstruction, etc.

List of surgical terms[edit]

Essentially all medical terms, mostly Latin and Greek, can be combined to name a surgery. Here is a list of commonly used prefixes and suffixes:

Prefixes[edit]

angio- : related to blood vessels

arthr- : related to a joint

bi- : two

colono- : related to large intestine colon

colpo- : related to the vagina

cysto- : related to the bladder

encephal- : related to the brain

gastr- : related to stomach

hepat- : related to the liver

hyster- : related to the uterus

lamino- : related to the lamina (posterior aspect of vertebra)

lapar- : related to the abdominal cavity

Etymology actually refers to soft, fleshy part of abdominal wall. The term celio- is probably more accurate and used in America.
lobo- : related to a lobe (of the brain or lungs)

mammo- and masto-: related to the breast

myo- : related to muscle tissue

nephro- : related to the kidney

oophor- : related to the ovary

orchid- : related to the testicle

rhino- : related to the nose

thoraco- : related to the chest

vas- : related to a duct, usually the vas deferens

Suffixes[edit]

-centesis : surgical puncture

-clasia : crushing or breaking up

-desis : fusion of two parts into one, stabilization

-ectomy : surgical removal (see List of -ectomies). The term 'resection' is also used, especially when referring to a tumor.

-opsy : looking at

-oscopy : viewing of, normally with a scope

-ostomy or -stomy : surgically creating a hole (a new "mouth" or "stoma")

-otomy or -tomy : surgical incision (see List of -otomies)

-pexy : to fix or secure

-plasty : to modify or reshape (sometimes entails replacement with a prosthesis)

-rrhaphy : to strengthen, usually with suture

List of surgical procedures[edit]

Cat
eg

Plasty1

Ectomy

Stomy

Otomy

Other

ory

CN
S

PN
S

Decompressive

Craniotomy Pallidotomy

craniectomy Hemispherectomy Anteri

Thalamotomy Lobotom

Neurosurgery P

y Bilateral

sychosurgery B

lobectomy Hypophysectomy Amygdal

cingulotomy Cordotomy

rain biopsy

ohippocampectomy

Rhizotomy

or temporal

Ventriculostomy

Ganglionectomy Sympathectomy/Endo
scopic thoracic
sympathectomy Neurectomy

Axotomy Vagotomy

Nerve biopsy

En

Hypophysectomy Thyroidectomy Para

do

thyroidectomy Adrenalectomy Pineale

cri

ctomy

ne

Ey
e

Ear
s

Punctoplasty Photorefractive
Trabeculoplas

keratectomy Trabeculectomy Iridecto

ty

my Vitrectomy

Otoplasty

Radial keratotomy Mini

Dacryocystorhinostomy

Keratotomy (M.A.R.K.)

Stapedectomy Mastoidectomy Auricul

transplantation

Sinusotomy Pneumotom

spir Rhinoplasty

Rhinectomy Laryngectomy Pneumone

ato

ctomy

Septoplasty

ry

Ly

Corneal

Myringotomy

ectomy

Re

CV

Asymmetric Radial

y Cricothyroidotomy Cri
Tracheostomy

cothyrotomy Bronchoto
my Thoracotomy Thyrot

Pleurodesis Lun
g transplantation

omy Tracheotomy

Angioplasty

Pericardiectomy Endarterectomy

Tonsillectomy Adenoidectomy Thyme

Cardiotomy Pericardioto

Heart

my

transplantation

Thymus

transplantation
mp

Spleen

ctomy Splenectomy Lymphadenectom

hati

transplantation

Splenopexy Ly
mph node biopsy

Gastrostomy (Percutaneous
Gingivectomy Glossectomy Esophage

endoscopic

GI/

Uvulopalatopl

ctomy Gastrectomy Appendectomy

gastrostomy) Gastroduodenosto

mo

asty Palatopl

Proctocolectomy Colectomy Hepatect

my Gastroenterostomy Ileosto

uth

asty

omy Cholecystectomy Pancreatectom

my Jejunostomy Colostomy C

y/Pancreaticoduodenectomy

holecystostomy Hepatoportoent
erostomy Sigmoidostomy

Vertical banded
Uvulotomy Myotomy (He gastroplasty Ga
ller

stropexy Colon

myotomy Pyloromyotom

resection Nissen

y) Anal

fundoplication H

sphincterotomy Lateral

ernia

internal sphincterotomy

repair Omentop
exy Liver biopsy

Nephropexy Ur
Uri
nar
y

Urethroplasty
Pyeloplasty

Nephrostomy Ureterostomy Cy
Nephrectomy Cystectomy

stostomy (Suprapubic

ethropexy Lithotr
Nephrotomy

cystostomy) Urostomy

ipsy Kidney
transplantation
Renal biopsy

Re

Phalloplasty

Vasectomy Penectomy Orchidectomy

Vasovasostomy Vasoepididymo

pro

Scrotoplasty

Prostatectomy Posthectomy Gonade

stomy

duc

Meatotomy

Circumcision Fo
reskin
restoration Orch

tive

iopexy Prostate

ctomy

biopsy

Tubal
Re

Vaginoplasty

pro

Clitoroplasty

duc Labiaplasty T
tive uboplasty Fi

mbrioplasty

Cervicectomy Clitoridectomy Oophore

Amniotomy Clitoridotom

ctomy Salpingoophorectomy Salpinge

y Hysterotomy Hymenot

ctomy Hysterectomy Vaginectomy V

ulvectomy

Salpingostomy

omy Episiotomy Symph

ysiotomy

ligation Tubal
reversal Colporr
haphy Cesarean
section Hymeno
rrhaphy Endom
etrial biopsy

Bo
ne,
car
tila
ge,
an
d jo
int

bone:Acromio

bone: Epiphysiod

plasty Khyph

bone: Ostectomy (Femoral head

oplasty Ment

ostectomy Vertebrectomy Coccygecto

oplasty Acro

my Astragalectomy) Corpectomy Fa

mioplasty

cetectomy Laminectomy(Hemilaminect

joint: Arthrotomy Lamino

omy)

tomy Foraminotomy

bone: Osteotomy

joint: Arthropl
asty Rotation

esis
joint: Arthrodesis
Arthroscopy Ul
nar collateral
ligament

joint: Synovectomy Discectomy

reconstruction

plasty

Mu

Bursectomy amputation(Hemicorporec

Myotomy Tenotomy Fas Muscle

scl

tomy, Hemipelvectomy)

ciotomy

biopsy Amputati

e/

on Tendon

soft

transfer

tiss
ue
Breast
implant Mastop
Bre
ast

Mammoplasty

exy Breast

Lumpectomy Mastectomy

reconstruction
Breast reduction
plasty

Ski

Escharotomy

Skin biopsy
Abdominal
surgery Inguinal
hernia

Oth
er/

Abdominopla

un

sty Herniopla

gro

sty Frenulopl

up

asty Z-plasty

ed

surgery Biopsy

Diverticulectomy Frenectomy Hemorr

hoidectomy Mastoidectomy Thrombec
tomy Embolectomy Ganglionectomy
Lobectomy Myomectomy Panniculect
omy

Fistulotomy Laparotomy
Ureterosigmoidostomy

Myringotomy Sphincter
otomy Commissurotomy

Brostrom
prodedure Caut
erization Graftin
g Hypnosurgery
Laparoscopy N
OTES Nuss
procedure Radio
surgery