Fig. 20-6. The costovertebral joints viewed from (A) above and (B) behind.

Fig. 31-7. The sacro-iliac and hip joints and the pubic symphysis, as seen in an
oblique section through the first sacral vertebra. (After Quain.)

Fig. 39-1. The primary (1, thoracic; 2, sacral) and secondary (3, cervical; 4,
lumbar) curvatures of the vertebral column.

Fig. 39-2. The parts of a vertebra (T.V. 6) seen from above and from the right
side. Adjacent intervertebral notches form intervertebral foramina for the
transmission of nerves.

Fig. 39-3. The atlas from above. Muscle origins and the superior vertebral artery
are shown on the right side. (After Frazer.)

Fig. 39-4. lateral and posterosuperior views of the axis.

Fig. 39-5. Various vertebrae from lateral, superior, and posterior aspects.

Fig. 39-6. The positions, lengths, and directions of (A) the spinous processes and
(B) the transverse processes. The vertebrae in black mark the levels at which a
change in direction of curvature occurs.

Fig. 39-7. Thoracic vertebrae (and C7 and L1). Note the bodies, pedicles,
transverse and spinous processes, and costrotransverse joints. (Courtesy of V.C.
Johnson, M.D., Detroit, Michigan.)

Fig. 39-8. Lumbar vertebrae and female pelvis.

Fig. 39-9. Oblique view of the lumbar vertebrae. Note the very small twelfth rib,
the joints between the articular processes of the lumbar vertebrae (the arrow
indicates the joint between L.V.1 and L.V.2), and the sacrum. In this view the
outline of a Scotch terrier is formed by the transverse process (snout, overlapping
the vertebral body), the superior articular process (ear), and the inferior articular
process (forepaw). The neck of the dog corresponds to the important pars
interarticularis, injury to which may result in spondylolisthesis.

Fig. 39-10. Female sacrum and coccyx. A, Pelvic and, B, dorsal aspects showing
muscular and ligamentous attachments. C, Right lateral aspect in the anatomical
position.

Fig. 39-11. Female and male sacra from above. The superior aspect of the lateral
part is the ala.

Fig. 39-12. Scheme of horizontal sections of vertebrae, showing what are thought
to be corresponding parts. Note that the costal element forms a part of the
transverse process of a cervical vertebra. It forms the rib in the thoracic region,
most of the transverse process in the lumbar region, and the greater portion of
the lateral part of the sacrum. In the cervical vertebra, the posterior tubercle of
the transverse process should probably also be shaded as part of the costal
element.

Fig. 39-13. Variations in vertebrae. B shows the common arrangement. In A,

"cranial shift," a cervical rib articulates with C.V.7 and rib 12 is small. L.V.S is
partially "sacralized" and S.V.5 is partially freed. In C, "caudal shift," rib 12 is
large and a small lumbar rib is present. S.V.1 is partially "lumbarized" and Co.1 is
incorporated into the sacrum. (After Schinz et al.)

Fig. 39-14. The neural arch and centrum (left half of figure), and the vertebral
arch and body (right half). The terms centrum and neural arch refer to those
parts of a vertebra ossified from primary centers. The terms vertebral arch and
body are descriptive terms generally applied to adult vertebrae. The body of a
vertebra includes the centrum and part of the neural arch. The vertebral arch,
therefore, is less extensive than the neural arch. Note that the rib articulates with
the neural arch and not with the centrum.

Fig. 39-15. Some surface landmarks of the back. (From Royce, L Surface
Anatomy, Davis, Philadelphia, 1965)

Fig. 40-1. Horizontal section through the muscles of the back, showing the
arrangement of the spinotransverse and transversospinal systems. The posterior
(P) layer of the thoracolumbar fascia encloses the latissimus dorsi. The middle
(M) and anterior (A) layers of the thoracolumbar fascia enclose the quadratus
lumborum. See also fig. 29-5. L, "lumbar intermuscular aponeurosis" (N.
Bogduk, J. Anat., 131:525-540, 1980).

Fig. 40-2. the erector spinae, splenius and transversospinalis. (after Winkler.)

Fig. 40-3. The suboccipital triangle. Most of the semispinalis capitis has been
removed. Note the greater occipital nerve emerging at the lower border of the
inferior oblique muscle. The vertebral artery and the suboccipital nerve are seen
in the triangle. The massive suboccipital venous plexus has been omitted. On the
left side, lines indicate the directions and attachments of the muscles that bound
the triangle.

Fig. 40-4. Intervertebral discs in median and horizontal section.

Fig. 40-5. Median section of the atlas and axis. (After Poirier and Charpy.)

Fig. 40-6. The ligaments of the atlas and axis, posterior view. A shows the
vertebral arteries. B shows the interior of the vertebral canal after removal of
portions of the skull and vertebrae.

Fig. 41-1. Median section of the vertebral column, showing the different levels of
the vertebral bodies, myelomeres, and spinous processes. The spinal cord ends at
the Ll/2 vertebral level and the subarachnoid space at S1/2 level. Cisternal,
lumbar, and epidural punctures are shown. As an example of a spinal nerve, the
S1 nerve can be seen arising from myelomere S1 opposite the T12 vertebra,
descending (as part of the cauda equina), and emerging from the first sacral
foramen.

Fig. 41-3. Horizontal section of the spinal cord showing the meninges. The dura is
in yellow, the arachnoid in red, and the pia in blue. The anterior and posterior
spinal arteries are shown. C.S.F., cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space.