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a
Earthquake Research Center, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
Department of Civil Engineering, Ataturk Universiy, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
Abstract
Clays are essential materials to reduce the hydraulic conductivity of natural clay liners in landfill sites. Impermeable
compacted clay liners are needed the landfill to be designed. It is known that clays with high plasticity absorb water several
times as much as their weights. The clay liners subjected to water pressure in landfills generate high permeability in time and
instability problems in their body due to their expansive capacity. Though the compacted clay liners possess many advantages
such as low permeability and large capacity of attenuation, they have high shrinkage and high expansive potential causing
instability problem. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of silica fume on permeability, swelling pressure and
compressive strength of the compacted clay liners as a hydraulic barrier. The test results showed that the compacted clay
samples with silica fume exhibit quite low permeability, swelling pressure and significantly high compressive strength as
compared to raw clay samples. Thus, silica fume appears to be promising for construction material of liners subjected to
leachate in solid waste containment systems.
D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Permeability; Compressive strength; Swelling pressure; Clay liner; Silica fume; Landfill
1. Introduction
Compacted clay liners are widely used in solid
waste landfills due to their cost effectiveness and large
capacity of attenuation. Traditionally, clay barriers for
the containment of landfill leachate are made up of
compacted clay liners. In the absence of impermeable
natural soils, compacted mixtures of bentonite and
sand have been used to form barriers to fluids (Kennay
et al., 1992; Daniel and Wu, 1993). The liner systems
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2. Materials
2.1. Clays
The natural clay materials (samples 1, 2, 3 and 4)
originated from a clay pit in Oltu deposits in northeast
of Turkey. The clay deposits were discovered during a
researcher working (Akbulut, 1999). This initial investigation was later used as the base of investigation
for the present study. The physical properties of
natural clays used in the tests such as particle size,
Atterberg limits, maximum dry unit weight and optimum water content were determined in accordance
with ASTM D 422, D 4138, D 1557 and D 2216,
respectively. The hydrometer tests were performed to
find the proportion of the clay and to plot the
granulometry curves of clays. The grain-size distribution curves and the index properties of natural clays
are given in Fig. 1 and Table 1, respectively. The
results of Atterberg tests show that clays (four differ-
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Table 3
Leachate properties used in the tests
Sample
1
Sample
2
Sample
3
Sample
4
26.0
65
42
23
20
1.15
26.6
60
38
22
21
1.04
26.3
65
35
30
24
1.25
26.8
62
35
27
22
1.22
pH
Conductivity, k (ms/cm)
COD (mg/l)
7.71
20.2
6568.9
landfill area in Erzurum city was used in the permeability and odometer tests. The leachate properties,
such as contamination and heavy metal ions, are
summarized in Table 3 and 4, respectively. The
contamination level of leachate was found high,
6568 mg/l, according to Chemical Oxygen Test
(COD). Heavy-metal ion concentrations were determined using an atomic adsorption spectrophotometer
(Schimadzu). Various metal ion concentrations such
as Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr and Fe were determined from
the leachate as can be seen in Table 4.
3. Methods
2.2. Silica fume
3.1. Clay silica fume mixture preparation
Silica fume obtained from a Ferro-Chromite Factory in Antalya was used in different proportions with
clay in the tests. The granulometry of the silica fume
is shown in Fig. 1. The density of silica fume is
c = 20 25 kN/m3, and its bulk density is cv = 3.0 5.0
kN/m3. The chemical analysis of silica fume is given
in Table 2.
2.3. Leachate
In order to determine the effect of leachate on
permeability and swelling pressure of composite samples with 25% silica fume, leachate from municipal
Table 2
Chemical compositions of the clays and silica fume used in the tests
Property
Sample
1
Sample
2
Sample
3
Sample
4
Silica
fume
Al2O3
CaO3_a
CaO3_b
CaO
Fe2O3
MgO
SiO3
SiO2
Loss on
ignition
17.82
26.09
24.95
9.55
8.03
2.38
0.15
44.27
10.10
13.63
23.18
17.81
7.98
5.79
4.34
0.54
54.67
11.00
13.94
27.50
29.79
11.02
6.21
3.48
0.12
41.59
12.45
13.24
23.09
21.26
8.26
7.56
6.15
0.44
44.69
13.19
13
0.5 1
12
0.8 1.2
85 95
Zn
Pb
Cd
Cr
Fe
0.046
mg/l
0.249
mg/l
0.077
mg/l
0.005
mg/l
1.279
mg/l
1.757
mg/l
148
aL
h1
log
At
h2
149
150
Fig. 3. The plasticity chart for clays and silica fume clay samples
used in the tests.
reduced the maximum dry density for the same compaction effort (Figs. 5 and 6). The significance of these
changes depends upon the amount of silica fume added
and the chemical composition of the clay minerals.
Silica fume, depending on its content, increased the
total particle surface of the mixture as compared with
that of raw clay sample. Therefore, the optimum water
content increased in the composite samples. Of course,
depending on an increase in optimum water content,
maximum dry unit weight decreased in the composite
samples gradually. The optimum water contents of the
composite samples ranged from 25% to 30%, and the
maximum dry densities ranged from 12.4 to 13.8 kN as
compared all the samples with each other. The low
Fig. 6. Influence of the silica fume content on the maximum dry unit
weight of clay samples.
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Fig. 12. Images of composite sample 3 with (a) 0% SF, (b) 10% SF, (c) 20% SF and (d) 30% SF.
5. Conclusions
The following conclusions are derived from this
investigation:
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Acknowledgements
This research was conducted by a project, numbered 2002/139, supported by the Research Development Center of Ataturk University. The authors also
thank Prof. Dr. Sahin Gulaboglu, from the Chemical
Engineering Department, for his valuable contributions to clarify the chemical reaction in the study.
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