APA Citation Style

APA citation style refers to the rules and conventions established by the American Psychological
Association for documenting sources used in a research paper. APA style requires both in-text
citations and a reference list. For every in-text citation there should be a full citation in the reference
list and vice versa.
The examples of APA styles and formats listed on this page include many of the most common
types of sources used in academic research. For additional examples and more detailed information
about APA citation style, refer to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
and the APA Style Guide to Electronic References.
Also, for automatic generation of citations in appropriate citation style, use a bibliographic citation
management program such as Refworks or EndNote. You can find more information on this in our
Citation Management page.

Reference Citations in Text

In APA style, in-text citations are placed within sentences and paragraphs so that it is clear what
information is being quoted or paraphrased and whose information is being cited.

Examples:
Works by a single author
The last name of the author and the year of publication are inserted in the text at the appropriate
point.
from theory on bounded rationality (Simon, 1945)
If the name of the author or the date appear as part of the narrative, cite only missing information in
parentheses.
Simon (1945) posited that

Works by multiple authors

When a work has two authors, always cite both names every time the reference occurs in the text. In
parenthetical material join the names with an ampersand (&).
as has been shown (Leiter & Maslach, 1998)
In the narrative text, join the names with the word "and."
as Leiter and Maslach (1998) demonstrated
When a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs.
Kahneman, Knetsch, and Thaler (1991) found
In all subsequent citations per paragraph, include only the surname of the first author followed by
"et al." (Latin for "and others") and the year of publication.

Kahneman et al. (1991) found

Works by associations, corporations, government agencies, etc.
The names of groups that serve as authors (corporate authors) are usually written out each time they
appear in a text reference.
(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2007)
When appropriate, the names of some corporate authors are spelled out in the first reference and
abbreviated in all subsequent citations. The general rule for abbreviating in this manner is to supply
enough information in the text citation for a reader to locate its source in the Reference List without
difficulty.
(NIMH, 2007)
Works with no author
When a work has no author, use the first two or three words of the work's title (omitting any initial
articles) as your text reference, capitalizing each word. Place the title in quotation marks if it refers
to an article, chapter of a book, or Web page. Italicize the title if it refers to a book, periodical,
brochure, or report.
on climate change ("Climate and Weather," 1997)
Guide to Agricultural Meteorological Practices (1981)
Anonymous authors should be listed as such followed by a comma and the date.
on climate change (Anonymous, 2008)
Specific parts of a source
To cite a specific part of a source (always necessary for quotations), include the page, chapter, etc.
(with appropriate abbreviations) in the in-text citation.
(Stigter & Das, 1981, p. 96)
De Waal (1996) overstated the case when he asserted that "we seem
to be reaching ... from the hands of philosophers" (p. 218).
If page numbers are not included in electronic sources (such as Web-based journals), provide the
paragraph number preceded by the abbreviation "para." or the heading and following paragraph.
(Mnnich & Spiering, 2008, para. 9)

Reference List
References cited in the text of a research paper must appear in a Reference List or bibliography.
This list provides the information necessary to identify and retrieve each source.
Order: Entries should be arranged in alphabetical order by authors' last names. Sources
without authors are arranged alphabetically by title within the same list.
Authors: Write out the last name and initials for all authors of a particular work. Use an
ampersand (&) instead of the word "and" when listing multiple authors of a single work. e.g.
Smith, J. D., & Jones, M.
Titles: Capitalize only the first word of a title or subtitle, and any proper names that are part
of a title.
Pagination: Use the abbreviation p. or pp. to designate page numbers of articles from

periodicals that do not use volume numbers, especially newspapers. These abbreviations are
also used to designate pages in encyclopedia articles and chapters from edited books.
Indentation*: The first line of the entry is flush with the left margin, and all subsequent
lines are indented (5 to 7 spaces) to form a "hanging indent".
Underlining vs. Italics*: It is appropriate to use italics instead of underlining for titles of
books and journals.
Two additional pieces of information should be included for works accessed online.
Internet Address**: A stable Internet address should be included and should direct the
reader as close as possible to the actual work. If the work has a digital object identifier
(DOI), use this. If there is no DOI or similar handle, use a stable URL. If the URL is not
stable, as is often the case with online newspapers and some subscription-based databases,
use the home page of the site you retrieved the work from.
Date: If the work is a finalized version published and dated, as in the case of a journal
article, the date within the main body of the citation is enough. However, if the work is not
dated and/or is subject to change, as in the case of an online encyclopedia article, include the
date that you retrieved the information.
* The APA has special formatting standards for the use of indentation and italics in manuscripts or
papers that will be typeset or submitted for official publication. For more detailed information on
these publication standards, refer to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association, or consult with your instructors or editors to determine their style preferences.
** See the APA Style Guide to Electronic References for information on how to format URLs that
take up more than one line.

Examples:
Articles in journals, magazines, and newspapers
References to periodical articles must include the following elements: author(s), date of publication,
article title, journal title, volume number, issue number (if applicable), and page numbers.
Journal article, one author, accessed online
Ku, G. (2008). Learning to de-escalate: The effects of regret in
escalation of commitment. Organizational Behavior and Human
Decision Processes, 105(2), 221-232.
doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2007.08.002

Journal article, two authors, accessed online

Sanchez, D., & King-Toler, E. (2007). Addressing disparities
consultation and outreach strategies for university settings.
Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 59(4), 286295. doi:10.1037/1065- 9293.59.4.286

Journal article, more than two authors, accessed online

Van Vugt, M., Hogan, R., & Kaiser, R. B. (2008). Leadership,
followership, and evolution: Some lessons from the past. American
Psychologist, 63(3), 182-196. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.63.3.182

Article from an Internet-only journal

Hirtle, P. B. (2008, July-August). Copyright renewal, copyright
restoration, and the difficulty of determining copyright status.
D-Lib Magazine, 14(7/8). doi:10.1045/july2008-hirtle

Journal article from a subscription database (no DOI)

Colvin, G. (2008, July 21). Information worth billions. Fortune,
158(2), 73-79. Retrieved from Business Source Complete, EBSCO.
Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com

Magazine article, in print

Kluger, J. (2008, January 28). Why we love. Time, 171(4), 54-60.
Newspaper article, no author, in print
As prices surge, Thailand pitches OPEC-style rice cartel. (2008,
May 5). The Wall Street Journal, p. A9.

Newspaper article, multiple authors, discontinuous pages, in print

Delaney, K. J., Karnitschnig, M., & Guth, R. A. (2008, May 5).
Microsoft ends pursuit of Yahoo, reassesses its online options.
The Wall Street Journal, pp. A1, A12.

Books
References to an entire book must include the following elements: author(s) or editor(s), date of
publication, title, place of publication, and the name of the publisher.
No Author or editor, in print
Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2003).
Springfield, MA: Merriam- Webster.
One author, in print
Kidder, T. (1981). The soul of a new machine. Boston, MA: Little,
Brown & Company.
Two authors, in print
Frank, R. H., & Bernanke, B. (2007). Principles of macro-economics
(3rd ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
Corporate author, author as publisher, accessed online
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2000). Tasmanian year book 2000
(No. 1301.6). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Author.
Retrieved from
http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/CA2568710
006989... $File/13016_2000.pdf
Edited book
Gibbs, J. T., & Huang, L. N. (Eds.). (2001). Children of color:
Psychological interventions with culturally diverse youth. San
Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Dissertations
References for dissertations should include the following elements: author, date of publication, title,
and institution (if you accessed the manuscript copy from the university collections). If there is a
UMI number or a database accession number, include it at the end of the citation.
Dissertation, accessed online
Young, R. F. (2007). Crossing boundaries in urban ecology:

Pathways to sustainable cities (Doctoral dissertation). Available

from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses database. (UMI No. 327681)

Essays or chapters in edited books

References to an essay or chapter in an edited book must include the following elements: essay or
chapter authors, date of publication, essay or chapter title, book editor(s), book title, essay or
chapter page numbers, place of publication, and the name of the publisher.
One author
Labajo, J. (2003). Body and voice: The construction of gender in
flamenco. In T. Magrini (Ed.), Music and gender: perspectives from
the Mediterranean (pp. 67-86). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago
Press.
Two editors
Hammond, K. R., & Adelman, L. (1986). Science, values, and human
judgment. In H. R. Arkes & K. R. Hammond (Eds.), Judgement and
decision making: An interdisciplinary reader (pp. 127-143).
Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Encyclopedias or dictionaries and entries in an encyclopedia

References for encyclopedias must include the following elements: author(s) or editor(s), date of
publication, title, place of publication, and the name of the publisher. For sources accessed online,
include the retrieval date as the entry may be edited over time.
Encyclopedia set or dictionary
Sadie, S., & Tyrrell, J. (Eds.). (2002). The new Grove dictionary
of music and musicians (2nd ed., Vols. 1-29). New York, NY: Grove.
Article from an online encyclopedia
Containerization. (2008). In Encyclopdia Britannica. Retrieved
May 6, 2008, from http://search.eb.com
Encyclopedia article

Kinni, T. B. (2004). Disney, Walt (1901-1966): Founder of the Walt

Disney Company. In Encyclopedia of Leadership (Vol. 1, pp. 345349). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Research reports and papers

References to a report must include the following elements: author(s), date of publication, title,
place of publication, and name of publisher. If the issuing organization assigned a number (e.g.,
report number, contract number, or monograph number) to the report, give that number in
parentheses immediately after the title. If it was accessed online, include the URL.
Government report, accessed online
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2005). Medicaid
drug price comparisons: Average manufacturer price to published
prices (OIG publication No. OEI-05-05- 00240). Washington, DC:
Author. Retrieved from http://www.oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/oei-0505-00240.pdf
Government reports, GPO publisher, accessed online
Congressional Budget Office. (2008). Effects of gasoline prices on
driving behavior and vehicle markets: A CBO study (CBO Publication
No. 2883). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Retrieved from http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/88xx/doc8893/01-14GasolinePrices.pdf
Technical and/or research reports, accessed online
Deming, D., & Dynarski, S. (2008). The lengthening of childhood
(NBER Working Paper 14124). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of
Economic Research. Retrieved July 21, 2008, from
http://www.nber.org/papers/w14124

Document available on university program or department site

Victor, N. M. (2008). Gazprom: Gas giant under strain. Retrieved

from Stanford University, Program on Energy and Sustainable
Development Web site:
http://pesd.stanford.edu/publications/gazprom_gas_giant_under_stra
in/

Audio-visual media
References to audio-visual media must include the following elements: name and function of the
primary contributors (e.g., producer, director), date, title, the medium in brackets, location or place
of production, and name of the distributor. If the medium is indicated as part of the retrieval ID,
brackets are not needed.
Videocassette/DVD
Achbar, M. (Director/Producer), Abbott, J. (Director), Bakan, J.
(Writer), & Simpson, B. (Producer) (2004). The corporation [DVD].
Canada: Big Picture Media Corporation.
Audio recording
Nhat Hanh, T. (Speaker). (1998). Mindful living: a collection of
teachings on love, mindfulness, and meditation [Cassette
Recording]. Boulder, CO: Sounds True Audio.
Motion picture
Gilbert, B. (Producer), & Higgins, C. (Screenwriter/Director).
(1980). Nine to five [Motion Picture]. United States: Twentieth
Century Fox.
Television broadcast
Anderson, R., & Morgan, C. (Producers). (2008, June 20). 60
Minutes [Television broadcast]. Washington, DC: CBS News.
Television show from a series
Whedon, J. (Director/Writer). (1999, December 14). Hush
[Television series episode]. In Whedon, J., Berman, G., Gallin,

S., Kuzui, F., & Kuzui, K. (Executive Producers), Buffy the

Vampire Slayer. Burbank, CA: Warner Bros..
Music recording
Jackson, M. (1982). Beat it. On Thriller [CD]. New York, NY: Sony
Music.

Undated Web site content, blogs, and data

For content that does not easily fit into categories such as journal papers, books, and reports, keep in
mind the goal of a citation is to give the reader a clear path to the source material. For electronic
and online materials, include stable URL or database name. Include the author, title, and date
published when available. For undated materials, include the date the resource was accessed.
Blog entry
Arrington, M. (2008, August 5). The viral video guy gets $1
million in funding. Message posted to http://www.techcrunch.com
Professional Web site
National Renewable Energy Laboratory. (2008). Biofuels. Retrieved
May 6, 2008, from http://www.nrel.gov/learning/re_biofuels.html
Data set from a database
Bloomberg L.P. (2008). Return on capital for Hewitt Packard
12/31/90 to 09/30/08. Retrieved Dec. 3, 2008, from Bloomberg
database.
Central Statistics Office of the Republic of Botswana. (2008).
Gross domestic product per capita 06/01/1994 to 06/01/2008
[statistics]. Available from CEIC Data database.
Entire Web site
When citing an entire Web site (and not a specific document on that site), no Reference List entry is
required if the address for the site is cited in the text of your paper.
Witchcraft In Europe and America is a site that presents the full
text of many essential works in the literature of witchcraft and

demonology (http://www.witchcraft.psmedia.com/).

For more detailed information on APA citation style such as information on articles in press, journal
special issues and supplements, translations, et cetera, see the Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association and the APA Style Guide to Electronic References.
Other citation guides and useful Web sites:
American Psychological Association's Web site
Purdue University Online Writing Lab's APA Formatting and Style Guide
Diana Hacker's Research and Documentation Online
Landmark's Son of Citation Machine

APA Referencing guide

Academic conventions and copyright law require that you acknowledge when you use the ideas of
others. In most cases, this means stating which book or journal article is the source of an idea or
quotation.
This guide draws from the:
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual
of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.).
Washington, DC: Author.
University policy mandates the use of the APA Style defined by this referencing guide.
On this page:
List of references
How to cite references within the text of an assignment (including citations from secondary
sources and Creative Commons)
Additional help

List of References
At the end of your essay, place a list of the references you have cited in the text. Arrange this in
alphabetical order of authors' surnames, and then chronologically (earliest publication date first) for
each author where more than one work by that author is cited. The author's surname is placed first,
followed by initials or first name, and then the year of publication is given. If the list contains more
than one item published by the same author(s) in the same year, add lower case letters immediately
after the year to distinguish them (e.g. 1983a). These are ordered alphabetically by title disregarding
any initial articles (a, an or the).
The reference list includes only the sources you have used in any submission. APA Style
requires reference lists, not bibliographies.
The reference list begins a new page with the centred heading - References
Double-space all reference entries.
Reference list entries should be indented half an inch (five to seven spaces) on the second
and subsequent lines of the reference list for every entry - a hanging indent is the preferred
style. (i.e. entries should begin flush left, and the second and subsequent lines should be

indented).
Arrange entries in alphabetical order by the surname of the first author as the letters appear
(e.g. M, Mac, MacD, Mc).
If there is no author, the title moves to the author position (filed under the first significant
word of the title). If the title in this instance begins with numerals, spell them out.
States and territories are abbreviated in the location section of the publication
information. For U.S. states, use the official two-letter postal service abbreviation (e.g. New
York, NY: McGraw-Hill). Spell out country names if outside Australia or the United States.

Reference list examples

Books (print and online)

Journal and newspaper articles
Web documents and sites
Other electronic media
Audiovisual and other media
Legislation and legal authorities
Unpublished works
Proceedings and technical reports
USQ course materials

Books (print and online)

General forms (when DOIs are assigned, use them):
Author, A. A. (year). Title of work. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Author, A. A. (year). Title of work. Location: Publisher.
Author, A. A. (year). Title of work. Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxxxxxxx
Author, A. A. (year). Title of work. Retrieved from xxxxxxxxxxxx database.
Include subtitles. All titles must be italicised.
Information about editions (if other than the first), series, volume numbers or chapter page ranges
should be included in parentheses ( ) after the title - not in italics but before the full stop.
Other descriptive information may also follow the title and any parenthetical information in
brackets [ ] also before the full stop.
Type
Online books

Examples
A Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a unique name assigned by the
International DOI Foundation that provides a persistent link to its location
on the Internet. When a DOI is available, no further retrieval information is
needed to locate the content.
Leaver, B. L., Ehrman, M., & Shekhtman, B. (2005). Achieving
success in second language acquisition. doi:10.1017/
CBO9780511610431

Schiraldi, G. R. (2000). The post-traumatic stress disorder

sourcebook: A guide to healing, recovery, and growth
[Adobe Digital Editions version]. doi:10.1036/0071393
722
When a DOI is not available, use the URL.
Burton, R. (1832). The anatomy of melancholy. Retrieved
from http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/burton/robert/
melancholy/
Database information may be given for books (monographs) of limited
circulation (e.g. from the University's database subscriptions).
Nazareth, L. (2007). The leisure economy: How changing
demographics, economics, and generational attitudes
will reshape our lives and our industries [Monograph].
Retrieved from Books24x7 database.
Use "Available from" when the URL leads to information on how to obtain
the cited material (rather than to the material itself).
Tyler, G. W. (n.d.). Evolution in the systems age. Available
from http://www.onlineoriginals.com/showitem.asp?
itemID=46&page=2
Books downloaded to mobile devices (without a DOI).
Ware, C. (2010). Cottage by the sea [Kindle version].
Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks Landmark.
Tzu, S. (2011). The art of war [Kobo version]. Berkeley,
CA: Shambhala.
Up to seven authors

List all authors names.

Calder, A. (2009). Compliance for green IT: A pocket guide.

Cambridgeshire: IT Governance.
Bernstein, D. K., & Tiegerman, E. (1989). Language and
communication disorders in children (2nd ed.).
Columbus, OH: Merill.
Curwen, B., Palmer, S., & Ruddell, P. (2000). Brief cognitive
behaviour therapy (Brief Therapies Series). London:
Sage.
More than seven
authors

List the first six and then the last.

Midgley, C., Maehr, M. L., Hruda, L., Anderman, E. M.,
Freeman, K. E., Gheen, M., ... Urdan, T. (2000).
Manual for the patterns of adaptive learning scales
(PALS). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan.
In-text: (Midgley et al., 2000).

Edited books

General form:
Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (year). Title of work. Location: Publisher.
Roy, M. J. (Ed.). (2006). Novel approaches to the diagnosis and
treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (NATO Security
Through Science Series). Amsterdam: IOS.
Grubb, M., & Neuhoff, K. (Eds.). (2006). Emissions trading &
competitiveness: Allocations, incentives and industrial
competitiveness under the EU emissions trading scheme.
London: Earthscan.

Article or chapter in
an edited book or an
encyclopedia

General form:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year). Title of chapter or entry.
In A. Editor, B. Editor, & C. Editor (Eds.), Title of book

(pp. xxx-xxx). Location: Publisher.

Treasure, D. C., Lemyre, P. N., Kuczka, K. K., &
Standage, M. (2007). Motivation in elite sport:
A self-determination perspective. In M. S. Hagger
& N. L. Chatzisarantis (Eds.), Intrinsic motivation
and self-determination in exercise and sport (pp.
153-166). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Bergmann, I. (1997). Attention deficit disorder. In
The new Encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 26, pp.
501-508). Chicago, IL: Encyclopedia Britannica.
Cormier, L. S. (1985). Action responses. In
Interview strategies for helpers (2nd ed., pp.
114-118, 121). Monterey, CA: Brooks.
Dadds, M. R., James, R. C., Barrett, P. M., & Verhulst,
F. C. (2004). Diagnostic issues. In T. H. Ollendick &
J. S. March (Eds.), Phobic and anxiety disorders in
children and adolescents: A clinician's guide to
effective psychosocial and pharmacological interventions
(Part 1, pp. 3-33). Retrieved from ebrary database.
Individual chapters may have their own DOI.
Jacobs, G. M., & Hall, S. (2002). Implementing cooperative
learning. In J. C. Richards & W. A. Renandya (Eds.),
Methodology in language teaching: An anthology of
current practice (pp. 52-58). doi:10.1017/CBO978051
1667190.009
No authors or editors If there are no authors or editors, move the title to that position.

Psychological effects of cocaine and crack addiction:

A survey of the psychological side of so-called
"designer drugs". (1999). Philadelphia, PA:
Chelsea House.
In text, use a few words of the title (in italics), or the whole title if it is short,
in place of an author name in the citation: (Psychological effects, 1999).
If a work is signed "Anonymous", begin the entry with the word
Anonymous as if it were a true name.
Author as publisher

American Psychiatric Association. (2001). Diagnostic

and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).
Washington, DC: Author.

Group authors

Full official names of group authors such as associations or government

agencies should be used. Parent bodies precede subdivisions. File by the
first significant word.
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2006). Measures of
Australia's progress (Catalogue No. 1370.0).
Canberra: Author.
Church of England. Archdeaconry of Maidstone. (1877).
The Church in its divine constitution and office, and in
its relations with the civil power: A charge delivered to
the clergy of the Archdeaconry of Maidstone at the
ordinary visitation in may 1877; with notes (Talbot
Collection of British Pamphlets). Retrieved from
http://www.archive.org/details/churchin itsdivin00chur
National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia).
Health Care Committee. Expert Panel on Mental Health.

(1991). Homelessness and severe mental disorders:

Report of the Health Care Committee Expert Panel on
Mental Health (Monograph series (National Health and
Medical Research Council (Australia). Health Care
Committee) No. 2). Canberra: Australian Government
Publishing Service.
Queensland. Department of Corrective Services. Women's
Policy Unit. (2000). Profile of female offenders under
community and custodial supervision in Queensland.
Brisbane: Author.
United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon
General. (1988). The health consequences of smoking:
Nicotine addiction; a report of the Surgeon General
(DHHS Publication No. (CDC) 88-8406). Rockville, MD:
Office of Smoking and Health.
World Bank. (2008). Textbooks and school library provision
in secondary education in Sub-Saharan Africa (World
Bank Working Paper No. 126. Africa Human Development
Series). Retrieved from EBL database.
Translators and
illustrators

Levy-Leboyer, C. (1982). Psychology and environment

(D. Cantor and I. Griffiths, Trans.). Beverley Hills, CA:
Sage. (Original work published 1979)
The Publication manual does not include examples for including illustrators
but the following format would be consistent.
Reesink, M. (1980). The princess who always ran away
(F. Tresy, Illus.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Journal and newspaper articles

General forms (when DOIs are assigned, use them):
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Article title. Journal Title,
volume number(issue number), page numbers. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Article title. Journal Title,
volume number(issue number), page numbers. Retrieved from
http://www.xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Article title. Journal Title,
volume number(issue number), page numbers.
The issue number of the journal is included if the journal is paginated by issue rather than if there is
continuous pagination throughout the entire volume.
Type
Journal articles with
a DOI (Digital
Object Identifier)

Examples
A Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a unique name assigned by the
International DOI Foundation that provides a persistent link to its location on
the Internet.
When a DOI is available, no further retrieval information is needed to locate
the content.
Make every effort to locate the DOI - it may not be immediately obvious.
Radford, M. (2001). Aesthetic and religious awareness
among pupils: Similarities and differences. British
Journal of Music Education, 18(2), 151-159.
doi:10.1017/s0265051701000249
Rindermann, H., & Ceci, S. J. (2009). Educational policy
and country outcomes in international cognitive
competence studies. Perspectives on Psychological
Science, 4(6), 551-568. doi:10.111/j.1745-6924.
2009.01165.x

Online journal
If no DOI is assigned, give the URL of the journal home page if the article is
articles without a
available there.
DOI (when a DOI is
not available)
Even if you obtain your article from an online database or another source, try
to locate the URL of the journal's home page that provides access to the
article.

Russell-Bowie, D. (2010). Cross-national comparisons of

background and confidence in visual arts and music
education of pre-service primary teachers. Australian
Journal of Teacher Education, 35(4), 65-78. Retrieved
from http://ajte.education.ecu.edu.au/
Voogt, J. (2010). A blended in-service arrangement for
supporting science teachers in technology integration.
Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 18(1),
83-109. Retrieved from http://www.editlib.org/j/JTATE
If you are unable to locate the DOI or the journal's home page and the article
was obtained from one of the University's limited circulation database
subscriptions, use the URL for the journal's entry/search page within the
database (or the database's overall search page if that is not available).
Powell, D. E. (1990). Home-based intervention of
preschoolers with emotional disturbances and
autism. Preventing School Failure, 34(4), 41-45.
Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.
usq.edu.au/ehost/detail?hid=22&sid=49a21459-73
a6-4898-a22f-571dafe2e955%40sessionmgr10&
vid=5&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%
3d#db=a9h&jid=PSF
Online newspaper articles. Give the URL of the home page.
McMahon, S. (2010, July 19). Fund new Victorian era.
Herald Sun. Retrieved from http://www.heraldsun.com.au/
Newspaper articles from a database (if the article is not available from the
newspaper's home/search page). Give the URL of the database's entry/search
page. Include page number(s) if available.
Susskind, A. (1986, September 2). Academic blast for English

class texts. Sydney Morning Herald, 1. Retrieved from

http://global.factiva.com/sb/default.aspx?|nep=hp
Newsletter articles. The exact URL of the article can be used.
Print articles without Coltheart, M., & Prior, M. (2006). Learning to read in
a DOI
Australia. Australian Journal of Learning Disabilities,
11(4), 157-164.
If a magazine or newsletter does not use volume numbers, include the month,
season or other designation with the year.
Beemster, M. (2008, December). Saving the Southern Bell
Frog. Australian Landcare, 27-29.
For daily or weekly newspapers, include the day and precede the page
numbers with p. or pp.
Parker, K. (2008, December 3). Plea for languages.
Koori Mail, pp. 19-20.
Murray, E. (2001, May 9). Refugee crisis! [Letter to the
editor]. Weekend Australian, p. A13.
New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart
failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, pp.
A12, A14, A16-A17.
For articles with no identified author, in text use a short title in double
quotation marks (or the full title if it is short) for the parenthetical citation:
("New Drug", 1993, July 15). See the citing in text section of this guide for
more detail.
Up to seven authors List all authors names.
Dyer, B., Pizzorno, C. C., Qu, K., Valach, L., Marshall,
S. K., & Young, R. A. (2010). Unconscious processes
in a career counselling case: An action-theoretical
perspective. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling,

38(3), 343-362. doi:10.1080/15388220.2010.483182

More than seven
authors

List the first six and then the last.

Vaillancourt, T., Trinh, V., McDougall, P., Duku, E.,
Cunningham, L., Cunningham, C., ... Short, K.
(2010). Optimizing population screening of bullying
in school-aged children. Journal of School Violence,
9(3), 233-250. doi:10.1080/03069885.1010.482395
In-text: (Vaillancourt et al., 2010).

No authors

If there is no author, move the article title to the author position.

In brief. (2010). Harvard Heart Letter, 20(12), 7. Retrieved
from http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.usq.edu.au/
ehost/detail?hid=22&sid=6544e16c-21a3-4092-87
ad-ac80b1cda933%40sessionmgr11&vid=1&bdata=
JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=a9h&jid=
HHR
In-text: ("In brief", 2010).
If a work is signed "Anonymous", begin the entry with the word Anonymous
as if it were a true name.

Group authors

Full official names of group authors such as associations or government

agencies should be used. Parent bodies precede subdivisions. File by the
first significant word.
Australia. Department of Family and Community
Services. (2003, Spring-Summer). The role of
families in an ageing Australia. Family Matters,
(66), 46-53. Retrieved from http://www.aifs.gov.
au/institute/pubs/fammats.html
British Medical Association. (2007). British Medical

Association expert witness guidance. Clinical Risk,

13(4), 143-146. doi:10.1258/13562620778125112
University of Queensland. Department of Social Work.
(1998). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health:
Current policy issues. Australian Journal of Indigenous
Education, 26(1), 18-24.
Reviews, peer
commentary and
abstracts

Identify the type of medium being reviewed in [ ] brackets (including author

names) as required.
If the details of the item being reviewed are clear from the title of the review,
no additional explanatory material in brackets is needed.
If the review is untitled, use the bracketed information as the title.
Boyd, W. (2010). Man as an island. [Review of the
book William Golding, by John Carey]. Retrieved
from http://www.nytimes.com/
Morris, S. (2008). Henry Giroux - urgently necessary and
necessarily urgent: An essay review [Review of the
book Against the terror of neoliberalism: Politics beyond
the age of greed]. Education Review, 11(3). Retrieved
from http://edrev.info/index.html
Handler, L. (1996). John Exner and the book that started it all:
A review of "The Rorschach systems". Journal of Personality
Assessment, 66(3), 650-658. Retrieved from http://web.
ebscohost.com.ezproxy.usq.edu.au/ehost/detail?hid=8&sid=
cb803886-39ae-441f-89fa-93befea3d30b%40sessionmgr13&
vid=1&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=
a9h&jid=4N3

Harrington, J. J. (2008). [Review of the book The blackboard

and the bottom line: Why schools can't be businesses,
by L. Cuban]. Retrieved from http://edrev.info/index.html
Barr, H. (2006). DVD review. [Review of the DVD Patient
voices, produced by Pilgrim Projects and the NHS Clinical
Governance Team, 2005]. Journal of Interprofessional Care,
20(2), 195. doi:10.1080/13561820600600782
Brooks, B. L., Sherman, M. S., & Strauss, E. (2010). Test review:
NEPSY-II: A developmental neuropsychological assessment,
second edition. [Review of the test NEPSY-II, by M. Korkman,
U. Kirk & S. Kemp]. Child Neuropsychology, 16(1), 80-101.
doi:10.1080/09297040903146966
Ackerman, J. M., & Bargh, J. A. (2010). The purpose-driven life:
Commentary on Kenrick et al. (2010). [Peer commentary on
the journal article "Rennovating the pyramid of needs:
Contemporary extensions built upon ancient foundations"].
Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5(3), 323-326.
doi:10.1177/1745691610369472
Colliver, J. A. (2002). Commentary on Cicchetti's "Reliability
of peer review". Teaching and Learning in Medicine,
14(3),142-143. Retrieved from http://www.informaworld.
com/smpp/title~content=t775648180
Abstract as an original source.
Pedder, D., & Opfer, V. D. (2010). Planning and organisation
of teachers' Continuous Professional Development in

schools in England [Abstract]. Curriculum Journal, 21(4),

433. doi:10.1080/09585176.2010.529652
Lim, J. M. (2010). Commenting on research results in applied
linguistics and education: A comparative genre-based
investigation. Journal of English for Academic Purposes,
9(4), 280. Abstract retrieved from http://www.elsevier.com/
wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/622440/description
#description

Web documents and sites

As with any published reference, the goals of a citation to online material are to credit the author
and to enable the reader to find the material.
When citing Internet sources, observe the following guidelines:
Follow previous sections for format of author, date, and title elements.
The date element should indicate the year of publication or, if the source undergoes regular
revision, the most recent update.
Direct readers as closely as possible to the information being cited; whenever possible,
reference specific documents rather than home or menu pages.
Include retrieval dates where the source material is likely to change over time.
Provide addresses that work where possible.
When citing entire websites, it is sufficient to give the address of the site in the text only (e.g.
Comprehensive information about the University can be found at http://www.usq.edu.au, or, the
University of Southern Queensland website (http://www.usq.edu.au) gives comprehensive
information). Specific information from a site, or parts of a site, need to be cited as follows:
Type
Author and date
known

Examples
General form (include a retrieval date if the source material is likely to change
over time):
Author, A. A. (year). Title of work. Retrieved month day,
year, from source.
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2011).
Australia's health 2004. Retrieved from http://www.aihw.
gov.au/publications/index.cfm/title/10014
Allen, D. (2004). Dealing with your meeting notes. Retrieved

from http://www.effectivemeetings.com/meetingbasics/
notes.asp
American Psychological Association. (2008). HIV Office on
Psychology Education (HOPE). Retrieved June 24, 2008,
from http://www.apa.org/pi/aids/hope.html
No author given

General form:
Title of work. (year). Retrieved month day, year, from source.
Psychological perspectives (n.d.). Retrieved June 2,
2001, from http://www.onl.org.jp/horo~3/htm

Other electronic media

Follow previous sections for format of author, date, and title elements.
The date element should indicate the year of publication or, if the source undergoes regular
revision, the most recent update.
After the title of the work, insert in brackets as part of the title element (i.e., before the
period) the type of medium for the material.
A retrieval or availability statement replaces the location and name of the publisher typically
provided for text references. Use "Available from" when the URL leads to information on
how to obtain the cited material (rather than to the material itself).
Include retrieval dates where the source material is likely to change over time (e.g. Wikis).
See also, the audiovisual section of this guide for some examples not included here.
Type
Theses or dissertations

Examples
Retrieved from a database.
Murray, B. P. (2008). Prior knowledge, two teaching
approaches for metacognition: Main idea and
summarization strategies in reading (Doctoral
dissertation, Fordham University, New York).
Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses.
(AAT 3302116)
Retrieved from an institutional or personal Web site.
McDonald, J. (2007). The role of online discussion forums

in supporting learning in higher education (Doctoral

dissertation, University of Southern Queensland).
Retrieved from http://eprints.usq.edu.au/3588/2/
McDonald_2007_whole.pdf
Encyclopedias and
dictionaries

Give the home or index page URL for reference works.

Claiborn, C. D. (2008). Psychotherapy. In D. Hoiberg (Ed.),
Encyclopedia Britannica online (Academic ed.).
Retrieved from http://search.eb.com
Psychotherapy. (2008). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Retrieved June 17, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Main_Page
Psychotherapy. (2008). In AskOxford.com. Retrieved
from http://www.askoxford.com/?view=uk

Annual reports

BHP Billiton. (2007). 2007 BHP Billiton annual report.

Retrieved from http://bhpbilliton.com/bbContent
Repository/20071114140799/bhbpannualreport07.pdf

Fact sheets, brochures and

press releases

Florek, S. (2003). Megafauna extinction: Patterns of

extinction [Fact sheet]. Retrieved from
http://www.austmus.gov.au/factsheets/megafauna.htm
Australian Museum. (2003). Concretions, thunder eggs and
geodes [Fact sheet]. Retrieved from http://www.austmus.
gov.au/factsheets/geodes.htm
Xerox Corporation. (2004). Looks small, acts big: The Xerox
Phaser 3150 personal laser printer for business [Brochure].
Retrieved from http://www.office.xerox.com/latest/315BR-01

.PDF
Apple Inc. (2007). iPhone delivers up to eight hours of talk
time [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.apple.
com/pr/library/2007/06/18iphone.html
Presentation slides

OWL at Purdue University. (2004). Conquering the comma

[PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from http://owl.english.
purdue.edu/workshops/pp/comma.PPT#256,1,Conquering
the Comma

Images

When referring to information gained from images:

Human skeleton [Image]. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.
teachpe.com/images/anatomy/skeleton.jpg
Saudi Arabia [Topographic map]. (2009). Retrieved from
http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/
sa.htm
Tunbridge, D. I. (2003). Volunteers of the ACT Bushfire
Service lighting a back-burn on the Mount Franklin Road,
Brindabella Ranges, on the night of 11/12 January 2003
[Digital photograph]. Retrieved from http://nla.gov.au/
nla.pic-an24954626
Try to be consistent when specifying the medium in brackets
[ ], immediately after the title.

Message posted
Moore, R. (2006, October 29). Survey of test subjects
to newsgroups, online forums,
discussion groups or
[Newsgroup message]. Retrieved from
electronic mailing lists
news://sci.psychology.consciousness
Blaire, T. (2007, January 20). Transition in leadership
[Electronic mailing list message]. Retrieved from

the Politics and Government electronic mailing list:

http://www.polgov.org/mail-archive/rp/msg7.html
For personal email, refer to personal communication in the section
on unpublished works.
Include the name of the list if the information is not part of the
URL.
Wikis

Self-study: Broadening the concepts of participation and program

support. (2007). Retrieved June 18, 2008, from the Adult
Literacy Education (ALE) Wiki:
http://wiki.literacytent.org/index.
php/Self-Study:_Broadening_the_Concepts_of_Participation_
and_Program_Support

Audio podcasts

Hutcheon, J. (2008, June 15). Jane Hutcheon reflects on life in

London [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.abc.net.
au/correspondents/content/2008/s2274772.htm
Curtis, B., & Diez, M. (2008). Intermediate Spanish podcast
42: La Mafia [Audio podcast]. Available from http://www.
notesinspanish.com/category/intermediate-spanish-podcast/

Video podcasts

Give the name and, in parentheses, the function of the originator or

primary contributors (the director or the producer, or both).
National Geographic Society. (Producer). (2008, May 19).
Chimp memory beats humans' [Video podcast]. Retrieved
from http://www.podanza.com/podcast/national-geographicvideo-shorts/42ac4d6d3d12b6ad80303e9f6556d4a0/
Early Childhood Australia. (Producer). (2010). Intentional
teaching and the Early Years Learning Framework with
Judy Radich [Video podcast]. Available from http://www.

earlychildhoodaustralia.org.au/eylfplp/play_based_
learning_and_the_eylf.php
Holland, A. (Producer), & Harris, H. (Director). (2008, June 12).
Bog man [Video podcast]. Retrieved from ABC: http://www.
abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/2272392.htm
Streaming videos

Sarra, C. (2010). Elders and community [Video].

Retrieved from http://mediasite.eq.edu.au/eq/
Viewer/?peid=bb3dbc846b2a4426ae2f1256
bca8cf7e
Cambridge Educational. (Producer). (2011). Alcohol
and the family: Breaking the chain [Video]. Retrieved
from http://digital. films.com.libdbauth.nait.ab.ca/
portal/Playlists.aspx?aid=7892&xtdi98765
William James: The psychology of possibility (Giants of
Psychology) [Video]. (2011). Available from http://ffh.
films.com/id/20410/William_James_The_Psychology_
of_Possibility.htm

Interviews

Interviews that are not retrievable should be cited in text as a

personal communication (including month, day, year) and not
included in the reference list (see section on unpublished works).
Hughes, R. (Interviewer), & Cilento, D. (Interviewee). (2000,
June 20). Diane Cilento [Interview transcript]. Retrieved
from http://www.australianbiography.gov.au/subjects/
cilento/intertext1.html

Blog posts

Bedford, T. (2008, June 12). Re: Got a problem using EndNote?

Let us know here [Web log comment]. Retrieved from

http://library.usq.edu.au/wordpress/?p=539
McGarry, A. (2008, June 13). China's pain fires Olympic dream
[Web log post]. Retrieved from http://blogs.abc.net.au/
olympics/
Video blog posts (e.g.
Youtube)

BridgeTEFL. (2007, October 5). TEFL online tutorial:

Teaching grammar in context [Video file]. Video
posted to http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
EXg3w_jbNrc
Westrom, M. (2009, June 18). Psychology - short and long
term memory [Video file]. Video posted to http://www.
youtube.com/watch?v=TausqSK9p9k

Computer programs,
software, or programming
languages

Reference list entries are not necessary for standard off-the-shelf

software and programming languages. Provide entries for
specialized software or programs with limited distribution.
In text, give the name of the software, the version number and year.
Do not italicise the names of software, programs, or languages.
If an individual has proprietary rights to the software, name him or
her as the author; otherwise, treat such references as unauthored
works.
Immediately after the title and version, identify with a source type
such as [Computer program], [Computer language], or [Computer
software].
If no version number is available, include the retrieval date.
If the program can be downloaded or ordered from the web, give
this information in the publisher position.
Schoonjans, F. (2008). MedCalc Statistical Software
(Version 9.5.2.0) [Computer software]. Retrieved from
3D2F.COM Software Directory: http://3d2f.com/programs
/13-638-medcalc-statistical-software-download.shtml

Accurate Personality Test [Computer software]. (2007).

Retrieved June 19, 2008, from http://www.
sharewareconnection.com/accurate-personalitytest.htm
Tools and applications.
CultureGPS lite (Version 1.13) [Computer software].
(2011). Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com/
app/culturegps-lite/id297051765?mt=8
Pages (Version 1.5) [Computer software]. (2011).
Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com/us/
pages/id361309726?mt=8&ls=1
Scott, C. (2011). Treasure hunt - the interactive
boardgame (Version 1.1) [Computer software].
Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/
treasure-hunt-the-interactive/id4425986640?
mt=8
Data sets

twins.dta - twins study (life characteristics in midlife)

(UCLA Statistics Data Sets) [Data file]. 2003.
Retrieved from http://www.stat.ucla.edu/data/
Government of Southern Sudan. Ministry of Education,
Science and Technology. Directorate of Planning
and Budgeting. (2010). South Sudan 2010 secondary
data (2010 Annual School Census) [Data file].
Retrieved from http://southsudan.ed-assist.net/

Audiovisual and other media

Type
Motion
pictures

Examples
General form:
Producer, A A. (Producer), & Director, B. B. (Director).
(year). Title of motion picture [Motion picture].
Country of Origin: Studio.
Grazer, B. (Producer), & Howard, R. (Director). (2001).
A beautiful mind [Motion picture]. USA: Universal
Studios.

Television
programs

Television program.
Campbell, C. (Executive producer). (2011, February 9).
The 7pm project [Television program]. Melbourne,
Vic: Network TEN.
Television series.
Gunton, M. (Executive producer). (2009). Life [Television
series]. United Kingdom: BBC Natural History Unit.
Television series edisode.
Fairfax, F. (Writer), Mulholland, T., & Rich, J. (Directors).
(2005). The curse of Tutankhamun [Television series
episode]. In P. Dolling [Executive producer], Egypt:
Rediscovering a lost world. United Kingdom: British
Broadcasting Corporation.

Videos and
DVDs

Strang, G. (1992). The teaching of calculus: Careful

changes (Selected Lectures in Mathematics)
[Videocassette]. Providence, RI: American
Mathematical Society.

The self: Testing and intelligence (Discovering Psychology)

[DVD]. (2001). Boston, MA: WGBH Educational
Foundation.
Annunziata, J. (2007). Play therapy with a 6-year-old [DVD].
Available from http://www.apa.org/pubs/videos/4310799.
aspx
Music
recordings

General form:
Writer, A. (copyright year). Title of the song or music
[Recorded by B. B. Artist if different from writer].
On Title of album [Medium of recording]. Location:
Label. (date of recording if different from copyright
date)
Badnews, U. R. (1927). We only live twice
[Recorded by P. Murray]. On Resurrection [CD].
Sandgate, Qld: Ibis Records. (1999)
Williamson, J. (2003). The last of the pioneers. On
Home among the gum trees [CD]. Pyrmont, NSW:
EMI Australia.
In text, include the side, band or track numbers.
"The Last of the Pioneers" (Williamson, 2003, track 5) ...

Audio
recordings

Bacon, T. (Writer). (1997). Amazing journeys (Literacy

Links Plus Fluent D) [Audiocassette]. Auckland, NZ:
Shortland.
Costa, P. T. (Speaker). (1998). Personality and
continuity (Audio Recording No. 207-433-88A-B)

[Audiocassette]. Washington, DC: American

Psychological Association.
Smith, D. (2001, August 16). Airline nightmare (Audio
Recording from Nightline series) [Audiocassette].
Brisbane, Qld: Australian Broadcasting Commission.
Australian poetry live: Classics from the Hazel de Berg
collection [Audiocassette]. (1996). Canberra, ACT:
National Library of Australia.
Other nonbook media

Specify the medium type or description of the form in brackets [ ], immediately after
the title. Capitalize the first letter of the notation. Be consistent when
specifying formats.
Media formats can include, but are not limited to, the following:
Motion picture, Television program, Television series, Television series episode, CD,
Record, Cassette, Audiocassette, Audiorecord, Audiotape, DVD, Videotape,
Videorecording, Videocassette, Computer software, Data file, Chart, Flashcard,
Game, Picture, Transparency, Slide, Realia, Kit, Filmstrip, Print, Work of art,
Microform, etc.
Fractions are as easy as pie: A game of common fractions
[Game]. (1985). Baltimore, MD: Media Materials.
Zupelz - orange: Stimulating logical thinking - one puzzle at a
time [Flashcard]. Narangba, Qld: Origo Education.
Shaping the future: Working with the under-threes [Kit].
(2000). Buckingham, United Kingdom: Open University
Press.
Nervous system [Picture]. (2006). Burleigh Heads: Network
Education Australia.
Measuring cylinders [Realia]. (n.d.). England: Gradplex.
Hill, M. (1985). Australia's first people (Social Studies

Wallcharts) [Chart]. Sydney, NSW: McGraw-Hill.

Leadership Research Institute. (1999). Creative
leadership [Brochure]. Toowoomba, Qld: Author.

Legislation and legal authorities

For more comprehensive information and other juridictions, see the Bluebook The bluebook: A uniform system of citation (19th ed.). (2010).
Cambridge, MA: Harvard Law Review Association.
Citations should be made to the print source unless an electronic source is designated the official
version (then for Internet and online sources use Citation, URL. or if it is from a commercial
electronic database, use Citation (Name of the Database).).
The following examples are for the Australian jurisdiction only.
Type
Examples
Legislation (includes Acts and Bills)
General form for Acts:

<Short Title of the Act in italics> <year in italics>

(Jurisdiction abbreviation) <subdivision if relevant>

(Country abbreviation).

Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) (Austl.).

Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld) s. 15 (Austl.).

General form for Bills:

<Bill Name> <year> (Jurisdiction abbreviation) (Country

abbreviation).

Interactive Gambling Bill 2001 (Cth) (Austl.).

Legal authorities (cases)
General form for cases:

<Case Name in italics> (year) <volume number>

<reporter abbreviation> <first page> (Country

abbreviation).

Carey v. Price 2005 132 ALR 255 (Austl.).

Mabo v. Queensland 1988 166 CLR 186 (Austl.).

Unpublished works
Type
Personal
communication

Examples
Personal communication may be unpublished lecture notes, letters, memos,
personal interviews, telephone conversations, email or messages from nonarchived discussion groups or bulletin boards, photographs, images, tables
or data; all these sources are usually non-recoverable from the reader's
perspective and are not to be included in the reference list, but should be
cited in text as they are referred to.
Cite personal correspondence in text only.
Give the initials as well as the surname of the communicator, and provide as
exact a date as possible:
O. Stone (personal communication, March 29, 2001)

(M. A. Toby, personal photograph, May 2, 1987)

Lecture notes are treated as personal communication if they are unpublished
(i.e. not copied and distributed in print or on the web with the instructor's
permission).
Doctoral dissertations Swinton, M. A. (1984). Family stress in phenylketonuria
and Master's theses
(unpublished)
(Unpublished master's thesis). University of Auckland,
New Zealand.
Online articles not yet In preprint archives, articles are posted online ahead of print and are not yet
formally published
indexed. Use the DOI or the exact URL.
Charles, S. J., & Hogan, N. (in press). Dynamics of wrist
rotation. Journal of Biomechanics. doi:10.1016/
j.biomech.2010.11.016
Vickers, P. (in press). Theory eliminativism as a
methodological tool. Philosophy of Science.
Retrieved from http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/8472/1/
Theory_Eliminativism.pdf
Advance online publications are generally peer reviewed but may not be
copyedited or formatted for final production. If there is no DOI assigned,
give the URL of the journal home page.
Diekelmann, S., Buchel, C., Born, J., & Rasch, B. (2011).
Labile or stable: Opposing consequences for memory when
reactivated during waking and sleep. Nature Neuroscience.
Advance online publication. doi:10.1038/nn.2744
Update your references and refer to final versions, if possible, before you
submit your work.
Manuscripts

General form.
Author, A. A. (year). Title of manuscript. Unpublished manuscript
[or "Manuscript submitted for publication", or "Manuscript in

preparation"].
Geisel, T. S. (n.d.). All sorts of sports. Unpublished manuscript.
Informally published or self-archived work.
Benchimol, G. (2007). Prospects for innovating organisations.
Retrieved from http://cogprints.org/5701/1/PROSPECTS_
FOR_INNOVATING_ORGANIZATIONS.pdf

Proceedings and technical reports

When citing from a mongraph (book), use the same format as for a book or book chapter. Regularly
published proceedings use the same format as journal or periodical articles.
Type
Published proceedings in
book form

Examples
Capitalise the names of symposia, conferences and meetings.
If there are more than two editors a comma is placed before the
ampersand.
Hughes, H. (2002). Information literacy with an
international focus. In K. Appleton, C. Macpherson,
& D. Orr (Eds.), International Lifelong Learning
Conference: Refereed papers from the 2nd
International Lifelong Learning Conference (pp.
208-213). Rockhampton: Central Queensland
University Press.
Hirata, J. (2005). How Should happiness guide policy?
Why gross national happiness is not opposed to
democracy. In Rethinking development: Local
pathways to global wellbeing; the Second
International Conference on Gross National
Happiness. Antigonish, Nova Scotia: St. Francis
Xavier University. Retrieved from http://www.

gpiatlantic.org/conference/papers/hirata.pdf
Davelaar, E. J., & Usher, M. (2004). An extended buffer
model for active maintenance and selective updating.
In Bowman, H. & Labiouse, C. (Eds.), Connectionist
models of cognition and perception II: proceedings of
the Eighth Neural Computation and Psychology
Workshop (pp. 3-14). River Edge, NJ: World Scientific.
Retrieved from ebrary database.
Blascovich, J., & McCall, C. (2010). Attitudes in virtual
reality. In J. P. Forgas, J. Cooper, & W. D. Crano (Eds.),
The psychology of attitudes and attitude change (Sydney
Symposium in Social Psychology). London: Psychology
Press.
Proceedings published
regularly

Treat regularly published proceedings as periodicals.

Kozkovski, O., & Van Strien, S. (2009). Local connectivity
and quasi-conformal rigidity of non-renormalizable
polynomials. Proceedings of the London Mathematical
Society, 99(2), 275-296. doi:10.1112/plms/pdn055

Conference papers and

symposium contributions

For symposium contributions, papers and poster presentations, give the

month with the year.
Gorman, B. (2009, March). A treatment plan: Some hopes
(pipe dreams?) and suggestions for effective statistical
education. In B. Gorman (Chair), The crisis in the
statistical education of psychologists. Symposium
conducted at the 24th annual meeting of the Society for
Industrial and Organizational Psychology, New Orleans,

LA.
Liu, C., Wu, D., Fan, J., & Nauta, M. M. (2008, November).
Does job complexity predict job strains? Paper presented
at the 8th Biannual Conference of the European Academy
of Occupational Health Psychology, Valencia, Spain.
Rosenshine, B. (1997). The case for explicit, teacher-led,
cognitive strategy instruction. Paper presented at the
Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research
Association, Chicago, IL. Retrieved from http://apaa.asu.
edu/barak/barak1.html
Abstract.
Dickens, A. (2003). Working with the community. Paper
presented at the 8th Australian Institute of Family Studies
Conference, Melbourne. Abstract retrieved from http://www.
aifs.gov.au/conferences/aifs8/dickens-ab.pdf
Technical and research
reports

General form:
Author, A. A. (year). Title of work (Report No. xxx).
Location: Publisher.
This format can be used for issue briefs, working papers and other
corporate documents. Include the appropriate document number where
available.
For online reports, identify the publisher in the retrieval statement
unless the publisher is also identified as the author.
Queensland School Curriculum Council. (2000).
Consistency of teacher judgement (Research Report).
Brisbane: Author.
Ford, M., Gurney, A., Heyhoe, E., & Gunasekera, D. (2007).

Energy security, clean technology development and

climate change: Addressing the future challenges in
APEC (ABARE Research Report 07.14). Retrieved
from Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource
Economics website: http://www.abare.gov.au/
publications_html/climate_07/apec_security.pdf
Australian Human Resources Institute. (2008). The parent
trap: The parental leave debate (Research Report).
Retrieved from http://www.ahri.com.au/MMSdocuments/
profdevelopment/research/research_papers/0809_
pulse_report_the _parent_trap.pdf
Aermark, L. (2011). Spectral and Hardy inequalities for
some sub-elliptical operators (Research Reports in
Mathematics Number 1, 2011). Retrieved from
Stockholm University, Department of Mathematics,
Research Reports in Mathematics website:
http://www2.math.su.se/reports/2011/1/2011-1.pdf
Database information may be given for monographs from the
University's limited circulation database subscriptions.
Bramley, G. (2010). Analysis of youth offending team
inspection reports (LGA Research Report). Retrieved
from ERIC database.
Australian Furniture Research and Development Institute, &
Standards Australia. (1997). Office desks (Australian/
New Zealand Standard AS/NZS 4442:1997). Retrieved
from Standards On-Line Premium database.

USQ Course materials

Type
Introductory and
study books

Examples
EDC1400 Foundations of curriculum and
pedagogy: Introductory book. (2011). Toowoomba:
University of Southern Queensland.
PSY2030 Developmental psychology: Study
book. (2011). Toowoomba: University of
Southern Queensland.

Lecture notes and

handouts

These are treated like books if they are published, but like personal
communication if they are your own notes or unpublished. Lecture notes are
considered published if they have been copied and distributed in print or on
the web with the instructor's permission.
Lewis, M. (2011). EDC1300 Perspectives in
education: Course notes. Toowoomba:
University of Southern Queensland.

Customized
publications and
selected readings
(print)

If you need to cite from a book of readings, use the date for that publication.
If page numbers are required in text, use the book of readings page numbers,
not the page numbers from the original source.
Mishkin, F. S., & Eakins, S. G. (2012). Overview of the
financial system. In D. Pensiero & G. Adkins (Comps.),
FIN8201 Finance for executives, (pp. 55-75). Sydney,
NSW: Pearson Australia. (Reprinted from Financial
markets and institutions, 7th ed., pp. 55-75, Harlow,
Essex: Pearson Education)
Thompson, W. R., & Grusec, J. (2010). Studies of early
experience. In R. Pauley (Comp.), Early experience
and cognitive development: Selected readings (2nd
ed., pp. 100-190). Toowoomba: University of Southern

Queensland. (Reprinted from Carmichaels manual

of child psychology, 3rd ed., vol. 1, pp. 565-654, by
P. H. Mussen, Ed., 1970, New York: Wiley)
Online course
materials

Direct readers as closely as possible to the information being cited; whenever

possible, reference specific documents rather than home or menu pages.
If the item has no obvious author, start with the title.
Terry, P. C. (2011). Module 5 - group and team
dynamics. Retrieved November 10, 2011, from
http://usqstudydesk.usq.edu.au/file.php/21967/
content/study-modules/m05.htm
Outline of inquiry. (2011). Retrieved November 15,
2011, from http://usqstudydesk.usq.edu.au/
course/view.php?id=21580
Hendry, L. (2011). Visual Pattern perception - shapes,
spatial frequency and Gestalt laws [PowerPoint
slides]. Retrieved from http://usqstudydesk.usq.edu.
au/mod/resource/view.php?id=457749
Audio and video (including Breeze presentations).
Petersen, S. (2011). Classroom reading pedagogy:
Reading strategies [Video podcast]. Retrieved from
http://usqstudydesk.usq.edu.au/files.php/21642/
Lecture_Reading_Strategies/index.htm
Zimbardo, P. (1989). The responsive brain (Discovering
Psychology) [Video podcast]. Retrieved from http://
usqstudydesk.usq.edu.au/resource/view.php?
inpopup+true&id=428028

BBC World Service. (2011). The family (Family, Sex &

Society) [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://bbc.
co.uk/worldservice/sci_tech/features/essentialguide/
theme_fam.shtml
Series titles included in the above two examples.
Online course
readings

For readings redirected to websites, pages or databases, follow the

instructions outlined in the books, journal articles and web documents
sections of this guide.
Otherwise, follow the following style for scanned or copied documents that
indicate "usqdirect.usq.edu.au" or "usqstudydesk.usq.edu.au" in the URL.
Journal articles.
Arnold, T. (2001). Achieving playtime positives. Journal of
Early Childhood, 5(4), 117-121. Retrieved from
https://usqdirect.usq.edu.au/usq/items/d6s66b-678mbg7f-e098-0as8807g32a8/1/arnold_2001_117.pdf
Keeling, R. (2006). The Bologna Process and the Lisbon
Agenda: The European Commission's expanding role
in higher education discourse. European Journal of
Education, 41(2), 203-223. Retrieved from
https://usqdirect.usq.edu.au/usq/items/d6s67b-678mbg7f-e098-0as8707g32a5/1/keeling_2006_203.pdf
Book chapters.
Shore, R. (1997). What have we learned. In Rethinking the brain:
New insights into early development (pp. 15-52). Retrieved
from https://usqdirect.usq.edu.au/usq/items/a2s66b-678mbg7f-e098-0as9907d58/1/shore_1997_15.pdf
Tuczay, C. (2005). Trance, prophets and diviners in the Middle

Ages. In E. Pocs (Ed.), Communicating with the spirits:

Christian demonology and popular mythology (pp. 215233). Retrieved from https://usqdirect.usq.edu.au/usq/items/
d6s66b-511m-bg7f-e098-0as5507g32a3/1/Tuczay_2005_
215.pdf
If a DOI is evident, use that in place of the retrieval statement.
Dafni, A. (2007). The supernatural characters and powers of
sacred trees in the Holy Land. Journal of Ethnobiology &
Ethnomedicine, 3, 10-16. doi:10.1186/1746-4269-3-10

How to cite references within the text of an assignment

Use the author-date method of citation for quotations (exact words of another author) and
paraphrasing (summarising the words and ideas of one or more authors).
Every line in the work should be double-spaced including the headings, footnotes, quotations,
references and figure captions. Triple- or quadruple- spacing may be applied in special
circumstances such as before and after displayed items. Single- or one-and-a-half line spacing is
never used except inside tables or figures.

Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing is when you summarise the ideas, concepts or words from the work or one or more
authors.
Please note: changing only a few words from another author does not constitute paraphrasing.
Type
Examples
If you are referring to the Brown (1991) investigated the effects of ...
general theme of a book or
article
An investigation into the effects of maternal age
(Brown, 1991) found that ...
When to include page
numbers

When paraphrasing or referring to an idea in another work, page or

paragraph numbers are not required. But it can be helpful, for example
when paraphrasing or referring to information or an idea that can be
located on a particular page, quoting or referring to images, figures or
data, or when a work is particularly long and page numbers might be
useful for the reader.
Soil layers below the well tip contribute relatively little

water (Kozeny, 1988, pp. 223-224).

Kozeny (1988, p. 223) found soil layers below the well
tip contributed little.
When the authors of a
Both the authors and years of publication appear in parentheses,
source are not part of the separated by semicolons.
formal sentence structure
Reviews of research on sport and reading have concluded
that at least some types of reading behaviours are related to
higher levels of physical health (Austin, 1990; McGovern &
Henderson, 2001; Wright & Morgan, 2001).
When the names of the
The year of publication appears in parentheses following the
authors of a source are
identification of the authors.
part of the formal sentence
structure
Wright and Mander (2002) found that although there was a
reduction in literacy, the difference was not statistically significant.
Group authors and
abbreviations

The names of groups are usually spelled out each time they appear in
text.
(University of Southern Queensland, 2009)
University of Southern Queensland (2009)
Only abbreviate if the name is long, cumbersome and the abbreviation
is familiar or easily understood.
First citation in text.
(Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees [UNHCR], 2008)
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for
Refugees (UNHCR, 2008)
Subsequent citations.
(UNHCR, 2008)
UNHCR (2008)

One or two authors

Cite the names every time the reference occurs:

Smythe and Jones (2001) found ... (first and subsequent

citations)
... as has been shown (Smythe & Jones, 2001).
More than two authors

For three, four or five authors, cite all authors in the first instance,
thereafter, only first author followed by "et al." (not underlined and with
no stop after "et") and the year of publication.
Campbell, Brady, Bradley, and Smithson (1991)
found ... (first citation)
Campbell et al. (1991) found ... (subsequent citations)
For with six or more authors, cite only the first author followed by "et
al." and the year. In the list of references give all names up to and
including six authors.

"and" or "&"?

In running text use "and" to join the names of multiple authors, but use
an ampersand (&) inside parentheses.
Jones and Brady (1991) continued to find ...
The authors found the same result in the second and
third trials (Jones & Brady, 1991).

Citing multiple works by Arrange dates in order (oldest to newest). Use suffixes after the year
the same author at the
when there are multiple publications from the same year. If the
same time
publication dates are same, the suffixes are assigned in the reference list
where these kinds of references are ordered in alphabetical order by title
(article, chapter or complete work).
Several studies (Jackson, 1999, 2001a, 2001b, 2005)
revealed a similar outcome.
Primary authors with the
same surname

Include the first author's initials in all text citations even if the year of
publication differs.
T.R. Smith (2006) and B. E. Smith (2007) found that ...
J. J. Jackson and Robertson (2000) and E. M. Jackson
and Johns (2005) reached the conclusion that ...

Secondary citations

You must acknowledge both the primary and secondary source of

information. To do this, include the primary source first and then insert
the words "as cited in" before the secondary source.
Cumming's (1980) study (as cited in Pauley, 1991) ...
This belief has been confirmed (Cumming, 1980,
as cited in Pauley, 1991) ...
You do not need to source the primary or original work cited (e.g.
Cumming, 1980) but the secondary source (e.g. Pauley, 1991) needs to
be given in your list of references.

No author

When a citing a source in text that has no identified author, use a

shortened title (or the full title if it is short) and year for the
parenthetical citation.
The in text citation for the online source "New drug appears to sharply
cut risk of death from heart failure" would be ("New Drug," 2001).
Use double quotation marks for article titles, chapter titles or web page
titles.
Italicize (without quotation marks) book titles.
(Psychological effects, 1999)
For works designated as "Anonymous", cite in text as Anonymous
followed by a comma and the date.
(Anonymous, 2007)

Legislation (includes Acts The Equal Opportunity Act 1995 (Vic) prohibits ...
and Bills)
... the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth) ...
... according to s. 15 of the Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld) ...
... Interactive Gambling Bill 2001 (Cth) ...
Legal authorities (cases)

Carey v. Price (2005)

Mabo v. Queensland (1992)

Quotes
Quotations or quotes are when you use the exact words of another author or your own previously
published work. Quotations must always be referenced with page numbers.
Quotations of less than 40 words (approximately) should form part of the text and be

designated with double quotation marks.

With quotations of 40 or more words, DO NOT use quotation marks; set the quotation in an
indented (about a half inch) free standing block of text. Use double-line-spacing to separate
the quote from the text of your work.
Type
Direct
quotation

Examples
Less than 40 words.
Always include the author, year, and page number(s) as part of the citation.
Students receiving "additional information literacy
training achieved higher grades than students who
did not attend any skills' sessions" (Capel, 2002,
p. 323).
40 or more words.
Although the groups contained different age groups, they
were not differentiated in the feasibility study:
The intensive ESL program was enthusiastically
supported by the administration and was popular
with the young learners and their parents. Although
the groups differed in age, measures of English and
French proficiency and language aptitude administered
at the outset of the experiment indicated that differences
between the fourth and fifth year classes were nonsignificant (White, Horst, & Bell, October 2007); thus in
the research reported here, we do not distinguish
between the two groups. (Horst, White, & Bell, 2010,
p. 334)
Do not omit or alter citations embedded within the quote. These embedded citations
are not included in your list of references unless used as a primary source elsewhere
in your work. In the above example, the 2010 article (where the entire quote comes
from) is included in the list of references but the 2007 work mentioned within the
quote is not, unless it is used as a source elsewhere in the work.

For additional paragraphs within the quotation, insert a double-line-spacing and

indent the first line of each an additional half inch (five to seven spaces).
Specific
parts of a
source

Always give page numbers for quotations (if available).

For sources that do not provide page numbers, use the paragraph number, if possible,
preceded by the abbreviation 'para.'
(Zelow, 2001, para. 17)
(Broome & Davies, 1999, para. 5)
(Bray, 1999, chap. 3)
(Beutler, 2000, Conclusion section, para. 1)

Images from other sources

Type
Reproducing or adapting
copyrighted photographs,
images, tables and figures.

Examples
Tables and figures (including photgraphs and other images)
should be numbered above in the order in which they are first
mentioned in text. The title follows the number:
Table 7. Confidence Intervals With Upper and Lower Limits
In the text, refer to tables and figures by their number:
As shown in Table 7, there is a larger variation than we
would expect.
For both print and electronic forms, acknowledge the author and
copyright holder in the figure caption or in a note at the bottom
of the reproduction.
Note. Reproduced from "Which methods are best
suited to the production of high-quality research in
geography education?" by G. Butt, 2010, International
Research in Geographical and Environmental
Education, 19(2), p. 105. Copyright 2009 by Perks
& Prestage.
Note. Adapted from Emissions trading &

competitiveness: Allocations, incentives and

industrial competitiveness under the EU
Emisions Trading Scheme (p. 60), by M. Grubb
and K. Neuhoff (Eds.), 2006, London: Earthscan.
Copyright 2006 by J. Sijm, K. Neufoff and Y. Chen.
If copyright permission footnotes are required, refer to the
Publication manual.
Non-copyright or personal
images or data sourced from
others

For images, tables or data used with the permission of another

party, treat as you would a personal communication. Cite in text
only and do not include in the reference list.
Give the initials as well as the surname of the communicator, and
provide as exact a date as possible:
O. Stone (personal communication, March 29, 2001)
(M. A. Toby, personal photograph, May 2, 1987)

Items with a Creative Commons Licence

For items with a Creative Commons Licence, see the USQ Creative Commons Website for more
information.
Type

Examples

Creative
Commons

Information about the Creative Commons Licence is entered directly after the item is
used, within your assignment.
... (Zawacki-Richter, Hanft & Backer, 2011, p. 2). Used under a Creative Commons
Attribution 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
There is no need to include Creative Commons licensing information in your list of
references at the end of the assignment. Reference the item as you would normally,
according to its format. Information about Creative Commons Licences is to be
included with your in-text citations only.

Publication dates
Type
Using the year

Examples
For journals, books and audiovisual media, use the year.
Within the text - (Smith, 2007) or Smith (2007)

List of References - (2007)

Including the month, season or
other designation

If a journal or newsletter does not use volume numbers, include

the month, season or other designation with the year.
Within the text - (Jones, 2007, December) or Jones (2007,
December)
List of References - (2007, December)

Including the day

For dailies and weeklies, include the day.

Within the text - (Brown, 2007, December 12) or Brown (2007,
December 12)
List of References - (2007, December 12)

Works accepted for publication

but not yet published.

Within the text - (Mills, in press) or Mills (in press)

List of References - (in press)

No date available.

Within the text - (Boon, n.d.) or Boon (n.d.)

List of References - (n.d.)

Additional Help
More information and additional guides
This guide draws from the:
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual
of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.).
Washington, DC: Author.
The aim of this guide is to provide basic referencing information. For more detailed information
about how to write, structure and publish to APA standards, refer to the Publication manual.
This guide varies from the Publication manual in the treatment of journal articles held only in the
University's database subsciptions (without DOIs), the online course readings repository and
Creative Commons items.

Some other guides to APA referencing

USQ APA toolkit

USQ APA quiz
University of Queensland APA citation guide
Curtin University APA referencing guide
Burton, L. (2010). An interactive approach to writing essays and research reports in
psychology (3rd ed.). Milton, Qld: Wiley. (Call number 808.06615 Bur)

 American Psychological Association. (2010). Mastering APA style: Student's workbook and
training guide (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. (Call number 808.06615 Mas)
Please note: Whilst these referencing guides are offered to assist you to learn how to reference,
University policy mandates the use of the APA style defined by this referencing guide. It is possible
that you may access some online products that have the functionality to render citations in various
styles. Please exercise care and ensure that your referencing complies with this USQ Library guide.

Need additional help applying this guide?

Help

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APA Reference Style Guide

Examples reflect standards published in the 6th edition (2010)
of the Publication Manual
Developed and maintained by Prof. Mike Strahan
Updated 04/14/2013

Please always refresh page (F5) to reflect changes since your last visit.
Note: Enforcement of APA style is up to course instructor or publication editor.

Jump to Online Articles Examples

Jump to Menu
Nursing examples are incorporated throughout this guide
*NEW for 2013*
Inserting illustrations into presentation slides?
Examples of how to Caption, Cite in-text, & Reference illustrations
retrieved from the web
Examples of how to caption & cite in-text
tables and figures from another source (online web page, book, etc.)

To cite works in-text (parenthetical citations), see

Social Sciences: Documenting Sources - APA in-text citations by Diana
Hacker & Barbara Fister
Flash videos explaining how to create APA reference entries
APA-developed Tutorials

Additional Resources
Annotated bibliographies: see How to Prepare an Annotated Bibliography from the Olin
& Uris Libraries of Cornell University.
Note: Print copies of the Manual are available in Olson Library, call number: BF
76.7 .P83 2010
at the following locations: Reference (library use only), Reserves (3-day checkout),
NMU Books LRC 3rd floor (5-week check-out).

Notes:
Since 2007, referencing online articles and other online materials has emphasized using
an assigned DOI (digital object identifier). The 6th edition also emphasizes providing
the DOI for print articles.
Please also see a Flash video explaining where to locate DOI & how to
create a reference entry
Date of retrieval is no longer included for material that is the "version of record" / final
version.
As of July 1, 2009, APA no longer uses database names as the source of holding online
articles.
Page numbers in bolded notes refer to the Publication Manual, 6th edition, 2010.
Spacing notes as discussed in the Manual, p. 87 & p. 180:
For references, insert only one space following all punctuation (except for
abbreviations, which do not have spaces after a period). However, when
providing DOI, do not place a space following DOI:
All references are double-spaced within and between references. Therefore,
do not add extra blank lines between entries.
Use "hanging indent" format; that is, the first line is flush along the left
margin, and subsequent lines for an entry are indented one-half inch (word
processing software default). Depending on individual web browsers, on
this guide, indents may not appear as a true one-half inch.
URLs/web addresses are not underlined (even though software will
automatically underline). However, they should remain as active links. On
this guide, active links appear in blue or purple.
To remove the underlining in word processing software, highlight the URL,
hold down the Ctrl key, then type the letter U twice.

Online Articles in
Periodicals

Other Online Print & Misc. non-online

Material
s

Article is assigned
a DOI

ERIC Document
(PDF full-text)
(including papers
presented at
conferences &
available as an
ED)

Article in Professional /Scholarly

Journal: With & without DOI
assigned

Article is not
assigned a DOI:
Provide
Journal/Magazine/
Newspaper
(periodical) home
page URL

Web Site/Page

Article in Popular
Magazine

Article is not

Illustrations

Newspaper Article

assigned a DOI, is
either published in
a discontinued
periodical or
journal web page
does not exist, and
is ONLY available
in an electronic
database:
Provide holding
database source
URL

(photographs,
drawings, etc.)
copied or adapted
from a web page

Advance Online
Publication/Prepri
nt
(not final
permanent format)
version of article

YouTube (Video
Weblog), Video
Webcast, and
Audio Podcast

ERIC Document
(including papers presented at
conferences & available as an ED)

Newsletter article

Online
Technical/Resear
ch
Report/Document
, Electronic/eBook, e-Book
Chapter

Book, Technical/Research Report,

Book Chapter, & Encyclopedia

Online
Government
Publication,
Legal Materials,
Bills (not yet
passed), & Laws

Unpublished Master's Thesis;

Doctoral Dissertation
Indexed in Dissertation Abstracts
International (published)

Online Master's
Thesis or
Dissertation

Government Publication, Legal

Materials, Bills (not yet passed), &
Laws

Online Reference
Material
(encyclopedia,
dictionary, etc.)

Proceedings of
Meetings & Symposia;
Poster
(if provided as an ERIC document,
use ERIC examples, not these)

Meetings &
Symposia
(if provided as an
ERIC document,

Film / Movie / Motion Picture [DVD]

use ERIC
examples, not
these)
Graphic
representation of
data generated
from a data set /
data bank

Personal & Other Communications

(letters, memos, etc.)

Abstract of a
Work from either
publisher site or
database
Message Posted
to Blog, or to an
Electronic
Mailing List
(Archived)
Personal & Other
Electronic
Communications
(e-mail, memos,
etc.)

Online/Electronic Articles in Periodicals (journals, magazines, newspapers,

newsletters)
Since July 2007, APA has emphasized using the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) when referencing
articles. Unlike URLs which may change over time, the DOI is unique to an individual work. Not
all publishers participate in the DOI initiative; as a result, an article may or may not have a
DOI assigned.
In the 6th edition of the Manual, APA presents a simple approach for referencing online
articles:
Article is assigned a DOI
OR
Article is not assigned a DOI
Usually only journals (primarily scholarly/research), and some online booksare assigned a DOI.
Magazines, newspapers, newsletters, and most online documents/reports do not have a DOI.
Use the following sequence to determine how to format your article reference. Tools &
examples appear below.
When an article is assigned a DOI, the APA standard is that researchers (including students)
will always locate the DOI, and use the reference format which includes the DOI.
This is not an either-or situation where the researcher may choose to ignore a DOI.
When there is no DOI assigned, provide the periodical home page web address (URL).
When an article is not assigned a DOI, is either published in a discontinued periodical or the
periodical web web page does not exist, and online content is ONLY available in an
electronic database such as CINAHL or JSTOR, provide the entry page URL of the database

which holds the article. Although this type of reference is rare for articles, it may occur
especially when the journal is discontinued.
Note: It is unacceptable to substitute an assigned DOI with the journal URL or database URL.
Article is Assigned a DOI
Finding assigned DOIs: RECOMMENDED
STEP FOR LIST OF REFERENCES

How to find the assigned DOI for one article. Do

steps in order:

After creating references list:

1. Check first page of article (usually in smaller print

near journal logo, copyright, or near author email
address).

Click here to quickly create an account (one

time)

2. If not on article, check database record/abstract

Next, click here, enter your e-mail address, then (sometimes labeled as DOI). CINAHL began adding
copy & paste entire list into Simple Text Query DOI's in 2009.
box
(takes a few minutes)
3. If DOI does not appear on either article or in
database: Click here to search Cross/Ref DOI Lookup
using article author/title
DOI may be verified/searched by entering number
in:
Cross/Ref DOI Resolver

Journal Article (continuous pagination throughout volume):

Wilens, T. E., & Biederman, J. (2006). Alcohol, drugs, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder:
A model for the study of addictions in youth. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 20,
580-588. doi:10.1177/0269881105058776
Journal Article (continuous pagination throughout volume), more than seven authors:
Caselli, D., Carraro, F., Castagnola, E., Ziino, O., Frenos, S., Milano, G. M., . . . Aric, M. (2010).
Morbidity of pandemic H1N1 influenza in children with cancer. Pediatric Blood &
Cancer, 55, 226-228. doi:10.1002/pbc.22619
Journal Article (paginated by issue):
Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations. Consulting

Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 10-36.

doi:10.1037/1061-4087.45.2.10

Cochrane Database Report retrieved from Cochrane Library, using DOI

Shaw, K., O'Rourke, P., Del Mar, C., & Kenardy, J. (2005). Psychological interventions for
overweight or obesity. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (2).
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003818.pub2

Please also see a Flash video explaining where to locate DOI & how to create a reference entry

No DOI assigned and Retrieved online?

Must provide journal home page web address (URL)
Note: Do not provide the complete/exact URL for the article. This is to avoid nonworking
URLs. (see APA Manual, pp. 198 & 201)
Do steps in order:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Look for web address on the article.

Type complete journal title in web browser address bar.
Check database record.
Click here to learn about other tools to locate journal home page web address

Journal Article (continuous pagination throughout volume):

Arakji, R. Y., & Lang, K. R. (2008). Avatar business value analysis: A method for the evaluation
of business value creation in virtual commerce. Journal of Electronic Commerce
Research, 9, 207-218. Retrieved from http://www.csulb.edu/journals/jecr/
Journal Article (paginated by issue):
Williams, J. (2008). The victims of crime. Sociology Review, 17(4), 30-32. Retrieved from
http://www.philipallan.co.uk/sociologyreview/index.htm
Journal Article (paginated by issue), more than seven authors:

Fuchs, D., Fuchs, L. S., Al Otaiba, S., Thompson, A., Yen, L., McMaster, K. N., . . . Yang, N. J.
(2001). K-PALS: Helping kindergartners with reading readiness: Teachers and
researchers in partnerships. Teaching Exceptional Children, 33(4), 76-80. Retrieved
from http://www.cec.sped.org/content/navigationmenu/publications2
/teachingexceptionalchildren/
Magazine Article:
Bower, B. (2008, Feb. 9). Dawn of the city: Excavations prompt a revolution in thinking about
the earliest cities. Science News, 173(6), 90-92. Retrieved from
http://www.sciencenewsmagazine.org/
Newspaper Article:
Heinlein, G. (2007, July 24). Michigan smoking ban takes big step. Detroit News. Retrieved from
http://www.detnews.com
Notes:
1. Avoid providing URLs of sites such as Questia, FindArticles, Ingentaconnect, InfoQuest, Infotrieve,
HighBeam, etc. They are vendors who index and sell articlesthey are not journal publishers.
2. Use caution when locating articles that appear on personal web pageseven on the authors web site
because the article you see may not be the final published version.
3. Do not provide an entire URL that leads directly to article, but rather just the journal web page
address.
4. URLs are not underlined (to remove, highlight URL then do Ctrl-U twice).

Article is not assigned a DOI,

is published in a discontinued periodical and/or periodical web page does not exist,
and online content is ONLY available in an electronic database
Provide holding database home or entry page URL

Database Name
ABI/INFORM Global
Access World News

Database Home Page URL

(copy & paste into reference)
http://proquest.umi.com
http://infoweb.newsbank.com

CINAHL Plus with Full Text

ERIC
GALE/CENGAGE databases
JSTOR
WilsonWeb

http://search.ebscohost.com
http://www.eric.ed.gov/
http://find.galegroup.com
http://www.jstor.org
http://www.hwwilson.com/

Journal Article (continuous pagination throughout volume):

Billson, C. J. (1892). The Easter hare. Folklore, 3, 441-466. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org
Langdon, S. W., & Preble, W. (2008). The relationship between levels of perceived respect
and bullying in 5th through 12th graders. Adolescence, 43, 485-503. Retrieved from
http://find.galegroup.com

Back to Menu
Advance online article (published online before print; may or may not include pagination;
indicate initial page number or range if available).
Jung, T. I., Hoffmann, F., Glaeske, G., & Felsenberg, D. (2009). Disease-specific risk for an
osteonecrosis
of the jaw under bisphosphonate therapy. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical
Oncology.
Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/s00432-009-0662-9
Newsletter article, no DOI assigned, retrieved from publisher web site
Unless newsletter article is paginated, exclude pages numbers.
Dowd, N., O'Donnell, P., & Snoek-Brown, J. (2007, Winter). WeLead and academic libraries: A
bright future. Wisconsin Association of Academic Librarians WAAL Newsletter, 24(1).
Retrieved from http://www.wla.lib.wi.us/waal/newsletter/241.html#welead
Back to Menu

Other Online Materials

Online ERIC Documents
(Note that examples are categorized by formally or informally published works, then sub-arranged
by ERIC Publication Type field.)
---------------------------------------Formally Published Works
(Book or monograph [limited circulation], Dissertation, Speech/Meeting paper published in
conference
proceedings [book, not journal])
---------------------------------------Publication Type: Book - Limited-circulation book or monograph, from electronic database
[ERIC]
(Manual, p. 204) [Note: ISBN usually provided]
Hipp, E. (2000). Understanding the human volcano: What teens can do about violence
[Monograph].
Retrieved from http://www.eric.ed.gov/

Publication Type: Dissertations/Theses: Doctoral Dissertations, from an electronic database

[ERIC]
(Manual, pp. 207-208)
Simon, C. E. (1995). Information retrieval techniques: The differences in cognitive strategies and
search
behaviors among graduate students in an academic library (Doctoral dissertation,
Wayne State
University). Retrieved from http://www.eric.ed.gov/
Publication Type: Speeches/Meeting Papers - Published in proceedings, limited circulation,
retrieved
from ERIC database (Manual, p. 192 & p. 207)
Lucas, L. A. (1998). Issues in the creation and coordination of an academic computing help desk.
Association of Small Computer Users in Education: Proceedings of the ASCUE
Summer
Conference, North Myrtle Beach, SC (pp. 87-92). Retrieved from
http://www.eric.ed.gov/
-------------------------------------------------------------Informally Published or Self-Archived Works
(ERIC Digest, Master's thesis, Report, Unpublished conference presentation)
------------------------------------------------------------Publication Type: ERIC Digest - Informally published or self-archived work, from ERIC
(Manual, p. 212)
Schuetz, P. (2000). Successful collaborations between high schools and community colleges. ERIC
Digest.
Retrieved from ERIC database. (ED451856)
Publication Type: Dissertations/Theses: Master's Theses - Unpublished, from an electronic
database [ERIC]
(Manual, pp. 207-208)
Lopez, J. (2005). Characteristics of selected multilingual education programs from around the
world: A review of the literature (Unpublished master's thesis). Dominican University of
California,
Retrieved from ERIC database. (ED491402)
Publication Type: Report - from ERIC (Manual, p. 212)
Brewster, C., & Railsback, J. (2002). Full-day kindergarten: Exploring an option for extended
learning.
Retrieved from ERIC database. (ED472733)
Publication Type: Speeches/Meeting Papers - Unpublished presentation retrieved from ERIC
(Manual, p. 206)
Shaw, C. L. M. (1997, November). Customer satisfaction: Communication training and the helpdesk
hot-line. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Communication
Association,
Chicago, IL. Retrieved from ERIC database. (ED416553)

Web Site/Page - Informally Published or Self-archived Work (Manual, p. 212)

When discussing an entire web site (as opposed to a specific page on the web site), an entry does

not appear in the reference list, but is cited within text as shown in the following sample sentence:
The International Council of Museums web site provides many links to museums, codes
of ethics,
and the museum profession (http://www.icom.org/).
Individual web page
Since web pages and documents are similar to print, references to them include the same elements
such as author, date, title, etc. Note that proper names and acronyms are capitalized. Date of
retrieval is included because "the source material may change over time" (Manual, p. 192,
and apastyle.org).
IMPORTANT NOTE: the web page title is not italicized because APA considers web pages
informal publications. If the web page is also available as an online document/report (for
example in PDF), please download that report, cite in-text appropriately, and use the online
report format instead (click here to jump to those examples).
Persons as authors
Lewis, O., & Redish, L. (2011). Native American tribes of Wisconsin. Retrieved April 19, 2012,
from the
Native Languages of the Americas website: http://www.nativelanguages.org/wisconsin.htm
Organization as author
Milwaukee Public Museum. (n.d.). Stockbridge-Munsee history. Retrieved April 16, 2012, from
http://www.mpm.edu/wirp/ICW-158.html

Illustrations (photographs, drawings, etc.) Copied or Adapted from a Web Page

Notes: APA Manual (p. 192) states: "Do not include retrieval dates unless the source material
may change
over time." Since web page content often changes, provide the date of retrieval. Also, if you
must split the URL between two lines, do so before a slash.
Following illustration title, insert type of medium in square brackets. Illustration types
include diagram, photograph, painting, drawing, bronze sculpture, etc.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. (2012). Dermal absorption [Diagram].
Retrieved March 11,
2013, from http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/skin/
If illustration does not have a name/title, insert description including type of medium in
square brackets following year.
Florida Hospital. (n.d.). [Untitled photograph of a woman.] Retrieved March 11, 2013, from
http://www.changeyourlifechallenge.org/news
/hospital-enhances-rehab-program-with-new-experia-equipment-for-vitalstim-therapy/
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Online Video & Audio

YouTube-type Video Blog Post
(Note that titles are not italicized)
Goyen, A. (2007, February 22). Downtown Marquette dog sled races [Video file]. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gW3CNCGGgTY
University of Chicago. (2007, December 12). European cartographers and the Ottoman world,
1500--1750 [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Xax5d4IKqrQ
Video Webcast from Television Series Single Episode
ABC News (Producer). (2007, September 21). Dying professor's lecture of a lifetime [Video
webcast]
[Television series episode]. In Good Morning America. Person of the Week. Retrieved
from
http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/PersonOfWeek/Story?id=3633945&page=1
Audio Podcast
Charney, T. (Producer). (2007). Ashes to hope: Overcoming the Detroit riots. U.P. Family Still
Struggles to
Deal With Pressure of '67 Riot [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from
http://www.michiganradio.org/
Back to Menu

Online Technical/Research Report, Electronic/e-book, e-book Chapter

If you need to continue a web address/URL onto another line, make sure to turn off automatic
hyphenation in word processing software, and break before most punctuation, (e.g., a forward slash
/ ) not after (see example below) [Manual, p. 192].
Report/Document available on the web, authored by individual(s)--not agency, has publication
date & report number
Russo, C. A., & Jiang, H. J. (2006). Hospital stays among patients with diabetes, 2004
(Statistical Brief No. 17). Retrieved from Agency for Healthcare Research & Quality
website:
http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb17.jsp
Report/Document available on the web, no author identified, no publication date (provide title
first)
Elementary school math instruction questionnaire results. Most significantly improved schools.
(n.d.).
Retrieved from http://www.sharingsuccess.org/code/highperf/200203/es_math/msi/index.htm
Report/Document available on the web, authored by a nongovernmental organization, no
publication date
Accreditation Commission for Programs in Hospitality Administration. (n.d.). Handbook of
accreditation. Retrieved from http://www.acphacahm.org/forms/acpha/acphahandbook04.pdf
Report/Document from institutional archive or university department web site

Trapp, Y. U. (2005). Multiple intelligences: The learning process in our students. Retrieved from
Yale
University, Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute website:
http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum
/units/2001/6/01.06.10.x.html
Electronic version of print book, retrieved from STAT!Ref
Nieswiadomy, R. M. (2008). Foundations of nursing research (5th ed.) [STAT!Ref version].
Retrieved from
http://online.statref.com
Electronic version of print book, retrieved from EBSCO eBook Collection
Vogel, C. G. (1999). Legends of landforms: Native American lore and the geology of the land
[EBSCO Reader
version]. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com
Electronic book - direct link unavailable or URL leads to information on how to obtain the
item. Note use of "Available from" instead of "Retrieved from"
Gonzalez-Mena, J. (2007). Diversity in early care and education: Honoring differences. Available
from http://mhprofessional.com/product.php?isbn=007722289X
Electronic version of book chapter from an edited book
Symonds, P. M. (1958). Human drives. In C. L. Stacey & M. DeMartino (Eds.), Understanding
human
motivation (pp. 11-22). doi:10.1037/11305-002
Back to Menu

Online Government Documents & Legal Sources

U.S. Government executive document, authored by agency, with report number.
Note that the agency publication number may appear on the web document or in the library
catalog.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (1999). Smog-Who does it hurt? What you need to know
about ozone and your health (EPA Publication No. EPA-452/K-99-001). Retrieved from
http://www.epa.gov/airnow/health/smog.pdf
Government Report/Document available on the web, authored by individual(s)--not agency,
has publication date & report number.
Werner, C. A. (2011). The older population: 2010 (2010 Census Briefs, No. C2010BR-09).
Retrieved from
U.S. Census Bureau website: http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br09.pdf
Russo, C. A., & Jiang, H. J. (2006). Hospital stays among patients with diabetes, 2004
(Statistical Brief No. 17). Retrieved from Agency for Healthcare Research & Quality
website:
http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb17.jsp
Note on legal materials: APA uses The bluebook: A uniform system of citation formats for both
referencing & in-text citing.

Unenacted bills - Federal - retrieved through Thomas.gov

Unless you wish to provide parallel traditional and Internet references, it is not necessary to indicate
where you retrieved bill text.
For legislative materials such as hearings, reports, bills, etc., provide title, Congress, session, and
date.
Josh Miller HEARTS Act, S. 1197, 111th Cong. (2009).
Unenacted bills - State - retrieved through mi.gov
H.B. 4379, 95th Leg,, Reg. Sess. (Mi. 2010).
Court Decision with record number identifier (Note source abbreviations - WestLaw: WL &
Lexis-Nexis: LEXIS)
Note: If screen numbers are assigned, precede with an asterisk.
Hornback v. U.S., No. 03-5099, 2004 WL 68510, at *1 (C. A. Fed. Jan. 13, 2004).

Theses & Dissertations (Manual, pp. 207-208)

Master's thesis from a commercial database
Saarivirta-Kolpack, M. (2006). A history of early teacher training practices at
Northern (Michigan University), 1899-1953 (Master's thesis). Retrieved from
ProQuest Dissertations & Theses database. (UMI No. 1439820)
Doctoral Dissertation from a commercial database
Jackson, S. L. (2007). Program effectiveness of job readiness training: An analysis
and evaluation of selected programs in St. Louis, Missouri (Doctoral dissertation).
Retrieved from ABI/INFORM database. (UMI No. 3241781)
Doctoral Dissertation from an institutional database (sometimes referred to as a Commons)
Harper, E. B. (2007). The role of terrestrial habitat in the population dynamics and conservation of
pond-breeding amphibians (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from
http://edt.missouri.edu/
Doctoral Dissertation from the web
Bartel, T. M. C. (2005). Factors associated with attachment in international adoption (Doctoral
dissertation, Kansas State University). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2097/131
Back to Menu

Online Reference Materials

Online Encyclopedia, no entry author
Boss brass. (2009). In H. Kallmann & G. Potvin (Eds.), Encyclopedia of music in Canada.
Retrieved from
http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?
PgNm=TCE&Params=U1ARTU0000367
Online Encyclopedia, no entry author, retrieved from STAT!Ref
Vernix caseosa. (2009). In D. Venes (Ed.), Tabers cyclopedic medical dictionary
(21st ed.) [STAT!Ref version]. Retrieved from http://online.statref.com
Online Encyclopedia, entry author, multi-volume, electronic version of print book,
direct link unavailable, retrieved from Gale Virtual Reference Library

Hanegraaff, W. (2005). New Age movement. In L. Jones (Ed.), Encyclopedia of religion

(2nd ed., Vol. 10, pp. 6495-6500). Retrieved from http://find.galegroup.com/gvrl/
Online Dictionary
Terrorism. (2009). In DOD dictionary of military and associated terms. Retrieved from
http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/dod_dictionary/data/t/7591.html

Meetings and Symposia

Paper in proceedings published regularly online
Rissman, J., Greely, H. T., & Wagner, A. D. (2010). Detecting individual memories through
the neural decoding of memory states and past experience. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences, USA, 107, 9849-9854. doi:10.1073/pnas.1001028107
Paper in proceedings published regularly online; more than seven authors
Brem, S., Bach, S., Kucian, K., Guttorm, T. K., Martin, E., Lyytinen, H., ...Richardson, U. (2010).
Brain sensitivity to print emerges when children learn letterspeech sound
correspondences.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 107, 7939-7944. doi:10.1073
/pnas.0904402107
Conference presentation slides
Clumpner, K. E. (2007, April). Interdisciplinary blog for liaisons [PowerPoint slides]. Paper
presented at
the annual conference of the Wisconsin Association of Academic Librarians, Wisconsin
Dells, WI.
Retrieved from
http://www.wla.lib.wi.us/waal/conferences/2007/postconference/clumpner.pdf
Conference panel abstract retrieved online
Freier, M., Bennett, T., & Riley, A. C. (2009, March). Gender, generation, and toxicity: The
implications for
academic libraries of gender and generational attitudes toward competition and
workplace
behavior. Panel presented at the ACRL 14th National Conference, Seattle, WA. Abstract
retrieved
from http://www.eshow2000.com/acrl/2009
/e_pop_profiles.cfm?session=1&session_id=112539&class_id=113811
Graphic representation of data derived from a data set / data bank
When a figure (graph, map, chart, etc.) or table is generated/created from a data set/data bank
available online, use the following to reference the data set. Since data sets/banks are frequently
updated, provide the URL of the initial web page used to generate the
graphic. Note to also properly caption & cite the resulting graphic or table. See examples of how to
caption & cite tables & figures from another source.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control.
(2007).
Behavioral Risk Facto Surveillance System. Trends Data [Data file]. Retrieved from
http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/brfss/
Abstract of a work
Although referencing the full-text of an article is preferred, abstracts may be used as sources

(Manual, p. 202).
Abstract found in database - Abstract as secondary source:
Johnson, P.D. (1998). Rural stroke caregivers: A qualitative study of the positive and negative
response to the caregiver role. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 5(3), 51-68. Abstract
retrieved from CINAHL database. (Accession No. 1999045958)
Abstract found on publisher web site - Abstract as original source:
Wang, J. L., Lesage, A., Schmitz, N., & Drapeau, A. (2008). The relationship between work
stress and mental disorders in men and women: Findings from a population-based study.
Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 62, 42-47. Abstract retrieved from
http://jech.bmj.com/
Message posted to a Blog
Jacobson, J. (2009, November 8). Historic health reform bill passes but at a price: Women's groups
have
mixed reaction [Web log post]. Retrieved from
http://www.rhrealitycheck.org/blog/2009/11/08
/historic-health-reform-bill-passes-but-at-a-price-womens-groups-have-mixed-reaction
Message posted to an electronic mailing list (archived)
SaFeddern, T. (2004, May 10). Summary: EBN (nursing) resources [Electronic mailing list
message].
Retrieved from Nursing & Allied Health Resources Section of the Medical Library
Association
(NAHRS), http://listserv.kent.edu/cgi-bin/wa.exe?LIST=NAHRS
Personal & Other Communications
The APA Publication Manual (6th ed., p. 179) indicates that personal communications
include letters, memos, telephone conversations, some electronic communications (e.g., e-mail or
messages from nonarchived discussion groups or electronic bulletin boards), etc. Personal
communications are not cited in the reference list, but are cited within text as follows:
D. Walch (personal communication, January 19, 2007).
(L. Brothen, personal communication, June 6, 2004).
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PRINT SOURCES (NON-ELECTRONIC)

Articles in Professional/Scholarly Journals, Magazines, and Newspapers
Note: APA (6th edition) now recommends that when an assigned DOI is available (print or online),
it should be included on the reference (Manual, p. 189, & p. 198). If an article was not assigned a
DOI, then end the reference with page numbers.
Article in a journal (continuous pagination throughout volume) - DOI assigned
Limb, G. E., & Hodge, D. R. (2008). Developing spiritual competency with Native Americans:
Promoting
wellness through balance and harmony. Families in society, 89, 615-622.
doi:10.1606/1044-3894.3816
Article in a journal (paginated by issue) - DOI assigned
Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations. Consulting
Psychology

Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 10-36. doi:10.1037/1061-4087.45.2.10

Article in a journal (continuous pagination throughout volume) - No DOI assigned
Organista, K. C. (2009). New practice model for Latinos in need of social work services.
Social Work, 54, 297-305.
Article in a Popular Magazine
Caloyianis, N. (1998, September). Greenland sharks. National Geographic, 194(3), 60-71.
Article in a Newspaper (Discontinuous pages)
Von Drehle, D. (2000, January 15). Russians unveil new security plan. The Washington Post, pp.
A1, A21.
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ERIC Documents (available in microfiche)

(Note that examples are categorized by formally or informally published works, then sub-arranged
by ERIC Publication Type field.)
---------------------------------------Formally Published Works
(Book or monograph [limited circulation], Dissertation, Speech/Meeting paper published in
conference
proceedings [book, not journal])
---------------------------------------Publication Type: Book - [Note: ISBN usually provided]
Barker, C. L., & Searchwell, C. J. (2000). Writing year-end teacher improvement plans--right now!!
The principal's time-saving reference guide. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
(ED450448)
Publication Type: Doctoral dissertation available from ERIC
Clark, J. L. (1983). Values and academic achievement among rural Indian high school students in
North
Dakota. Doctoral dissertation, University of North Dakota. (ED242469)
Publication Type: Speeches/Meeting Papers - Published in proceedings, limited circulation
(Manual, pp. 206-207)
Lucas, L. A. (1998). Issues in the creation and coordination of an academic computing help desk.
In Association of Small Computer Users in Education: Proceedings of the ASCUE
Summer
Conference, North Myrtle Beach, SC (pp. 87-92). (ED425722)
-------------------------------------------------------------Informally Published or Self-Archived Works
(Master's thesis, Report, Unpublished conference presentation)
------------------------------------------------------------Publication Type: Dissertations/Theses: Master's Theses - Unpublished
Bastolla, R. (1994). Whole language and Basal readers. Master's thesis, Kean College. (ED366923)
Publication Type: Report - available from ERIC (microfiche-only, but without report
number)
Morgan, D. R. (1982). Desegregating public schools: A handbook for local officials.
Norman, OK: Bureau of Government Research, University of Oklahoma. (ED215005)
Publication Type: Speeches/Meeting Papers - Unpublished presentation (microfiche-only)

Kondrick, L. C., & Franklin, K. K. (2003). A conceptual model for a task analysis of methods in
action
research design. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Mid-South Educational
Research
Association, Biloxi, MS. (ED482468)

Book, Technical/Research Report, & Book Chapter

Book, no author or editor
Place title in the authors position; alphabetize by the first significant word in the title; cite in text
using a few words of the title, or the whole title if it is short, in place of the authors name.
Professional guide to diseases. (1982). Springhouse, PA: Intermed Communications.
Book, one author
McKibben, B. (1992). The age of missing information. New York, NY: Random House.
Book, multiple authors
Larson, G. W., Ellis, D. C., & Rivers, P. C. (1984). Essentials of chemical dependency counseling.
New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Edited book (editor in place of author)
Inness, S. A. (Ed.). (1998). Delinquents and debutantes: Twentieth-century American
girls cultures.
New York, NY: New York University Press.
Edited book, multiple authors (editor in place of authors)
Moriarty, L. J., & Carter, D. L. (Eds.). (1998). Criminal justice technology in the 21st century.
Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
Book, subsequent edition (2nd, 3rd, etc.)
Lemay, L. (1997). Teach yourself web publishing with HTML 4 in a week (4th ed.). Indianapolis,
IN: Sams.net.
Report from a private organization (author & publisher same)
National League for Nursing. (1990). Self-study report for community health organizations
(Pub. No. 21-2329). New York, NY: Author.
Article or chapter in an edited book
Hartley, J. T., Harker J. O., & Walsh, D. A. (1980). Contemporary issues and new directions in adult
development of learning and memory. In L. W. Poon (Ed.), Aging in the 1980s:
Psychological
issues (pp. 239-252). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Entry in an encyclopedia
This includes both general and specialized encyclopedias. If an entry does not have a byline, begin
the reference with the entry title and publication date.
Moore, C. (1991). Mass Spectrometry. In Encyclopedia of chemical technology (4th ed.)
(Vol. 15, pp. 1071-1094). New York, NY: Wiley.
Entry in Mental Measurements Yearbook (MMY)
Title of the review and authorship appears in italics at the beginning of the review narrative
(example provided below). Also note that many entries published in MMY contain more than one
review.

Review of the Comprehensive Assessment of School Environments by NANCY L.

ALLEN, Research Scientist, Educational Testing Service, Princeton, NJ:
Allen, N. L. (1992). Review of the Comprehensive Assessment of School Environments. In J. J.
Kramer & J. C. Conoley (Eds.), The eleventh mental measurements yearbook. Lincoln,
NE:
Buros Institute, University of Nebraska Press.
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Master's Theses & Dissertations (Manual, pp. 207-208)

Unpublished masters thesis (not indexed in Dissertation Express or Dissertation
Abstracts/Master's Abstracts)
Paulosky, K. A. (1997). Knowledge and attitudes of pain and activities of nurse administrators
(Unpublished
masters thesis). Northern Michigan University, Marquette, MI.
Note: According to Anne Gasque (Manual senior editor), since Dissertation Abstracts International
is unavailable through NMU, researchers may substitute Dissertation Express information for DAI
entry information.
(Published) Master's thesis indexed in Dissertation Express
McNiel, D. S. (2006). Meaning through narrative: A personal narrative discussing growing up with
an
alcoholic mother (Master's thesis). Available from Dissertation Express database.
(UMI No. 1434728)
(Published) Doctoral dissertation indexed in Dissertation Express
Met, L. (1976). A study of the development and validation of a high school leadership training
program:
Evaluation of the student leadership program (Doctoral dissertation). Available from
Dissertation
Express database. (UMI No. 7703303)
(Published) Doctoral dissertation abstracted in Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI).
Gould, J. B. (1999). Symbolic speech: Legal mobilization and the rise of collegiate hate speech
codes. Dissertation Abstracts International, 60(02), 533A.

Government Publications & Law

Note: For government documents which do not have a personal author, the Manual 6th ed.
indicates providing the parent agency, followed by the sub-agency/-agencies.
U.S. Government executive document
Note that the agency publication number may appear on the document or in the online catalog.
Lindeman, D. A. (1984). Alzheimer's disease handbook (DHHS Publication No. OHDS 84-20813).
Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. (2004). Pictured rocks national lakeshore,
Michigan final general management plan, wilderness study, environmental impact
statement.
Washington, DC: Author.
Michigan Government executive document

Michigan Department of Community Health. (2003). Michigan dementia plan summary: Reducing
the burden
of dementia in Michigan. Lansing, MI: Author.
Important Note: For legislative and legal materials, APA uses the conventional legal citation
format found in The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation. Guidelines and additional examples
appear in the Manual on pp. 216-224.
U.S. Government Congressional document
For legislative materials such as hearings, reports, bills, etc., provide title, Congress, session, and
date.
Charter schools: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Early Childhood, Youth, and Families of the
Committee on Education and the Workforce, House of Representatives, 105th Cong. 1
(1998).
Court decision (note that no part of entry is italicized)
United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683 (1974).

Proceedings of Meetings & Symposia

Published Proceedings
Capitalize the name of the symposium.
Barlow, D. H., Chorpita, B. F., & Turovsky, J. (1996). Fear, panic, anxiety, and disorders of
emotion. In R.
Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Vol. 43. Perspectives on Anxiety,
Panic,
and Fear (pp. 251-328). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Proceedings published regularly (format similar to periodicals)
Wassenaar, L. I., & Hobson, K. A. (1998). Natal origins of migratory monarch butterflies at
wintering
colonies in Mexico: New isotopic evidence. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences,
USA, 95, 15436-15439.
Poster presented at conference
Raspe, P. D. (1991, April). Relationship among given names in the Scilly Isles. Poster session
presented
at the annual meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists,
Milwaukee, WI.

Film / Movie / Motion Picture

Chrisman, S. (Producer & Director). (2003). Lumberjack life U.P. days of yore [DVD]. Available
from
http://wnmutv.nmu.edu/video_sales.php
Personal & Other Communications
The APA Publication Manual (6th ed., p. 179) indicates that personal communications
include letters, memos, telephone conversations, some electronic communications (e.g., e-mail or
messages from nonarchived discussion groups or electronic bulletin boards), etc. Personal
communications are not cited in the reference list, but are cited within text as follows:

D. Walch (personal communication, January 19, 2007).

(L. Brothen, personal communication, June 6, 2004).