Business Research Mathod

In the name of Allah Kareem,
Most Beneficent, Most Gracious,

the Most Merciful !
Prof.Dr.Ayesha Zahid, Std,

Muhammad saeed Aas Meo
What is Research ?
In simple words Re-search mean Search Again

OR
It is a process of gathering information to answer a

question
Albert Szent- Gyorgyi

What is Business Research ?
Business Research is a systematic and objective

process of gathering, recording and analyzing data
for making good business decisions

Examples of Business Research
What
is the best strategy to promote a particular product? (Marketing)
What is the main reasons for employee turnover? (HRM)

What is the rate of return on particular investment? (finance)

WHY WE SHOULD STUDY RESEARCH METHOD?

The best reason for learning about research methods is that these methods are used
by the Managers to answer the questions regarding day to day business problems.
Following are some other implications of the research:
1- Management Is A Science:
Management is a science to
gather and interpret information in order to make effective decisions.
2- Reduce Uncertainty:
The prime managerial value of business

research is that it reduces uncertainty by providing required information
and improves the following four stages of decision making:
Identifying problems and opportunity.

Diagnosing and assessing problems or opportunities.
Selecting and implementing a course of action.
Evaluating the course of action.
3- Conducting A Study:
4-
Research method course is very useful

for you as you have to do your masters thesis in order to complete
your degree requirement and it is also helpful to you at some time in
future because being a professional everyone wants to read and
understand the most recent research in order to be up date in his
profession.
Reading And Evaluating Other Peoples Study: A
grasp of research terminology will allow you to read and understand
research articles and critically evaluate it. Rather than reading a
summary of someone elses research in a magazine, news paper, or
textbook, you can read the original article your self and draw your
own conclusion.
5- Understanding Brief Description Of Studies: A

research method course will help you understanding abbreviated
description of studies given as evidence supporting some conclusion
or theory.
6- Thesis is based on Research : besides all the

business related benefits of the research studies, it is also useful for
your academic requirement of thesis as being compulsory for your
degree
7- Making Decisions In Our Daily Lives:

Besides becoming a researcher, to be an effective, participating
member of 21st century one must understanding the research
process in order to evaluate and act on research results.
8- Being A Better Thinker:
The research methodology will also

improve your thinking as it is a logical and objective method of
finding answer to a question which may apply to all aspects of life.
9- Secret Of Success:
The secret of success is to know

something nobody else knows .
THEORY
Theory is a standardized principle on which basis we can
explain the relationship between two or more concepts or
variables.
PURPOSE OF THEORY
Prediction and understanding are the two purpose of theory.
LEVELS OF THEORY
1. Abstract level
At the abstract level. Concepts and propositions are the
elements of theory
2. Empirical level
At the empirical level theory is concerned with variables and
testable hypothesis, the empirical counterparts of concepts and
propositions.
Higher Temperature reduces the

Productivity
More Satisfaction increases the

Motivation level
Theory
Satisfaction & Motivation

hard work & thirst
Proposition
Honesty and success
Motivation, thirst,
honesty,
satisfaction
Temperature & Productivity

Height & Weight,
Hypothesis
Distance & Speed
concept
variable
Abstract
level
Empirical
level
Height, Weight,
Temperature,
Distance
THEORY DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

1. Induction process
2. Deduction process
Theory
All rosebushes have thorns
Induction
Deduction
Predicted Observation
Actual Observation
If I check my neighbors rose bushes,

I should find that they all have thorns
I notice that the five rosebushes

in my backyard all have thorns

DEDUCTION AND INDUCTION

1. Theory
3. Data Collection
4. Findings
1. General Research Questions
Induction
Deduction
2. Hypothesis
5. Hypothesis confirmed or
rejected
6. Revision of theory
2. Data Collection
3. Findings
4. Generation of Theory

Discussion on Short Case Study

Deductive and Inductive Research
Sadie decided to conduct the research
project on violence at work and its effects on
the stress levels of staff. She considered the
different ways she would approach the work
were she to adopt:
The Deductive approach

The Inductive approach
If she decided to adopt the deductive

approach to her work, she would have
to:
Start with the hypothesis,

Decide to research a population,
Administer a questionnaire to large sample
Be particularly careful about how she defined violence;
Standardize the stress responses

On the other hand, if she decided to

adopt an inductive approach she might
have:
Decided to interview some staff,
Interested in their feelings about the
events that they had experienced,
how they coped with problems they
experienced and,
Their views about the possible causes of
violence.
Either approach would have yielded

valuable data about this problem (indeed,
both may be used in this project, at
different stages). Neither approach
should be thought of as better than the
other. They are better at different things.
It depends where her research emphasis
lies.
Classification of
Research
Application
Objective
Time
Dimension
Inquiry
Mode
Basic or
Pure
Research
Exploratory
research
Crosssectional
research
Qualitative
research
Applied
Research
Explanatory
research
Longitudinal
research
Quantitative
research
Descriptive
research
Mixed
Methods
research
Prepare discussion points on the importance of

research in professional, academic, and
personal life of a student.

Guidelines
Accuracy of Document
Font Size (12)
Heading (14 + Bold)
Sub-Heading (12 + Bold)
Font Style (Times New Roman)
Line Spacing (Single)
Alignment (Justified)
Spelling and Grammatical Accuracy

SUPERIOR
GROUP OFZahid,
COLLEGES
Prof.Dr.Ayesha
Std,
20


the Most Merciful !


the Most Merciful !

Research Process
1.Select a Topic / Problem
2.Literature review
3.Research design
4.Data Collection
5. Data Preparation
6.Data Analysis
7.Discussion and Conclusion
8.Report Writing













Identification of Topic
Chose Area for research
1
(Management Sciences)
Select field of research

2
(Finance, HRM, Marketing)
Select topic of research

3
(Advertising in Marketing)
Refine topic of research

4
(Refining topic)
SOURCES OF LITERATURE
The literature sources available to help you to develop a good understanding of and
insight into previous research can be divided into three following categories:
Primary Sources Secondary Sources Tertiary sources
Reports
Theses
Emails
Conference reports
Company reports
Unpublished
manuscript
sources
Newspapers
Books
Journals
Internet
Some government
publications
Indexes
Abstracts
Catalogues
Encyclopedia
Dictionnaires
Bibliographies
Citation indexes
Search Engines
Adapted from research Methods for business Students by Mark Saunders (p.68)

TERTIARY SOURCES
Tertiary Resource available at Superior can be accessed via following address
http://www.digitallibrary.edu.pk/superior.html
Or
Through Superior website www.superior.edu.pk by clicking on

Digital Library link
Name
Type
Internet address
Google
Search engine
www.google.com
Google Scholar
Search engine for

scholarly material
www.scholar.google.com
Yahoo
Search engine
www.yahoo.com
Ebscohost
Database
Springer link
Database
Blackwell synergy
http://www.springerlink.com
http://www.blackwell-synergy.com
Oxford press
Publisher
http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/index.
html
University Of Chicago
Press
Publisher
http://www.journals.uchicago.edu
Prof.Dr.Ayesha
Zahid,forStd,
Adapted
from research Methods
business Students by Mark Saunders (p.68)






READING THE LITERATURE

Read abstract of the article or preface and
introduction of book
Skim through the article/ book
Survey the main parts of the article/ book
Read in detail the selected important parts

Adapted from Doing Literature Review by Chris Hart (p.53)

ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS

Analysis is the job of systematically breaking down something into its
constituents parts and describing how they relate to each other it is not random
dissection but a methodological examination.
There are two types of analysis i.e. argument analysis and systematic analysis.
1.
2.
Systematic Analysis: Systematic Analysis is the kind of

analysis in which we systematically evaluate the literature
on the basis of key ideas, theories, concepts and
methodological assumptions and the overall structure
and format of the research work
Arguments Analysis: If a range of arguments is being
analyzed, you will need to explicate the claim, data and
warrant for each argument. In this way, the identification
of the individual and similar elements in a range of items
can be compared and contrasted.
1. SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS
Systematic Analysis is the kind of analysis in which we systematically evaluate
the literature on the basis of key ideas, theories, concepts and methodological
assumptions and the overall structure and format of the research work. In
systematic analysis we can do the analysis of single research work but
preferably we should go for comparative analysis of two or more studies on the
same topic

COMPARING AND CONTRASTING

A common practice in the social sciences is to make comparisons between
the works and ideas of different authors. This usually involves finding
common points of interest between, definitions of main concepts, kinds of
data collected and the interpretations of findings. The practice can be
useful in identifying common areas of interest and differing positions on
similar topic areas.
Following figure points out the levels of comparison and contrast. The
point to note, however, is that comparing theorists has inherent
difficulties, mainly to do with the selection of criteria or points of reference

that are valid and comparable

COMPARING AND CONTRASTING
Theorist A
Theorist B
Area of
difference
Ontology
Epistemology
Morality
Politics
Interpretation
Data
Methodology
Axiology
Rhetoric
Ontology
Epistemology
Morality
Politics
Interpretation
Data
Methodology
Axiology
Rhetoric
Area of
similarity
Area of
difference
Points of reference for
making a comparison
between theorists
Adapted from Doing Literature Review by Chris Hart (p.131)

2. ARGUMENT ANALYSIS
An argument involves putting forward reasons to influence someones belief
that you are proposing in the case (Hinderer, 1992). Whichever way someone
makes an argument they are attempting to convince others of the validity (or
logic) of how they see the world and convince us that we should see it the way
they do.
An argument has at least two components: a point and a reason:
Making a point (or statement/ conclusion)

Providing sufficient reason (or evidence) for the point to be accepted by
others

METHODS OF ANALYZING ARGUMENTS

There are basically two method to analyze and evaluate arguments
intelligently and fairly:
1. Fishers method of critical reading

2. Toulmins method of argumentation analysis

Fishers Method of critical reading:

Fisher (1993) provides a method for a systematic reading of texts. This initial reading
technique enables the reader to systematically extracts the main elements (words) of
any arguments for the purposes of evaluation.
SKIM THROUGH THE TEXT

CIRCLE
ANY INFERENCE INDICATORS (THUS,

THEREFORE etc.)
UNDERLINE CONCLUSION ( C ) & PLACE REASONS ( R ) IN

BRACKETS < >
INDICATED BY WORDS LIKE BECAUSE, SINCE etc.
CONSTRUCT AN ARGUMENTS
DIAGRAM
R=C
R1 + R2 = (Therefore) C1 (Interim conclusion)
C1 or R3 = (Therefore) C2 (Main conclusion)
Muhammad
saeed
MeoLiterature Review by Chris Hart (p.110)
Adapted
fromAas
Doing

Toulmins Method Of Argumentation Analysis:

Toulmin developed an approach to argumentation analysis that was rooted in
the practice rather than the theory of logic.
He proposes that an argument can be broken up into a number of basic
elements that are as follow
Claim
an arguable statement
Evidence
Data used to supports the claim
Warrant (or permit)
an expectation that provides the link

between the evidence and claim
Backing
Context and assumption used to support the validity

or the warrant and evidence

Example:
Following is an example from everyday life. In dry summers consumers are asked and
expected to save water through careful and limited use. This is normally taken to mean
water should only be used for essential things-watering lawns, filling swimming pools
and washing cars are prohibited. The argument for this could have the following
structure
Claim
so
Data
Car washes can use upto
250,000 gallons of water
in the main summer
weeks. This quantity
depletes water reservoirs
by 20% during a season
when there is heavy
water usage.
Warrant
Since
Water is essential
and people should
not waste it in
times of shortage
Car owners should

restrict washing their
cars in areas of the
country where there is
a
water
shortage
(Restriction).
Backing
because
Water shortage cause inconvenience, are a danger to
people and can be costly to consumers.
Adopted
from Doing
Prof.Dr.Ayesha
Zahid,
Std, a literature review by Chris Hart p.87)






Referencing
Referencing
means
systematically
showing what information or ideas you are
quoting or paraphrasing, and where they
come from.

Why Reference?
Referencing is necessary to
Authenticate your research with evidence from literature
Acknowledge the original author
to enable readers follow-up the source
avoid plagiarism,

PLAGIARISM
This means using someone else's words,
ideas or information without referencing
them - in other words, presenting them
as your own.
Plagiarism is a serious academic offence
and can result in penalties, including
dismissal from the Institute.
To avoid it, use quotations and
Prof.Dr.Ayesha
Zahid, Std,
paraphrases with
proper
referencing.
How do we check
plagiarism
There are number of soft wares available

to check plagiarism i.e.
Turnitin
Plagiarism detector
Check for plagiarism
Superior University is currently using Check for
plagiarism software for plagiarism checking
WHAT MUST I REFERENCE?

All work done by other researchers
Other writers' words

WHAT DO I NOT NEED TO

REFERENCE?
1. General knowledge
2. common knowledge in your field
3. Ideas that are definitely your own
4. findings or insights from your own research.

DIFFERENT REFERENCING
SYSTEMS
APA Referencing
Harvard Referencing
Oxford-Cambridge Referencing
MLA
AMA
APA (American Psychological Association) Style:
This system is primarily used by those writing in the social sciences.

Basic components of
Referencing
1) In text referencing (citation)
2) End list Referencing

In-text Reference
An in-text reference to show that a piece
of information, idea, quotation, etc. It is
always designed to be short because it is
interrupting the text.
Example:
Much of this research has demonstrated that there is relationships between
HR practices and firm profitability (Allen, 1996).
Author Name
Year
End list Referencing

An End list reference to show the
detailed information of source. It includes
Contents
Example
following contents
Author Name
Allen, N. J. & Meyer, J. P. (1996)
Year
1996
Title
Affective, continuance and normative

commitment and turnover
Journal
Academy of Management Journal
Volume no
37
Page no
670-87
Example:
Allen, N. J. and Meyer, J. P. (1996) Affective, continuance and normative commitment

and turnover, Academy of Management Journal, 37: 670-87.
Examples
Source In-text Example
End-List Example
Article
Wharton (1996)
Wharton, N. (1996). Health and safety in outdoor activity

centers. Journal of Adventure Education and outdoor
Leadership, 12(4), 8-9
Book
Comfort (1997, p. 58)
Comfort, A. (1997). A good age. London: Mitchell

Beazley.
Website
Dawson & Smith, (2002) Dawson, J., Smith, L., (2002). Retrieved october 31,
2002, from
http://studytrekk.lis.curtin.edu.au/

QUOTING AND PARAPHRASING
A quotation is the use of your source's exact words in your work. A

quotation may be as short as one word but, if that word is significant, it must
be put in quotation marks and referenced.
ORIGINAL
"In many academic circles in America, literary translation is still considered a
secondary activity, mechanical rather than creative, neither worthy of serious critical
attention nor of general interest to the public" (Gentzler 1993: 34).
SHORTENED
"In many academic circles in America, literary translation is still considered
a secondary activity . . . neither worthy of serious critical attention nor of
general interest to the public" (Gentzler 1993: 34).

Paraphrasing means putting an author's ideas or information

into your own words:
ORIGINAL
"This has led to the conclusion that, out of the US population
at large, 90% watch television to excess" (Wu, 1994).
PARAPHRASED
"In contradiction to Suzukis claim, Wu (1994) argues that
90% of Americans watch too much television ".

Referencing
Referencing
means
systematically
showing what information or ideas you are
quoting or paraphrasing, and where they
come from.

Why Reference?
Referencing is necessary to
Authenticate your research with evidence from literature
Acknowledge the original author
to enable readers follow-up the source
avoid plagiarism,

PLAGIARISM
This means using someone else's words,
ideas or information without referencing
them - in other words, presenting them
as your own.
Plagiarism is a serious academic offence
and can result in penalties, including
dismissal from the Institute.
To avoid it, use quotations and
Prof.Dr.Ayesha
Zahid, Std,
paraphrases with
proper
referencing.
How do we check
plagiarism
There are number of soft wares available

to check plagiarism i.e.
Turnitin
Plagiarism detector
Check for plagiarism
Superior University is currently using Check for
plagiarism software for plagiarism checking
WHAT MUST I REFERENCE?

All work done by other researchers
Other writers' words

WHAT DO I NOT NEED TO

REFERENCE?
1. General knowledge
2. common knowledge in your field
3. Ideas that are definitely your own
4. findings or insights from your own research.

DIFFERENT REFERENCING
SYSTEMS
APA Referencing
Harvard Referencing
Oxford-Cambridge Referencing
MLA
AMA
APA (American Psychological Association) Style:
This system is primarily used by those writing in the social sciences.

Basic components of
Referencing
1) In text referencing (citation)
2) End list Referencing

In-text Reference
An in-text reference to show that a piece
of information, idea, quotation, etc. It is
always designed to be short because it is
interrupting the text.
Example:
Much of this research has demonstrated that there is relationships between
HR practices and firm profitability (Allen, 1996).
Author Name
Year
End list Referencing

An End list reference to show the
detailed information of source. It includes
Contents
Example
following contents
Author Name
Allen, N. J. & Meyer, J. P. (1996)
Year
1996
Title
Affective, continuance and normative

commitment and turnover
Journal
Academy of Management Journal
Volume no
37
Page no
670-87
Example:
Allen, N. J. and Meyer, J. P. (1996) Affective, continuance and normative commitment

and turnover, Academy of Management Journal, 37: 670-87.
Examples
Source In-text Example
End-List Example
Article
Wharton (1996)
Wharton, N. (1996). Health and safety in outdoor activity

centers. Journal of Adventure Education and outdoor
Leadership, 12(4), 8-9
Book
Comfort (1997, p. 58)
Comfort, A. (1997). A good age. London: Mitchell

Beazley.
Website
Dawson & Smith, (2002) Dawson, J., Smith, L., (2002). Retrieved october 31,
2002, from
http://studytrekk.lis.curtin.edu.au/

QUOTING AND PARAPHRASING
A quotation is the use of your source's exact words in your work. A

quotation may be as short as one word but, if that word is significant, it must
be put in quotation marks and referenced.
ORIGINAL
"In many academic circles in America, literary translation is still considered a
secondary activity, mechanical rather than creative, neither worthy of serious critical
attention nor of general interest to the public" (Gentzler 1993: 34).
SHORTENED
"In many academic circles in America, literary translation is still considered
a secondary activity . . . neither worthy of serious critical attention nor of
general interest to the public" (Gentzler 1993: 34).

Paraphrasing means putting an author's ideas or information

into your own words:
ORIGINAL
"This has led to the conclusion that, out of the US population
at large, 90% watch television to excess" (Wu, 1994).
PARAPHRASED
"In contradiction to Suzukis claim, Wu (1994) argues that
90% of Americans watch too much television ".


Please find out at least 15 to 20 articles related to your

selected topic, read those articles thoroughly, and write
down a literature review on the basis of selected
articles of at least 3000 words
Guidelines
Your literature review should contain:
A comprehensive discussion including
Discussion on selected variables
Contextualization
Critical review
Hypotheses development
Effective organization of literature

94


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In the name of Allah Kareem,

Most Beneficent, Most Gracious,

Prof.Dr.Ayesha Zahid, Std,

In simple words Re-search mean Search Again

It is a process of gathering information to answer a

Prof.Dr.Ayesha Zahid, Std,

What is Business Research ?

Business Research is a systematic and objective

Prof.Dr.Ayesha Zahid, Std,

Examples of Business Research

is the best strategy to promote a particular product? (Marketing)

What is the main reasons for employee turnover? (HRM)

Prof.Dr.Ayesha Zahid, Std,

WHY WE SHOULD STUDY RESEARCH METHOD?

The prime managerial value of business

Identifying problems and opportunity.

Research method course is very useful

5- Understanding Brief Description Of Studies: A

6- Thesis is based on Research : besides all the

7- Making Decisions In Our Daily Lives:

8- Being A Better Thinker:

The research methodology will also

The secret of success is to know

Higher Temperature reduces the

More Satisfaction increases the

Satisfaction & Motivation

Temperature & Productivity

THEORY DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

If I check my neighbors rose bushes,

I notice that the five rosebushes

Prof.Dr.Ayesha Zahid, Std,

DEDUCTION AND INDUCTION

1. General Research Questions

Prof.Dr.Ayesha Zahid, Std,

Discussion on Short Case Study

The Deductive approach

If she decided to adopt the deductive

Start with the hypothesis,

Prof.Dr.Ayesha Zahid, Std,

On the other hand, if she decided to

Either approach would have yielded

Prepare discussion points on the importance of

Prof.Dr.Ayesha Zahid, Std,

Prof.Dr.Ayesha Zahid, Std,

Muhammad saeed Aas Meo

Prof.Dr.Ayesha Zahid, Std,

In the name of Allah Kareem,

Prof.Dr.Ayesha Zahid, Std,

In the name of Allah Kareem,

Prof.Dr.Ayesha Zahid, Std,

Prof.Dr.Ayesha Zahid, Std,

Prof.Dr.Ayesha Zahid, Std,

Prof.Dr.Ayesha Zahid, Std,

Prof.Dr.Ayesha Zahid, Std,

Prof.Dr.Ayesha Zahid, Std,

Prof.Dr.Ayesha Zahid, Std,

Prof.Dr.Ayesha Zahid, Std,

Prof.Dr.Ayesha Zahid, Std,

Prof.Dr.Ayesha Zahid, Std,

Prof.Dr.Ayesha Zahid, Std,

Prof.Dr.Ayesha Zahid, Std,

Prof.Dr.Ayesha Zahid, Std,

Prof.Dr.Ayesha Zahid, Std,

Select field of research