8 Risk Assessment

Risk Assessment And
Management
Safety And Health Officer Certificate
Course
Copyright@NIOSH 2005(2)
Learning Objectives
To define what is hazard, risk and danger
To explain the risk assessment process
To describe the method of identifying
hazard
To use the risk assessment matrix
To explain the hierarchy of control
Scope
Overview of risk and risk
assessment
Planning for risk assessment
Risk control
Overview Of Risk And

Risk Assessment
Definitions
Hazard: A source or a situation with a
potential for harm in terms of human
injury or ill health, damage to property,
damage to the environment or a
combination of these
Danger: Relative exposure to hazard
Definitions
Risk: A combination of the likelihood of
an occurrence of a hazardous event with
specified period or in specified
circumstances and the severity of injury
or damage to the health of people,
property, environment or any combination
of these caused by the event
Risk Assessment
What is Risk assessment: The process

of evaluating the risks to safety and
health arising from hazards at work
Risk assessment results is documented
and used for:
1. Risk control in OSH management
2. Future reference and review
Basic Principles Of
Risk Management
1. Integrate Risk Management as part
of planning at all levels of business
2. Accept all risks
3. Make risk decisions appropriately
(depending on level of risk)
4. Manage the risk
Why Carry Out

Risk Assessment?
Gives organisations a more effective way
of managing hazards
Requirement of the law e.g.
OSHA 1994, CIMAH Regulations 1996 &
USECHH Regulations 2000
Requirement of OSH management

system standards:
MS 1722:2003,
OHSAS 18001 and
ISO 14001, etc.
Risk Assessment Should Be

Carried Out For:
Routine and non-routine activities
including emergencies
Activities of all personnel having access to
the workplace (including subcontractors
and visitors)
Facilities at the workplace, whether
provided-by the organization or others
10
When To Carry Out

Risk Assessment
Before Operation
During Operation
After Operation
11
When To Review
Risk Assessment
Types of review:
initial review
periodic review
12
When To Review
Risk Assessment
Review whenever there are changes:
internal
Before modification, changes or introduction of
new
Materials, machinery or processes, working
procedures
external
Amendments of national laws and regulations
Developments in OSH knowledge and technology
13
Who Will Carry Out

Risk Assessment
Person or persons trained to identify hazard and
risk assessment
In some cases legally competent person,
example : Chemical Health Risk Assessor
Consultation with and involvement of
workers
Safety and Health Committee OR workers
and their representatives
Involvement of supervisors
14
Basic Components Of
Risk Management
Hazard Identification
Risk Assessment
Risk Control
Review
15
The Process of
Risk Management
Start
Classify Activities
(Work, Product, Services, Activities)
Identify Hazards
Determine Risk
Risk = Severity X Likelihood
Decide if Risk is Tolerable

Risk Control Action Plan
Review Adequacy of Risk Control
16
Hazard Identification
17
SOURCES OF HAZARDS
Man
Unsafe acts
Machinery Installation, layout and design of
equipment
Materials Substances such as chemicals and
gases use in the workplace
Method
The way people carry out their
work
Media
Workplace condition i.e. air quality,
ventilation, lighting, noise, vibration
etc.
18
Classification and
Potential Sources of Hazards
Classification
of Hazards
Mechanical
Electrical
Biological
Example of Potential Sources of

Hazards
Pinch points, sharp points and edges,
overload or force a tool beyond its
capabilities and grinding wheel without
guard
Electrical cord insulation damaged,
electrical face plate or cover broken or
missing and fan cord insulation pulled
loose
Exposed to airborne and blood borne
viruses, bacteria and fungus
19
Classification and
Potential Sources of Hazards
Classification
of Hazards
Example of Potential Sources of

Hazards
Chemical
Exposed to carcinogens chemicals,

sensitizers and corrosive chemicals.
Ergonomics
Repeated exposure to unnatural

postures and unnatural movement,
wrong design of workstation, tools and
task.
Stress, sexual harassment and violent at
work.
Psychological
20
Pre-Assessment
Information Gathering
Information on the facilities, processes and
activities of the organization, including:
Area Map
Site plan(s); own and neighbor
Process flow-charts
Inventory of materials (raw materials,
chemicals, wastes, products, sub-products)
Toxicology and other health and safety data
Monitoring data
21
Pre-Assessment
Classifying Work Activities
Geographical areas within/outside the
premises
Stages in a production process, or in the
provision of a service
Defined the tasks (e.g. driving, window
cleaning)
Identify the working groups
Land use, previous property use, future use
22
Methods Of
Identifying Hazards
Review of documents and publications
Inspection and observation at the

workplace
Measurement of the atmosphere,

monitoring the environment or medical
surveillance of workers
Hazard Analysis
23
Document Review
Reports of accidents, accident
investigation and audits
Information from publications
Acts, Regulations and Codes of Practice
Statistics
Handbooks
Chemical Safety Data Sheet (CSDS)
24
Inspection and Observation

Types of inspections: statutory
inspection, periodic inspection, formal
and informal inspection
Documentation - Checklist and inspection
worksheet (standard approach and
record)
25
Inspection and Observation

Activities - to involve supervisors,
managers and employees
Inspection outcome - to include actions
and timeframes
Ensure follow up on action - to ensure
effectiveness
26
Exposure Monitoring
Types of monitoring: area and personal
monitoring.
Monitoring of:
Noise
Heat
Radiation
Air contaminants
Chemicals etc.
27
Biological Monitoring
Biological monitoring is a regular
measuring activity where selected
validated indicators of the uptake of toxic
substances in the human body are
determined in order to prevent health
impairment
This form of monitoring could entail
examination of, for example, blood, urine,
saliva and expired air
28
Biological Monitoring
Biological monitoring commonly features
in the health or medical surveillance
of persons exposed to hazardous
environments especially complying to
legal requirement i.e. USECHH
Regulations 2000 etc.
29
Medical Surveillance
Health Surveillance is Warranted if:
Substance is used in workplace
Substance is hazardous
Evidence or reason to suspect injury
Atmospheric monitoring insufficient
30
Hazards Analysis
Method use: (example)
Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
Hazards and Operability Studies (HAZOP)
Fault Tree Analysis etc.
31

Job described in less than 10 steps
Action verb used to describe job
List things that can go wrong
32

Note:
The term JSA includes the formulation
of safe work procedures using written
instructions for workers
May still require other risk controls
Supervisor and workers assist
Ideally all jobs should have a JSA
33
Hazards And Operability Studies

(HAZOP)
To identify and evaluate safety hazard
in the process plant
To identify operability problems
New design or process
Multidisciplinary brainstorming
What If questionnaire method
Focus on fire, explosion, toxic release
etc.
34
Fault Tree Analysis

To analyse how and why incident could
occur
Graphic technique - traces branches of
events
To calculate probability of end event
Example: Water pumping system
35
Fault Tree Analysis

No Flow (T)
Pump failure
Pump failure (A)
Control valve (C)

failure to regulate
flow of water through
pump
Pump failure (B)

(automatic
standby pump)
No water flow occurs if both pumps fail or if the control valve fails.
If the individual initiating event probabilities P(A), P(B), and P(C) are known,
then the probability of P(T) the top or end event can be calculated.
36
Risk Assessment
37
Types of Risk Assessment

Approach:
Qualitative Risk Assessment
Semi-Quantitative Risk Assessment
Quantitative Risk Assessment
38
Determining Severity
Severity in terms of:
Harm to health
Damage to property
Damage to environment
Or the combination of the above
39
Severity
Determine severity categories i.e.:
Fatality
Major injuries (normally irreversible injury or
damage to health)
Minor injuries (normally reversible injury or
damage to health requiring days off work)
Negligible injuries (first aid)
40
Determining Likelihood of
Occurrence of Hazard
Based on statistic & data, professional
judgement.
Determine likelihood categories i.e.:
highly likely,
likely,
highly unlikely.
41
Likelihood
Very likely - could happen frequently
Likely - could happen occasionally
Unlikely - could happen, but only rarely
Highly unlikely - could happen, but
probably never will
42
Qualitative Risk Table

Severity
Fatality
Major Injuries
Minor Injuries
Negligible Injuries
Very Likely
Likely
High
High
High
Medium
High
High
Medium
Medium
Likelihood
Unlikely Highly Unlikely
High
Medium
Medium
Low
Medium
Medium
Low
Low
43
Semi - Quantitative
Risk Assessment
Determine severity categories i.e.:
4: Fatality & Permanent Disability
3: More than 4 days MC
2: Less than or 4 days MC
1: First aid and near misses
44
Semi - Quantitative
Risk Assessment
Determining Likelihood of Occurrence of
Hazard
4: Daily
3: Weekly
2: Monthly
1: Yearly
45
Semi-Quantitative
Risk Assessment
LIKELIHOOD
SEVERITY
Yearly
Monthly
Weekly
Daily
More than
4 days MC
12
Fatality &
Permanent
Disability
12
16
First Aid
and Near
Misses
Less than
or 4 days
MC
46
Quantitative
Risk Assessment
Where the hazards presented by the
undertaking are numerous and complex,
and may involve novel processes, for
example in the case of large chemicals
process plants, detailed and sophisticated
risk assessments will be needed, and it is
appropriate to carry out a detailed
quantitative risk assessment
47
Quantitative
Risk Assessment
Quantitative risk assessment involves
obtaining a numerical estimate of the risk
from a quantitative consideration of
event probabilities and consequences
48
Quantitative
Risk Assessment
In carrying out quantitative risk
assessments, special quantitative tools
and techniques will be used for hazard
identification, and to estimate the severity
of the consequences and the likelihood of
realization of the hazards
49
Quantitative
Risk Assessment
Where such methods and techniques are
used it is important that they are carried
out by suitably qualified and experience
assessors
50
Decision For Action

AS LOW AS REASONABLY PRACTICABLE (ALARP)
PRINCIPLE
Risk cannot be
justified
on any grounds
A
L
A Reduce risk
R
P No need for detailed
Risk is undertaken if
a benefit is desired
Intolerable (e.g. H,H or >10)
LEVEL
OF
RISK
TOLERABLE IF:
Reduction
Impractical
or
Cost / gain grossly
Disproportionate
action
Trivial
51
Risk Assessment Form

Activities / process / facilities/
equipment
Hazard
Effect
Current Risk
Control
Legal
Reqmt
Risk
Severity.
Likelihood.
Risk
Rating
Action & Recommendations
52
Risk Control
53
Principle of Control
Substitution
Modify process
Enclosure
Local exhaust
Fugitive
emission control
Isolation
Housekeeping
General
ventilation
Continuous area
monitoring
Dilution
ventilation
Automation or
remote control
Training and
education
Worker rotation
Enclosure of
worker
Personal
monitoring
Personal
protective devices
54
Consideration In Implementing
Risk Control
Review measures regularly; modify if
necessary
Comply with national laws and
regulations
Reflect good management practice; and
55
Consideration In Implementing
Risk Control
Consider the current state of knowledge
Include information or reports from
organizations such as:
DOSH, OSH services, and others
56
Hierarchy Of Control
MOST EFFECTIVE
Elimination - remove the hazard.
FAIRLY EFFECTIVE
Substitution - use less hazardous one.
Isolation isolate the work area i.e. X-ray machine in
restricted room
Engineering Control design, isolation at source,
barricade, guarding,
LEAST EFFECTIVE
Administrative Control safe work procedure, isolation
i.e. reduce exposure time and limit, training, signage etc
57
PPE - last resort. Copyright@NIOSH 2005(2)
Summary
The basis of OSH management is the
identification of hazard, risk assessment and
control
Ways of identifying hazards varies from
inspection of the workplace to reviewing
legislation
Risk assessment allows an organisation to build
a sound basis for managing hazard
Hierarchy of hazard control starts by elimination;
use PPE as protection is the last resort
58

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8 Risk Assessment

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Risk Assessment And

Overview Of Risk And

What is Risk assessment: The process

Why Carry Out

Requirement of OSH management

Risk Assessment Should Be

When To Carry Out

Who Will Carry Out

Risk = Severity X Likelihood

Decide if Risk is Tolerable

Example of Potential Sources of

Example of Potential Sources of

Exposed to carcinogens chemicals,

Repeated exposure to unnatural

Review of documents and publications

Inspection and observation at the

Measurement of the atmosphere,

Inspection and Observation

Inspection and Observation

Job Safety Analysis (JSA)

Job Safety Analysis (JSA)

Hazards And Operability Studies

Fault Tree Analysis

Fault Tree Analysis

Pump failure (A)

Control valve (C)

Pump failure (B)

Types of Risk Assessment

Qualitative Risk Table

Decision For Action

Intolerable (e.g. H,H or >10)

Risk Assessment Form

Action & Recommendations

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