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ISSN:2319-6890)(online),2347-5013(print)
01 Dec. 2015
their price has been slowly dropping, and the payback period
also reduces, as they become increasingly economical, they will
be used in more applications. PV modules output efficiency has
also increased in recent years about 24 to 30%, and with these
growths in photovoltaic technology, there is no doubt that PV
will have a good stand in the near future. The majority of
electricity is generated by burning coal, rather than more
eco-friendly methods like hydroelectric power. This use of coal
cause untold environmental damage through CO2 and other
toxic emissions. The energy sector is by far the biggest source
of these emissions, both in India and globally, and if we are to
tackle climate change it is clear we need to move away from
burning limited fossil fuel reserves to more sustainable and
renewable source of energy. The proposed system can be used
for off grid power generation in non interconnected areas or
remote isolated communities of nation.
I. INTRODUCTION
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Vmp
I pv (t ) I sc [1 C1{exp(
(
C2Voc
) 1}]
Ett (t )
)[ {Ta (t ) 0.002 Ett (t ) 1}] I mp
Est
(i)
(ii)
Ett (t )
)]
E st
C1 (1
(
C2
I mp
I sc
Vmp
Voc
ln(1
) exp[
Vmp
C2Voc
1)
I mp
I sc
(iii)
Fig. 2 Solar cell main final outputs of current and voltage for off
grid system in (i),(ii),(iii) and (iv)
(i)
(ii)
Fig. 1 Solar PV System Outputs without mmpt (i), (ii) and (iii)
Pg ( s )
Pwt ( s )
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(iv)
0.25
s 0.707 s 0.25
2
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(e). Ultra-Capacitor Model
Ultra-capacitors are used in power applications requiring short
duration peak power. An ultra-capacitor is an energy storage
device with a construction similar to that of a battery. In this
subsection, we present the model of the UC bank to perform
load sharing with the FC system when they simultaneously
operate with the wind turbine and solar cell. Although FC
systems exhibit good power supply capability during steady state
operation, the response of fuel cells during instantaneous and
short-term peak power demand periods is relatively poor. In
these periods, the UC bank can assist the FC system to achieve
good performance whereas reducing the cost and size of the FC
system. Such an ultra-capacitor module was connected in
parallel with the fuel cell to reduce its voltage variation due to
sudden load changes. The ultra-capacitor is modeled as a low
pass filter with the transfer function given below
Electrolyzer
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ISSN:2319-6890)(online),2347-5013(print)
01 Dec. 2015
cell are the main sources to supply load demand. Fuel cell model
includes a fuel cell module and a fuel controller. The fuel
controller consists of two PID controllers to limit the flows of
hydrogen and oxygen. The fuel cell is a accessory generator in
this system and supplies insufficient power. In order to keep the
supply and demand is balanced. When the supply is bigger than
the load need, the electrolyzer model electrolyzes water to
produce hydrogen and store it for further usage. Thus, the
system can circulate supply load demand and energy will not be
wasted.
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS OF THE HYBRID POWER
SYSTEMS
4(ii) Out put solar power and wind power with time.
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using a fuel cell. Therefore, this system can tolerate the rapid
changes in load and environmental conditions, and suppress the
effects of these fluctuations on the equipment side voltage. The
proposed system can be used for off-grid power generation in
non interconnected areas or remote isolated communities.
REFERENCES
i.
C. T. Pan, J. Y. Chen, C. P. Chu, and Y. S. Huang, A
Fast Maximum Power Point Tracing for Photovoltaic Power Systems,
in Proc. 1999 IEEE Industrial Electronics Society Conf., vol. 1, pp.
390-393.
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ii.
J. A. Gow and C. D. Manning, Development of a
Photovoltaic Array Model for Use in Power-electronics Simulation
Studies, IEE Proc.-Electric Power Application, vol. 146, no. 2, pp.
193-200, March 1999.
iii.
The MathWorks http://www.mathworks.com/.
iv.
M. J. Khan and M. T. Iqbal, Dynamic Modeling and
Simulation of a Small Wind-Fuel Cell Hybrid Energy System,
Renewable Energy, pp. 421-439, 2005.
v.
S. M. Shaahid and M. A. Elhadidy, Technical and
Economic
Assessment
of
Gidindependent
Hybrid
Photovoltaic-Diesel-Battery Power Systems for Commercial Loads in
Desert Environments, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol.
11, pp. 1794-1810, Oct. 2007.
vi.
D. B. Nelson, M. H. Nehrir, and C. Wang, Unit
Sizing and Cost Analysis of Stand-Alone Hybrid Wind/PV/Fuel Cell
Power Generation Systems, Renewable Energy, pp. 1641-1656, Aug.
2006.
vii. O. Ulleberg, Stand-alone Power Systems for the
Future: Optimal Design, Operation and Control of Solar-Hydrogen
Energy Systems, Ph.D. dissertation, Norwegian University of Science
and Technology,
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