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401 Mechatronics
Laboratory
Four
Filtering
and
Pre-=iltering
for
Data
Acquisition
Required
Materials
Hardware
Software
Lab P.C.
Labview
Study
Material
Course
Text
LabVIEW
Manual
Purpose
The
purpose
of
this
lab
is
to
experiment
with
analog
input
and
output
channels
in
LabVIEW
and
begin
working
with
circuits
and
=ilters.
Introduction
One
of
the
main
uses
for
LabVIEW
in
industrial
or
academic
settings
is
for
data
acquisition.
We
will
begin
to
explore
this
function
by
setting
up
two
virtual
instruments.
One
that
will
produce
an
analog
signal
output,
and
one
that
will
take
that
signal
as
an
input.
Once
these
two
instruments
are
functioning
together
we
will
see
how
the
signal
is
affected
by
the
sampling
rate
and
by
=iltering
with
a
basic
RC
=ilter.
We
will
use
a
Fourier
Transform
in
the
input
VI
to
see
how
the
component
frequencies
of
a
constructed
wave
are
cutoff
by
=iltering.
sampling rate and by filtering with a basic RC filter. We will use a Fourier Transform in
the input VI to see how the component frequencies of a constructed wave are cutoff by
filtering.
Concepts
and
components
that
need
to
be
reviewed
and
understood
before
Concepts
and tcomponents
that need to be reviewed and understood before beginning the
beginning
he
lab:
lab: INPUT
OUTPUT
INPUT
OUTPUT
SAMPLING
RATE
SAMPLING RATE
ALIASING
ALIASING
FOURIER
TRANSFORM
FOURIER
TRANSFORM
FREQUENCY
DDOMAIN
OMAIN
FREQUENCY
CAPACITOR
CAPACITOR
RESISTOR
RESISTOR
RC
FILTER
FILTER
RC
LOW
PASS
FFILTER
ILTER
LOW
PASS
HIGH
PASS
FILTER
HIGH
PASS
FILTER
Part
1.
Output
Part
1: Output
VI VI
1)
AX
to
toset
p
aand
nd
ttest
est
aan
n
aanalog
nalog
output
output
channel
channel
s
you
did
n
Lab
1. Use
UseM
MAX
setuup
asayou
did
in ilab
1
2)
Use
LabVIEW
to
create
a
VI
with
an
analog
output
channel.
This
will
your
2. Use LabVIEW to create a VI with an analog output channel. This will
bebe
your
signal
enerator.
AAdd
dd
a
abasic
ignal
pprocessing
rocessing
signal ggenerator.
basicfunction
functiongenerator
generator(under
(under ssignal
waveform
m
easurement).
Y
our
c
omplete
c
ircuit
s
hould
l
ook
l
ike
this.
waveform measurement). Your complete circuit should look like this.
Notes:
Dont
forget
the
constants
for
maximum
and
minimum
voltage
output.
Make
Notes:
Dont forget the constants for maximum and minimum voltage output. Make sure
you
selected
the
type
correct
type
of
AO
output
AO
Voltage.
Add
controls
for
type,
Signal
yousure
selected
the correct
of output
Voltage.
Add controls
for Signal
type,
frequency,
amplitude,
and
info.
sampling
nfo.
#s
Make
sure
of
#s
samples)
(number
f
samples)
frequency,
amplitude,
and sampling
Make isure
(number
isoset
to 1 and is
to
1
and
Fs
(to
sampling
Fs set
(sampling
rate)
1850. rate)
to
1850.
3) Test
your
output
with
your
LED.
With
the
settings
shown
you
should
see
the
light
changing
from
dark
to
light
with
the
set
frequency.
What
effect
do
you
see
in
the
light
when
you
change
the
amplitude?
Report
2
other
values
you
tried
and
describe
the
results.
Note
that
with
the
offset
wired
to
the
amplitude
control
and
the
limit
ranging
from
0-5
V,
the
maximum
amplitude
that
you
can
go
up
to
is
2.5
V.
Over
this
value
you
Zind
an
amplitude
cutoff
which
may
mislead
you
to
interpret
your
results
wrongly.
What
effect
do
you
see
in
the
light
when
you
change
the
frequency?
Report
2
other
values
you
tried
and
describe
the
results.
Part
2.
Input
VI
1) Remove
the
led
and
wire
the
output
channel
to
the
input
channel.
(If
you
are
using
port
AO0
for
output
and
AI0
for
input
then
wire
as
follows:
16
(GND)
wired
to
3
(AI4),
this
is
the
negative
side
of
the
circuit;
14
(AO0)
wired
to
2
(AI0),
this
is
the
positive
side
of
the
circuit.
2) For
this
part
we
will
use
the
DAQ
assistant
to
create
our
input
channel.
This
is
a
quick
tool
you
can
use
to
accomplish
much
of
what
you
did
in
part
1,
however
as
with
most
software
wizards,
your
options
will
be
limited
compared
to
doing
it
yourself
from
scratch.
Create
a
new
VI.
The
DAQ
Assistant
is
found
in
several
places,
one
is
under
Measurement
I/O
NI-DAQmx.
Once
the
assistant
is
dropped
on
your
block
diagram
it
will
bring
up
an
options
page
to
con=igure
the
channel.
Select
Acquire
Signals
Analog
Input
Voltage.
Select
the
channel
you
are
wired
to
on
the
DAQ
and
click
Finished.
Double
check
the
wiring
by
selecting
the
connection
diagram
tab
near
the
top
of
the
page.
This
will
show
you
which
inputs
you
should
be
wired
to
for
the
channel
you
selected.
You
can
also
click
run
to
sample
the
channel
and
see
if
you
have
voltage
in,
however
this
check
will
be
affected
by
the
state
in
which
you
left
the
output
channel.
Once
you
are
satis=ied
click
OK
at
the
bottom
and
the
channel
will
be
created.
3) Add
FFT
Spectrum
(Mag
Phase)
to
analyze
the
component
frequencies
of
your
wave.
This
is
under
Signal
Processing
Waveform
Measurement.
On
the
front
panel
add
a
Waveform
Chart
and
a
Waveform
Graph,
these
can
be
found
under
Graph
Indicators.
Add
controls
for
Rate
and
Number
of
Samples
to
your
input
channel
and
make
sure
your
connections
are
made.
The
=inal
circuit
should
look
something
like
this.
4) The output VI (The VI you created previously is our output VI) will run continuously
on its own as long as the while loop condition is satisfied (Run the output VI). For the
new VI (input VI) click Run Continuously, this is next to run. If you have
everything hooked up and running you should see something on your chart and
graph. You will probably have to adjust the scaling on the waveforms to get a better
image of what is coming in. Run the input channel (new VI) for a moment and then
stop it. The waveforms will remain. Uncheck Autoscale X so that you can fix the
scale at something appropriate for the frequencies you are using. For frequencies of
10 or lower try clicking on the end time on the x-axis of the waveform chart and
changing the time to 1 second after the initial time. This shows a one second period
on the chart so you should see five full waves for a 5 Hz input. The graph should
show the component frequencies of the wave. For a sine wave you should see a
single defined peak at the input frequency. For square, or other wave types, you
should see the largest peak at the primary frequency followed by a series of
diminishing harmonics.
Print a screen shot of your input waveforms and report 2 frequencies you tried
outputting and what frequencies you are reading.
5) Now we will change the sampling rate on the input. We have two controls on the
input, sampling rate and the number of samples. Play around with the number of
samples. Try making it half as large as the rate, now double. In general for our
purposes it is best to keep it less than half of the rate so the waveforms will update at
least twice per second. More samples will give a better representation of the sampled
wave, but slow the time to refresh. The sampling rate determines the frequency of the
wave we can read. You must sample at least twice as fast as the wave you are reading
to get good data. Increase the output wave to 100 Hz. The default setting for the
sampling rate is 1000 (this is the sampling rate for the input circuit, make sure the
output circuit is still set to 1850), this would allow an accurate frequency
measurement to 500 Hz.
With a 100 Hz Sine wave output and input sampling rate of 1000 what
frequency are you reading on the input? Change the sampling rate to 500, 300,
and 200. Also note that you need to reduce the number of samples. Keep the
ratio of sampling rate to no. of samples to 1. Describe the effects for each setting.
Drop the sampling rate to 50 and report results. Describe the phenomena you
are seeing.
Part3.
Filters
1) Set
input
sampling
back
to
1000,
and
output
to
5
Hz
square
wave.
Set
the
scale
on
your
graph
so
you
can
see
the
primary
wave
and
the
harmonics.
2) Using
the
electronic
parts
given
add
a
low
pass
RC
=ilter
between
the
output
and
input
using
the
2k
resistor
(red
black
red
gold:
color
bands)
and
the
4.70uF
capacitor.
Following
is
a
basic
circuit
diagram
for
a
low
pass
RC
=ilter.
Make
sure
you
get
the
capacitor
polarity
correct
(shorter
negative
and
longer
positive).
Note:
This
diagram
shows
the
input
and
output
from
the
perspective
of
the
=ilter.
What
the
=ilter
sees
as
output
your
input
VI
will
see
as
input,
and
what
the
output
VI
sees
as
output,
the
=ilter
sees
as
input.
Remember
what
perspective
you
are
using
when
thinking
of
input
versus
output.
Part
2.1
showed
how
to
wire
the
output
channel
directly
to
the
input
channel.
Now
you
will
insert
the
=ilter
between
the
input
and
output
(ex.
Wires
14
and
16
are
output
from
the
PCs
perspective,
but
are
input,
or
VIN,
from
the
=ilters
point
of
view).
Calculate
the
cutoff
frequency
with
the
2k
resistor.
How
did
the
waveforms
change
in
time
and
frequency
domains?
3) Replace
the
=ixed
resistor
with
the
variable
potentiometer.
Calculate
the
cutoff
frequency
with
10k
potentiometer
at
full
resistance
and
lowest
resistance
(1
).
Now set your primary wave to 2Hz. How does the waveform look now at
BONUS
(2
points):
Create
a
band
pass
Zilter
and
show
its
pass/no-pass
characteristics
by
using
the
analog
output
to
generate
various
frequencies
and
measuring
the
response
(essentially
the
same
thing
you
did
in
the
last
homework
for
the
notch
Zilter,
but
with
real
hardware
and
using
LabView).