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ABSTRACT. Rare earth metal (REM) additions to steels have been shown to
improve formability and toughness, and
also have been shown to improve resistance to welding-related cracking, y^jtcium and magnesium additions pfwiwce
effects on inclusions similar to those associated with REM treatments, specifically
the control of inclusion shape and the
formation of more refractory sulfides
than the relatively low-melting point MnS.
In this investigation calcium and magnesium were added to laboratory heats of
HY-80, a nickel-containing low alloy steel,
in the form of INCOCAL alloy 10* and
INCOMAG alloy 4 * addition alloys. A
third laboratory heat of HY-80 was used
as a control.
Three test methods were employed to
determine the effects of calcium and
magnesium on three types of weldingrelated cracking. The modified implant
test was used to evaluate hydrogeninduced (cold) cracking susceptibility, and
the Varestraint test was selected to test
hot cracking susceptibility. The slice bend
test was chosen to measure short transverse direction ductility, a property that is
related to lamellar tearing susceptibility.
Introduction
Sulfide shape control offers steelmakers a method of improving properties of
steel plate material, particularly formability and toughness. Rare earth metal (REM)
additions, in particular, have been shown
to provide these improvements (Ref. 1),
and also have been shown to improve
resistance to hydrogen-induced cracking
(Ref. 2) and lamellar tearing (Ref. 3) in
weldments. Calcium and magnesium
treatments provide sulfide shape control,
and they should similarly improve resistance to these weld-related cracking
problems. Such beneficial effects have
not been demonstrated previously.
182-s|JUNE 1982
0.18
0.10-0.40
0.15-0.35
2.00-3.25
1.00-1.80
0.20-0.60
0.025
0.025
0.02
0.03
0.25
Cr
Mo
P
S
Ti
V
Cu
Mg
Ca
Al
Fe
Untreated
Mg-treated
0.15
0.24
0.18
2.86
1.53
0.42
0.15
0.24
0.17
2.89
1.45
0.41
0.15
0.24
0.16
2.83
1.51
0.41
0.017
0.019
0.006
0.019
0.014
0.007
0.018
0.014
0.006
0.0005
0.0005
0.046
0.016
0.0005
0.040
Bal.
0.0005
0.002-0.004
0.044
Bal.
Bal.
Bal.
Ca-treated
Wr^r^^i^K-A'<7Tt^A^ti^
'.-,:,' .
"*/*
except f o r t h e M g a n d Ca additions.
Calcium c o n t e n t f o r the t r e a t e d heat w a s
quite l o w , b u t p r e v i o u s w o r k (Ref. 7) h a d
s h o w n beneficial effects at l o w Ca levels.
Ultimate
tensile streng th
psi
(MPa)
Elongation,
R.A.,<a>
(800)
20.5
66.25
133,900
(923)
16.5
55.0
(634)
(638)
110,700
110,700
(763)
(763)
20.5
19.0
68.25
58.75
100,700
111,650
(694)
(770)
120,300
127,600
(829)
(800)
19.5
17.5
64.25
56.25
80,000
95,000
80,000
95,000
(552)(655)
(552)(655)
104,000<b>
(717)
20
55
b)
(717)
20
50
Heat
Orientation
psi
(MPa)
Control
(untreated)
Parallel
96,500
(665)
116,150
Transverse
110,700
(763)
Mg treated
Parallel
Transverse
91,950
92,550
Ca treated
Parallel
Transverse
HY-80
specification
Longitudinal
Transverse
104,000<
fNff *
'..^.T^C-.X'X;,
<m
Fig. 2 Typical nonmetallic inclusions in longitudinal sections of Mg-treated HY-80 steel. 2%
Nital etch. X1000 (reduced 50% on reproduction)
:'s
:
\
A- -~AAJ.\
"
h'A\-'''''
W-W*$
r-^A.yy.i-rr:t<<!;.,'^i
7"|S
^yr4&~Mm
Wmm.AA^:- i
Q?
ductility of the plate in the short transverse direction. Low ductility in this direction is generally agreed to be an indicator
of lamellar tearing susceptibility (Ref. 9,
10), although definitive correlations of
measured ductility and actual susceptibility have not been made (Ref. 11). Tearing
in a particular joint is affected by joint
design, welding variables, composition
and properties of the alloy, and by the
local inclusion content and distribution in
the joint region. For this reason, it is
probably unrealistic to expect more than
a general correlation between short
transverse direction ductility and lamellar
tearing susceptibility.
Short transverse direction tensile test
specimens are difficult to machine, and
the volume of plate that they test is
extremely small. To overcome these limitations, thp slice bend test was developed (Ref 12). This test measures bend
-SURFACE GROUND AT 4 5
TO LONGITUDINAL AXIS
.30
.to
- MAGNESIUM TREATED
- CALCIUM TREATED
UNTREATED
.25
.25
.20
.20
- UNTREATED
- MAGNESIUM TREATED
- CALCIUM TREATED
<
A
A
. 15
UJ UJ
Is
is
Is
cc
o
.1 5
.10
.10
=>
o
s
<
s
s
<
.05
.05
AM
5
z.
1
I
2
3
4
5
SPECIMEN NUMBER (ARBITRARY)
2
3
4
5
SPECIMEN NUMBER ( A R B I T R A R Y )
Fig. 7 Slice bend test results of specimens removed transverse to the Fig. 8-Slice bend test results of specimens removed parallel to the
rolling direction
rolling direction
J0250"F*
300
- UNTREATED
- - MAGNESIUM TREATED
- CALCIUM TREATED
250
3 / 8 - 16 THREAD
200
R= .001
x
O
z
Ul
<
tr
o
-!
<.
150
100
i-
r<-.257
.250"
50
J_
1/2
2
3
AUGMENTED STRAIN, %
I
6
2.5
RADIUS OF FORMING BLOCK, INCHES
Fig. 9 Varestraint test results
J_
i
1.75
%j!>
1/2
WELD METAL
<WliS/MU>
ji
\l
LOAD
Welding:
Process
Filler metal
Parameters
Gas Metal-Arc
Linde MI-88 (90 ksi, i.e., 620.5 MPa, minimum yield strength)
Voltage
29-31 V
Current
290-31OA
Travel Speed
12 ipm (5 mm/s)
Shielding gas Argon, 40 cfh (18.9 L/min). Hydrogen introduced by bubbling argon
through a 9 in. (22.86 cm) column of distilled water.
Loading sequence (from Ref. 14):
Time
0
Start welding
7 s
Stop welding
3 min Partially submerge specimen in ice water bath
5 min Remove from ice water and position in test apparatus
9 min Load specimen and start timer
magnification m i c r o g r a p h s .
T h e test results indicate that calcium
and
magnesium
treatment
improve
h y d r o g e n - i n d u c e d cracking resistance.
T h e data f o r t h e three heats s h o w a v e r y
similar p a t t e r n in terms o f a p p l i e d stress
vs. failure t i m e (Table 4 and Figs. 1 2 - 1 4 ) .
T h e r e is a high stress region f o r each heat
w h e r e all tested specimens failed in less
than 3 h. B e l o w that region is a transition
stress w h e r e t h e probability of failure
w a s 50%. For specimens l o a d e d b e l o w
that transition stress level, n o failure
occurred.
psi
(MPa)
120,360
(830)
lo
106,350
(733)
54
93,830
(647)
114
48
106,350
18
108
93,830
81,320
(561)
psi
(MPa)
120,360
(830)
(733)
(647)
psi
(MPa)
66
6
120,360
(830)
106,350
(733)
42
12
93,830
(647)
56,300
(474)
(388)
30
NF
18
NF
87,580
NF
NF
81,320
(604)
(561)
NF
12
126
NF
3
60
3
36
12
30
18
87,580
68,810
Time to
failure,
min
(604)
18
168
81,320
(561)
NF
66
12
NF
NF
NF
75,070
68,810
(518)
(474)
NF
NF
W E L D I N G RESEARCH S U P P L E M E N T 1187-s
-Transition
\-z
Stress
^ NF(2)
lit
10
30
60
TIME TO FAILURE,
IOO
MINUTES
ik
il
Ik
NFI2)
A
-m Transition Stress
>
f
, r
TIME TO F A I L U R E , MINUTES
Conclusions
References
A
A
TIME TO F A I L U R E , MINUTES
Fig. 13 - Implant test results for the Mg-treated heat of HY-80 steel
A
A
Nf(2)