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3.Chemical Bonding and

Molecular Structure_42-71
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1
3. CHEMICAL
BO N D I N G A N D

MOLECULAR
STRUCTURE
SYNOPSIS:

The force of
attraction
between
atoms or ions
is called

chemical
bond.

Chemical
bonds are of
many
typesa) Ionic b

ond b) Covale
nt bondc) Coordinate coval
ent bond d) M
etallic bond, e
tc.

Formation of
chemical
bonds
involved
electrons and
nuclei and
mainly energy
changes.


Bond
formation is
exothermic
and
bond breaking
is

endothermic.H
+H

H - H + 104 k.
cal ; H - H

H + H - 104
k.cal


Bonds are
formed
between
atoms or
ions to gain
stability.


In the bond
formation,
some energy
is released
and potential
energy of

system
decreases.

The two
bonded atoms
are at
optimum or

equilibrium
distance. So
that the
attractive and
repulsiveforce
s are
balanced.

If the bonded
atoms
approach
much closer
beyond the
equilibrium
distance, the

repulsive
forces
willexceed the
attractive
forces.

In exothermic
reaction, the
number of
bonds formed
in the
products is
greater than
number

of bonds
broken in the
reactants (or)

Strong bonds
are formed
in the

products and
weak
bonds are
broken in the
reactants.

Molecules are
more stable
than
individual ato
ms.
Electronic
Theory of
Valency:-

This was
proposed by
Kossel
and Lewis.

This theory
explains how
and why the
bonds are
formed.

Valence
electrons are
responsible for
bonding
process.

Inert gases
have ns
2

np
6

configuration
but, Helium
has 1s
2

. Thus, all
inert gases
have octet
andhelium has
duplet
configuration.

Noble gases
are chemically
inert and will
not take part
in bonding
because they
are stable due
tooctet

configuration
in the valence
shell.

Atoms of all
other

elements
contain less
than
8 electrons in
valence shell.

These
elements are
chemically
reactive and
take part in
chemical
reactions to
become stable

byattaining
octet
configuration.

Attaining octet
configuration
in the valence

shell is called
octet rule or
octet theory.

Some
elements may
become stable

by attaining
duplet
configuration
e.g. H, Li, Be.

Octet
configuration

can be
achieved by
loosing or
gaining or
mutual
sharing of
electrons.As
per this

theory, core
electrons will
not take part
in
bonding.Atom
- Valence =
Core
VALENCE or
VALENCY:

It is the
combining
capacity of
an element
i.e., number of
bonds formed
by the
element.Valen

ce of an
element =
group number
or (8 - group
number)
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Chemical
Bonding and

molecular
structure

2IONIC BOND
(Electrostatic
bond or
electrovalent
bond):

Ionic bond
was explained
by Kossel.

The strong
electrostatic
force of

attraction
between
oppositely
charged ions
which are
formed bythe
transfer of the
electrons is

called Ionic
bond.

Ionic bond is
formed
between
different

atomsi.e
atoms
of different
electronegativ
ities.It is
generally
formed
between

metal atom
and non-metal
atom.

It cannot be
formed
between same

or similar
atoms.

There is no
100% ionic
compound.
Most ionic

compound is
CsF (Cesium
fluoride)

To form an
ionic bond,
the

electronegativ
es between
combining
atoms should
be greater
than 1.7.

Ionic bond is
generally
formed
between
electropositive
and
electronegativ
e element or

lesselectroneg
ative and more
electronegativ
e
elements.Ionic
bond is
generally
formed

betweenIA
and VIIA
groupIA and
VIA groupIIA
and VIIA
groupIIA and
VIA groupIonic
bond is non-

directional as
it involves
electrostatic
attraction.
FACTORS
FAVOURABLE
FOR IONIC
BOND
FORMATION


The ease of
formation of
ionic bond
depends on
the case of
formation of

cation and
anion.
Conditions fav
ourable for cat
ion Conditions
favourable for
anion

1)
Size:

Larger atoms
will form
cationsreadily
Eg.: Li < Na <
K < Rb < Cs
Size:

Smaller atoms
will form anion

readilyEg.: F >
Cl > Br >
I2) Ionisation
potential: Ato
ms with low I.
Pswill form
cations

readily.Eg.: Na
> Mg > AlIP

increasesEase
of formation
decreases.
Electron
affinity:

Atoms with
high
electronaffinit
y will form
anion
readily.Eg.: Cl
> Br >
IElectron

affinity decrea
sesEase
of formation
decreases.3)
Charge:

Cation with
less positive
chargeis

readily
formedEg.: Na
+

> Mg
2+

> Al
3+

Ease of
formation incr

eases
withdecrease
in the charge.
Charge:

Anion with
less negative
charge

isreadily
formed.Eg.: F

>O
2

>N
3

Ease of
formation

increases with
decrease in
thecharge.4)
Electronic
configuration:

Cation
withinert gas
configuration
is more stable

andmore
readily formed
than cation
with pseudo
inert gas
configurationa
) Ca
+2

> Zn

2+

2, 8, 8 2, 8, 18
Inert gas confi
guration Pseu
dolnert gas co
nfiguration
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Chemical
Bonding and

molecular
structure

3 b) Na
+

> Cu
+

2.8
2.8.18Inert ga
s configuratio

n Pseudolnert
gas configurat
ionHigher
lattice energy
also favours
ionic bond
formation
LATTICE
ENERGY:- (

The amount of
energy
released when
the oppositely
charged
gaseous
ions combine

to form
one mole
of solid ionic
crystal (or)The
amount of
energy
absorbed to
separate one

mole of solid
ionic crystal
into oppositely
chargedgaseo
us ions
is called
lattice
energy. Na
+(g

) + Cl
-(g)

NaCl
(s)

+ 184.2 kcal

NaCl
(s)

+ 782
KJ/mole NaCl
(s)

Na
+(g)

+ Cl

(g)

782 KJ/mole

In a given
ionic crystal,
there are
attractions
between

opposite
charges and
repulsions
betweenelectr
on clouds of
cation and
anion.

Thus, lattice
energy is the
sum of
potential
energy due to
attractions
and potential

energy due
torepulsions.
reZNAZnPE
2att

=
n2rep

rNBenPE

+=

Lattice
energy (u) =
n22

rNBereZNAZ

+
+

Where N

Avagadro's
number A

Madelung's
constantZ
+

Positive
chargeZ

Negative
chargee

Charge of e

Repulsive coefficientn

Born exponent


Lattice energy
is inversely
proportional to
the sum of
radii of

cation and
anion.
+

+
rr1u

charge,u
size1


Generally, the
ion, (cation or
anion) with
smaller size
and more
charge will

have greater
latticeenergy.
Born-Haber's
cycle:

The basis for

Born-Haber's
cycle is Hess's
law. It states

that the heat

energy
change will
remainconsta
nt whether a
chemical
reaction
occurs in one

step
or several
steps.
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