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Fresnel Equations
EM Waves at boundaries
Fresnel Equations:
Reflection and Transmission Coefficients
Brewsters Angle
Total Internal Reflection (TIR)
Evanescent Waves
The Complex Refractive Index
Reflection from Metals
Er cos n2 sin 2
=
=
E cos + n2 sin 2
rTM
Er n2 cos + n2 sin 2
=
=
E
n2 cos + n2 sin 2
Et
2n cos
=
E n2 cos + n2 sin 2
n1
n2
t
t : transmission coefficient
E
2cos
tTE = t =
E cos + n2 sin 2
tTM =
Er
Et
n
ntransmitted n2
=
nincident
n1
EM Waves at an Interface
r r
r
r
Ei = Eoi exp i ki r i t
r r
r
r
Reflected beam : Er = Eor exp i kr r r t
r r
r
r
Transmitted beam : Et = Eot exp i kt r t t
Incident beam :
TE mode
r
Eoi
r
Ei
r
ki = n1k0
r
kr = n1k0
r
kt = n2 k0
r
ki
n1
n2
r
Et
r
n2
n1
r
kr
r
Eot
r
kt
TM mode
n2
r
Er
n1
r
Eor
EM Waves at an Interface
r r
r
r
Ei = Eoi exp i ki r i t
r r
r
r
Reflected beam : Er = Eor exp i kr r r t
r r
r
r
Transmitted beam : Et = Eot exp i kt r t t
Incident beam :
At the boundary between the two media (the x y plane), all waves must exist simultaneously,
and the tangential component must be equal on both sides of the interface.
r
Therefore, for all time t and for all boundary points r on the interface,
) r
) r
) r
n Ei + n Er = n Et
r r
r r
r r
) r
) r
) r
) (
) (
r
Eoi
r
Ei
r
ki
n1
n2
r
Er
n
r
kr
r
Eor
r rr
Eot
r
kt
r
Et
EM Waves at an Interface
Phase matching condition:
r r
r r
r r
ki r i t = kr r r t = kt r t t
) (
) (
r
Ei
r
At r = 0, this results in
i t = r t = t t
r
ki
n1
n2
i = r = t
(Frequency does not change at the boundary!)
At t = 0, this results in
r r r r r r
ki r = k r r = kt r
r
Er
r
kr
r
ki = n1k0
r
kr = n1k0
r
kt = n2 k0
r
r
r
kt
r
Et
n2 k0
n1k0
r
kr
r
ki
r
r
ki ,r ,t r = constant
r
r
the equation for a plane perpendicular to ki ,r ,t and r .
r
kt
Normal
r r
r
ki , kr , and kt are coplanar in the plane of incidence.
r
r
EM Waves at an Interface
r
Ei
At t = 0,
r r r r r r
ki r = kr r = kt r = constant
r
ki
Since the incident and reflected beams are in the same medium,
n
sin i = sin r
ki = k r = i
i = r : law of reflection
r
Er
r
kr n
n2
r
kt
r
Et
n2 k0
n1k0
ki r = kt r
ki r sin i = kt r sin t
But the incident and transmitted beams are in different media,
n
n
ki = i
kt = t
ni sin i = nt sin t : law of refraction
c
c
r
kr
r
i
t
r
ki
r
kt
Normal
r
r
TE-case
TM-case
B=
nE
c
n2
TE-case
n1
For the TE mode :
Ei + Er = Et
n1 Ei cos i n1 Er cos r = n2 Et cos t
TM-case
n2
n1
n2
TM case : rTM =
where n =
Er cos i n cos t
=
Ei
cos i + n cos t
TE-case
n1
Er n cos i + cos t
=
n cos i + cos t
Ei
n2
n1
TM-case
n2
We know that
sin i = n sin t
sin 2 i
n cos t = n 1 sin t = n 1
=
2
n
2
n 2 sin 2 i
n1
TM case : rTM
cos i
E
= r =
Ei
cos i +
n 2 sin 2 i
n2
n sin i
2
2
2
2
Er n cos i + n sin i
=
=
Ei
n 2 cos i + n 2 sin 2 i
TE-case
n2
n1
n1
TE :
2n cos i
Et
=
Ei n 2 cos i + n 2 sin 2 i
tTE = rTE + 1
TM : ntTM = 1 rTM
TM-case
n2
n1
2
I out cos out nout Eout cos out
Power _ ratio =
=
I in cos in nin Ein 2 cos in
1
1
1
n1 0 cE02i cos i = n1 0 cE02r cos r + n2 0 cE02t cos t
2
2
2
2
2
2
cos t E02t
E0 r n2 E0t cos t
E0 r
1= 2 +
= 2 + n
2 = R+T
co
s
E0i n1 E02i cos i
E0i
i E0 i
1
n 0 cE02
2
E02r
R = 2 = r2
E0i
cos t E02t
cos t 2
T = n
t
2 = n
cos i E0i
cos i
R = rr* = r
cos t
T = n
cos i
cos t
tt* = n
cos i
2
t
cos i
n 2 sin 2 i
co s i +
n 2 sin 2 i
rTM =
n 2 cos i +
n 2 sin 2 i
n 2 c os i +
n 2 sin 2 i
rTM
n = n2 / n1 > 1 ( n 2 sin 2 ) 0
rTE
If rTE ,TM < 0 then there are always (= 180o ) phase changes.
rTE ,TM = rTE ,TM = ei rTE ,TM
Note for the TM case :
rTM ( = p ) = 0 when p = tan n
1
cos i
n 2 sin 2 i
co s i +
n 2 sin 2 i
rTM =
n 2 cos i +
n 2 c os i +
n 2 sin 2 i
n 2 sin 2 i
TIR region
n1 > n2 n = n2 / n1 < 1
critical angle
If ( n 2 sin 2 ) < 0, rTE ,TM =1, BUT rTE ,TM are complex !
rTE ,TM =1
n 2 cos p +
n 2 sin 2 p
n cos p +
n sin p
=0
n cos p = n sin p
4
n 4 cos 2 p n 2 + sin 2 p
= (n 1) n c os p sin p = 0
2
TE
TM
internal
reflection
p = tan 1 n
For n = 1.50, p = 56.31
: n > 1 or n < 1
Critical angle :
sin c = n
:n < 1
external
reflection
n2
<1
n1
(TIR)
R
R=1
rTE
rTM
internal
reflection
2
2
Er cos i i sin i n
=
=
Ei
cos i + i sin 2 i n 2
2
2
2
Er n cos i + i sin i n
=
=
Ei
n 2 cos i + i sin 2 i n 2
r
Complex value
rTM
rTE
n=1.50
External Reflection
TE
External Reflection
TM
Internal reflection
Complex value
In TIR region
: > c
TIR
Phase shifts on total Internal Reflection for both TE- and TM-cases
When c (TIR case) then r is complex and for both the TE and TM cases has the form :
a ib cos i sin e i
sin
b
r=
=
= + i = e i 2 = ei
tan =
=
= 2
a + ib cos + i sin e
a
cos
is the phase shift on total internal reflection(TIR ).
TE case : rTE
a = cos i
TE
2
2
Er cos i i sin i n
=
=
Ei
cos i + i sin 2 i n 2
b = sin 2 i n 2
Internal reflection
sin 2 i n 2
TE
tan = tan
=
cos
2
sin 2 n 2
i
= 2 tan
cos i
: i > c
TM
sin 2 n 2
i
= 2 tan
2
n cos i
: i > c
TIR
(Complex r )
Therefore,
rTE ,TM
after TIR is ..
Internal reflection
rTE ,TM
For TIR case ( incident > c )
rTE
rTM
2
2
Er cos i i sin i n
=
=
Ei
cos i + i sin 2 i n 2
Complex value
2
2
2
Er n cos i + i sin i n
=
=
Ei
n 2 cos i + i sin 2 i n 2
TM
sin 2 n 2
i
= 2 tan
2
n cos
TE
sin 2 n 2
i
= 2 tan
cos
TE ,TM
TM
TE
0o
= (= 180o )
sin 2 n 2
i
1
2 tan n 2 cos
0o
sin 2 n 2
=
i
1
2 tan
cos
= TM TE
= 0o
o
0
>
< p'
Internal reflection
TIR
(Complex r )
< c
< c
> c
< p
p < < c
c <
TM
TE
Fresnel Rhomb
3
near i = 53o when n = 1.5
4
After two consequentive TIRs,
Note TM TE =
TM TE =
3
2
= TM TE =
TE
2
Quarter wave retarder
Circularly
Polarized
light
TM
TM
= TM TE =
2
Quarter wave retarder
Linearly
polarized light
(45o)
TE
Circularly
Polarized
light
n
r r
r
r
Reflected beam : Er = Eor exp i kr r r t
r r
r
r
Transmitted beam : Et = Eot exp i kt r t t
Incident beam :
r r
)
)
)
)
kt r = ( kt sin t x + kt cos t z ) ( x x + zz )
= kt ( x sin t + z cos t )
sin 2 i
But , cos t = 1 sin t = 1
n
2
k x sin t
Et = E0t exp i t
t exp ( z )
n
sin i
1
= kt
sin i
2
1 =
t
n
2
sin i
1
n
2
n2
n1 > n2
t exp ( z )
Et = E0t exp i t
n
n1
Penetration depth: Et = e Eot h = =
1
sin 2 i
1
2
n2
Frustrated TIR
d
Tp = fraction of intensity
transmitted across gap
n1=n2=1.517
1.65
Zhu et al., Variable Transmission Output
Coupler and Tuner for Ring Laser Systems,
Appl. Opt. 24, 3610-3614 (1985).
d/
2nR nI =
nI4 nI2
=0
2
nI = 1
2 nI 0
nR =
2 nI 0
2
+
+
1 1+ 4
1
1
4
2
2
0
0
nI2 =
nI2 =
2
2
We need to take the positive root because nI is a real number.
r
r
= E0 exp i ( nR + i nI ) ( uk r ) t
c
r
r
r
n
n
= E0 exp i R ( uk r ) t exp I ( uk r )
c
n
E = E0 exp i R ( uk r ) t exp I ( uk r )
c
The second term leads to absorption of the beam in metals due to inducing
a current in the medium. This causes the irradiance to decrease as the wave
propagates through the medium.
r
r r* r r *
2 nI ( uk r )
I EE = E0 E0 exp
r
2 nI ( uk r )
r
=
I
exp
I = I 0 exp
( k )
2 nI
4 nI
=
c
cos i
E
= r =
Ei
cos i +
TM case : rTM =
n% 2 sin 2 i
n% 2 sin 2 i
n% 2 cos i +
Er
=
Ei
n% 2 cos i +
Substituting n% = nR + i nI
Reflectance
n% 2 sin 2 i
n% 2 sin 2 i
we obtain :
Er cos i
TE case : r =
=
Ei
cos i +
(n
(n
2
R
2
R
2
2
Er ( nR nI ) + i ( 2nR nI ) cos i +
TM case : r =
=
Ei
( nR2 nI2 ) + i ( 2nR nI ) cos i +
(n
2
R
(n
2
R
cos i
n% 2 sin 2 i
cos i +
n% 2 sin 2 i
At normal incidence
(from Hecht, page 113)
1 n%
1 + n%
n% 2 cos i +
n% 2 sin 2 i
n% 2 cos i +
n% 2 sin 2 i
r=
1 ( nR i nI
1 + ( nR i nI
1 n%
1 + n%
)
)
=
2
2
+
+
+
+
+
+
n
i
n
n
i
n
n
n
n
1
1
1
2
(
)
(
)
R
I
R
I
R
R
I
( n 1)
R= R
2
( nR + 1)
2
+ nI2
+ nI2
visible