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RICU
ULTU
URA
AL
E INEE
ENGI
ERIN
NG
Se
ectora
al Rep
port, 2009
2
1
Natiional Institute of Agriculttural Exte
ension M
Managem
mentPage|1
(MA
ANAGE)
Hyd
derabad
Table of Contents
5-9
1.1
Introduction
1.2
Farm Mechanization
1.3
Growth of Mechanization
1.4
TRACTOR INDUSTRY
10-17
2.1
Introduction
10
2.2
Export Market
12
2.3
12
2.4
13
2.5
15
MICRO IRRIGATION
16-18
3.1
Introduction
16
3.2
Nature of Scheme
16
3.3
Drip Irrigation
16
3.4
Sprinkler Irrigation
18
SUBSIDY POLICY
19-20
4.1
Macro-Management of Agriculture
19
Page|2
List Of Tables
.
1.1
1.2
3.1
17
3.2
18
4.1
19
Page|3
List of Figures
1.1
2.1
Percentage of sales
10
2.2
11
2.3
12
3.1
17
3.2
18
Page|4
Page|5
1. Tractors
2. Levelers
3. Ploughs
4. Dozers
5. Scrapers
Sowing&
Planting
1. Drill
2. Seeder
3. Planter
4. Dibbler
5. Transplanter
Weeding,
Intercultivation,
Plant
protection
1.Shovel/Plough
2. Harrow
3. Tiller
4. Sprayer
5. Duster
Harvesting&
Threshing
1. Harvester
2. Thresher
3. Digger
4. Reaper
5. Sheller
6. Sickle/Dao
Postharvest&
agricultural
Processing
1. Seed Extractor
2. Dehusker
3.Huller/Dehuller
4. Cleaner
5. Grader
6. Mill
7. Dryer
Over the years, the share of human and animal power in agriculture has reduced
drastically, paving the way for a variety of equipment to emerge. Many of these are driven by
tractors, diesel engines or tillers. Several of the traditional processes in agriculture have been
transformed with the advent of mechanization. For example:
Page|6
Land development, tillage and seedbed preparation, together account for a major share of
power utilization in the crop cycle. From animal driven plough and blade harrow, the
process is now being transformed by utilization of tractor driven devices.
Sowing and planting as a process, though not power intensive, has traditionally been suboptimal due to the complexity of drilling of land and then uniformly sowing the seeds.
This process is now being transformed by modern seed drills and planters.
Irrigation of farmland has been largely automated and the use of diesel and electric
motors and pumps is now well established.
Similarly, the activities pertaining to plant protection, harvesting and threshing are being
automated, largely with the help of sprayers and tractor mounted equipment, respectively.
As a result of these developments, the use of animals to power farming activities has been
continuously declining.
The consumption of electric power for farming has also been increasing steadily another
indication of the increasing mechanization in the sector.
28.5
4.3
8.3
8.9
16.7
2.0
6.6
12.5
0.9
2.1
18.8
18.2
(Source: www.indiastat.com)
12.5 0.9
6.6
8.9
4.3
153.2
8.3
28.5
6.2
84.8
7.2
36.1
Tractors
Power Tillers
Potato Digger
Straw Reaper
Forage Harvester
(Source: www.indiastat.com)
Page|8
Sale (number)
Tractors
247531
296080
352835
202708
190336
173098
Power Tillers
17481
22303
24791
18375
15665
14613
(Source: www.indiastat.com)
The farm equipment sector in India is nascent, but a fast growing one, that is set to
experience sustained growth due to increased mechanization of farming, easy availability of
credit and emerging practices, such as contract farming. Tractors and related equipment form the
major part of the industry and given their low penetration levels in India, look set to continue
having a significant share in the market. These appear the most attractive segments for
investment and have been attracting multinational players such as John Deere. Punjab and
Maharashtra appear attractive locations for investment given the favorable demand, supply and
regulatory scenario in these states. Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu could be other options.
Page|9
2. Tractor Industry
2.1 Introduction
Tractor industry plays an important role as agriculture sector has a major contribution to
Indias GDP. Tractors are part of agricultural machinery industry. Tractors came to India through
imports and later on were indigenously manufactured with the help of foreign collaborations.
There were only 8,635 imported tractors in use in 1951. The manufacturing process started in
1961-62 with 880 numbers, but India continued to import tractors to meet the total needs up to
the late 1970s due to the slow pace of production.
Indian tractor industry is relatively young but now has become the largest market
worldwide, accounting for one third of global production. The tractor market in India is cyclic
and has been growing steadily over the years. There has been a continuous growth of about 20 %
Y-o-Y for the industry since 2003. There was a recession between 2000 and 2002 owing to poor
monsoons. The market is segmented in terms of horsepower into the 30 HP and less (lower)
segment, the 30 HP 40 HP segment, 41 HP 50 HP segment and the higher segment beyond
50 HP. The medium horse power category tractors, 31-40 HP, are the most popular in the
country and fastest growing segment, which contributes 51 % of the total market. All major
players cater to all the three segments. There has been a trend to move towards higher HP
tractors, in recent years. This has been prompted by the need for newer applications and
increasing awareness among farmers about new mechanization options.
Figure 2.1: Percentage of sales
(Source: www.ibef.org)
Page|10
Punjab, Utttar Pradessh and Haryana are the largestt markets for tractorrs, togetherr
accountting for morre than 50 % of sales (22006-07).
Figure 2.2: State-w
wise sale off tractors (%
%)
3%
3%
2%
Punjab
9%
UttarPrradesh
Haryanaa
4%
36%
%
Rajasthaan
MadhyaaPradesh
5%
Gujarat
7%
Maharashtra
7%
7%
10%
7%
Bihar
WestBe
engal
Karnataka
(Sourcce: www.ibef.oorg)
Page|11
1
2.2 Ex
xport Marrket
Agriculturaal equipment exports,, primarily tractor fro
om India hhave been registering
g
continu
uous growthh over the past
p five yeears. From US$ 117.4 million in FY03, tracctor exportss
rose to US$
U 451.77
7 million in FY07, a CA
AGR of 31 per cent.
Figure 2.3: Agricu
ultural equip
pment exports (US$ miillion)
200708
451.77
4
Year
200607
354.64
200506
276.91
200405
171.42
200304
117.4
47
0
50
100
150
0
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
E
Exports
(Sourrce: www.ibeff.org)
Sizeable quantities
q
arre exported
d to Africa, the Middlee East, Asiia, South America
A
and
d
n an overalll drop of 20
0% in the exports
e
of tthe industry
y during thee
other naations. There has been
year 2008-09. Exports are estiimated to grrow by 8-10
0 per cent by
y the year 22013-14.
(Source: CRISIL Rep
port April 2009)
2.3 Drrivers of T
Tractor Growth
G
Various faactors influ
uence the demand
d
off tractors. Major
M
dem
mand comess from thee
agriculttural growth
h and the seecondary deemands emaanates from the dual usse of tractorrs, primarily
y
haulagee. The majorr usage (agrriculture) iss dependent upon the fo
ollowing driivers:
Credit andd money av
vailability has always bbeen a majo
or factor inn tractor ind
dustrys and
d
mechanisaations fortu
unes. More than 90% of tractor purchases in the coun
ntry are on
n
credit. Thu
us, it becom
mes crucial that
t
a long tterm policy
y of zero or marginal in
nterest ratess
to enhancee the use of agriculturall mechanisaation must be
b initiated by
b the goveernment.
Emergencee of contracct farming.
Page|12
2
Contract farming enables the farmer to get the benefit of technology, training and
financing with the contractors support. This facilitates adoption of mechanised
farming practices.
Page|15
Micro Irrigation
3.1 Introduction
Although water is a renewable resource, its availability in appropriate quality and
quantity is under severe stress due to increasing demand from various sectors. Agriculture is the
largest user of water, which consumes more than 80% of the countrys exploitable water
resources. The overall development of the agriculture sector and the intended growth rate in
GDP is largely dependent on the judicious use of the available water resources. While the
irrigation projects (major and medium) have contributed to the development of water resources,
the conventional methods of water conveyance and irrigation, being highly inefficient, has led
not only to wastage of water but also to several ecological problems like water logging,
salinization and soil degradation making productive agricultural lands unproductive. It has been
recognized that use of modern irrigation methods like drip and sprinkler irrigation is the only
alternative for efficient use of surface as well as ground water resources. Hence, this scheme on
Micro Irrigation (MI), which aims at increasing the area under efficient methods of irrigation viz.
drip and sprinkler irrigation.
Table 3.1:
3 Averag
ge unit cost for
f installin
ng drip irrigaation system
m
State Category
C
Averaage Cost (R
Rs./ha)
40, 000
46,000
50,000
States wh
here more th
han 10,000 hectares haave been brrought undeer drip irrig
gation as on
n
1.4.2004 w
would comee under A Category.
S
except those co
overed und
der Categorry A andd those fallling in thee
All the States
Himalayann belt would come und
der Category
y B.
N
Easttern States, Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir,
All the North
Uttarakhannd and Darjeeeling distriict of West Bengal wou
uld come unnder Catego
ory C.
Area(ha)
219696
2
10025
6483
09
460
4262
MadhyaPradesh
Uttar Pradesh
UttarPradesh
Punjab
4219
Haryana
10559
9
Rajasthan
Gujarat
AndhraPradesh
Karnataka
Tamil Nadu
TamilNadu
Maharashtra
16
6686
Kerala
1166
665 114304 111407
Statess
(Source: www.indiasttat.com)
Page|17
7
3.4 Sp
prinkler Irrrigation
Underr sprinkler irrigation
i
w
water
is sprrinkled undeer pressure into the aiir and plantt
um or High Density Po
oly Ethylenee
foliage through a sset of nozzlees attached to network of aluminiu
t form off rainfall. Th
hese system
ms are suitab
able for irriggating crops where thee
(HDPE) pipes in the
here adoptio
on of Drip Irrigation Systems may not be economical
e
.
plant deensity is veery high wh
Sprinkler irrigatio
on is suitaable for horticultural
h
l crops lik
ke vegetables and seeed spices.
ntionally, spprinkler irriigation has been wideely in use for
f irrigatin
ng Cereals, Pulses, Oill
Conven
Seeds and
a other fieeld crops.
Table 3.2:
3 Cost off sprinkler irrrigation system
C
Coupler
diaameter (mm
m)
Coost (Rs.)
63 mm
13690
75 mm
14270
90 mm
17280
5038
862
Area(ha)
460529
15002
20
36333
Gujarat
20220
Orissa
263
332
Tamil Nadu
TamilNadu
100000
MadhyaPradesh
84490
AndhraPradesh
Maharashtra
Karnataka
Rajasthan
Haryana
17320
11
WestBengal
157028
States
(Source: www.indiasttat.com)
Page|18
8
4. Subsidy Policy
4.1 Macro-Management of Agriculture
The States have been given flexibility to develop & pursue activities on the basis of their
regional priorities. The States are free to include new interventions in their Work Plans provided
these are not covered under any other scheme of the Central Government or are not a part of any
ongoing State Scheme. The expenditure on any new initiative should not be more than 10% of
the total allocation to the State (for the year) under Macro-Management Scheme. As per
approved pattern, there would be a cap on subsidy to the farmers incorporated in the Work Plans.
Subsidy per farmer or per activity should not exceed 25% of the cost or the present subsidy level
approved under 27 identified schemes, whichever is lower. Besides, the subsidy is also available
on identified agricultural implements under the schemes of oil seeds production programme
National Pulses Development Project, Technology Mission on Cotton, Technology Mission on
Horticulture for North Eastern Region.
The following agricultural equipments are available on subsidy under Central Sector Plan
Schemes. The subsidy is available to the farmers @ 25% of the cost of equipment subject to
certain ceiling limits.
Table 4.1: Equipments covered under subsidy
S. No.
Name of Implements/Machines
1.
Tractor
2.
Power Tiller
3.
4.
5.
Sprinklers
6.
Drip Irrigation
7.
8.
9.
Page|19
10.
Self Propelled reaper, paddy transplanter and other similar self propelled
machines
11.
Page|20