RUBIACEAE [MADDER FAMILY]

Rubiaceae is the fourth largest family of angiosperms. Trees or shrubs,

sometimes lianous, infrequently herbs: Uncaria is a hook climber, Paedoria is a

twining shrub. Epiphytes are met with in the genera such as Myrmecodia

[Malaya] Hymenopogon parasitica. [Eastern Himalayas] Trees like

Anthocephalus cadamba and Adina cordifolia are seen. Limnosipanea is

hydrophyte Stems are non-lactiferous and with out coloured juice. Leaves

opposite orwhorled, simple entire or rarely toothed, the stipules present and

interpetiolar or intrapetiolar sometimes foliaceous and not distinguishable from

the leaves [an in Galieae] or reduced to glandular setae [as in Pentas], distinct

or connate: inflorescence is basically a dichasial cyme [only the central flower

present in some, as in Gardenia], the dichasia sometimes aggregated in to

globose heads [the flowers becoming basically adnate:[ as in Morinda or

sarcocephalus], flowers bisexual usually actinomorphic or rarely zygomorphic

and somewhat bilabiate [as jn Henriquezia ] .

Unisexual flowers occur in Corprosma [ Newzealand] and Anthospermum. Calyx

4-5 lobed, the lobes or segments open in aestivation, sometimes becoming

enlarged in fruit [as in Nematostylis ] In Mussaenda one of the sepal becomes

large leaf like and coloured ,it is an adaptation for insect pollination. The corolla

gamopetalous, usually salver form, rotate or funnel form, 4-5 lobed [rarely 8-

10], aestivation various and providing sectional characters:

The flowers are entomophilous and the long coloured corolla tube is an

adaptation for this. In addition the flowers are clustered in many genera and

epigenous nectar secreting discs also present. Stamens as many as corolla

lobes and alternate with them, epiptalous on the corolla tube, the anthers two

celled, dehiscing longitudinally, introse, usually distinct: pistil one, the ovary

inferior [rarely superior as in Magamea or half inferior

as in Synaptanthera ], the carpel’s 2 or more ,the locules usually 2 with axial or

seemingly basal

placentation[ as in Gardenia] ,the ovules usually numerous in each locule

[ uniovulate in Pavetta with ovules sunken in the fleshy funiculus] : the style 1

and slender, often 2 branched or forked, the stigmas usually linear ,on each

style branch or solitary and 2 lobed : fruit a loculicidal or septicidal capsule or

indehiscent and separating in to 1 seeded segments[ Galium ],a fleshy berry in

some genera [Coffea, Mitchella ]: seeds sometimes winged , the endosperm

usually copious and fleshy or rarely cartilaginous. The Rubiaceae are a large

pantropical and subtropical family of nearly 400 genera [of which nearly half are

monotype] and 4800 –5000 species. There are a number of tribes and species

and genera of the tribes Galieae, Anthospermae and oldenlandieae are

predominantly herbaceous, and extend to temperate zone [Nertera extends

from the equator to cape horn, and Gallium from equator to the artic ]. The
family is especially abundant in Northern South America. About 50 genera occur

indigenously in Mexico, and 14 in the United States. Notable among the latter

are Houstonia ,Galium and Cephalanthus in the cooler parts and Hediotis

[Oldenlandia ] ,Diodia, Pentodon, Pinkneya and Bouvardia primarily in the

warmer areas. Other genera in the southwest include Kelloygia and Crasea.

Another important feature seen in this family is the close association between

ants and some members and it goes by the name myrmecophily. Myrmecodia

is an epiphyte with a tuber like stem formed from swollen hypocotyls,

containing galleries in which ants make a home. In Nauclea, swollen hollow

internodes inhabited by ants are found .In Duroia and Remijia ants dwell in flask

shaped swellings on the leaf base. The exact relationship between plant and ant

is not clear.

This family is economically very important. The most important plant is

Cinchona officinalis, which yield Quinine, and is most popularly using for the

treatment of malaria. Another important medicinal plant is Psychotria

ipecacunha which yield Emetine.Ipecaunha is most popularly using in

Homeopathic treatment .The seeds of Coffea arabica, C. robusta are roasted

and powdered and used as a non – alcoholic beverage .A number of plants are

garden ornamentals like Ixora, Hamelia, Gardenia and Mussaenda.

This family is further classified in to Tribes and are the following:

Tribe I . Naucleeae : Flowers collected in to dense globose heads,corolla funnel

shaped,and imbricate in buds , stigma simple,ovaries confluent,fruits forming a

globose fleshy mass.

Eg; Sarcocephalus , Anthocephalus ,Cephalanthus ,Adina ,Nauclea ,Uncaria.

Tribe II. Cinchoneae: Corolla lobes valvate, imbricate or twisted in bud .Fruit

capsular,2 celled, seeds winged.

Eg; Hymenopogon,Coptosapelta,Hymnodiction,Luculia.

TribeIII. Rondeletieae : Corolla lobes twisted in bud .Fruit capsular,2 celled.

Seeds angled not winged. Shrubs or trees. Eg : Wendlandia, Greenia.

Tribe IV. Hedyotideae: Corolla lobes valvate in bud. Fruit a loculicidal or

septicidal 2- rarely 4- celled capsule dehiscent or indehiscent. Herbs or shrubs

and never trees.

Eg: Dentella,Agrostema,Hediotis, Oldenlandia, Anotis, Ophiorhiza .

Tribe V:Mussaaendeae : Corolla lobes valvate in bud . Fruit fleshy or

drupaceous, indehiscent.

Eg : Mussaenda,Acranthera,Lucinaea,Lecocodom, Polysolenia,Trisciadia.

Tribe VI : Gardenieae : Corolla lobes twisted in bud .Fruit berry , fleshy or dry.

Eg:Eyrsophyllum,Anomanthodia,Randia,Gardenia,Pentunga,Morindopsis.

Tribe VII : Guttardeae : Corolla lobes imbricate or valvate in bud. Stamens

inserted on the mouth of the corolla tube. Fruit drupaceous. Eg

:Guettarda,Antirrolea, Timonius.

Tribe VIII :Knoxieae : Corolla lobes valvate in bud . Stamens inserted on the

mouth of the corolla tube. Fruit drupaceous. Eg: Knoxia.

Tribe IX :Alberteae :Corolla lobes twisted in bud . Stamens inserted on the

mouth of the corolla tube. Fruit drupaceous.Eg:Octotropis,Canthium.

Tribe X :Vanguerieae : Corolla lobes valvate in bud . Stamens inserted on the

mouth of the corolla tube. Fruit drupaceous with many pyrenes. Eg: Vangueria.

Tribe XI :Ixoreae : Corolla lobes twisted in bud .Ovary 2-4 celled : ovules usually

inserted about the middle of the cell ,rarely basilar .Fruit a 2 –4 celled berry or

drupewith 2-4 free or united pyrenes .

Eg :Ixora , Pvetta ,Coffea.

Tribe XII :Morindeae : Corolla lobes valvate in bud . Stamens inserted on the

mouth of the corolla tube. Fruit berry or drupaceous with 2- 4 pyrenes. Eg

:Morrida,Rennellia.

Tribe XIII :Psychotrieae : Corolla lobes valvate in bud . Stamens inserted near

the mouth of the corolla tube. Fruit berry or drupaceous with 2 many pyrenes.

Eg:Prychotria, Chaselia, Geophila, Saprosma.

Tribe XIV :Paederia : Corolla lobes valva in bud .Stamens inseted on the throat

or base of the corolla .Style arm 2 –5 papilose all over .Ovules basilar or erect

.Fruit capsular or 5 valved pyrenes .Usually fetid climbing or erect shrubs . Eg

:Paederia, Hamiltonia, Leptodermis.

Tribe XV : Spermacoceae : Corolla lobes valvate in bud ,ovary 2 celled or rarely

3-4 celled ,style entire ,stigma capitate or 2 –fid . Fruit small dry , capsular.

Usually herbs ,rarely under shrubs .Stipules usually setaceous .

Eg :Spermacoce,Gaillonia.
Tribe XVI : Galieeae : Corolla lobes valvate in bud .Ovary 2 celled ; style arms 2;

ovules attached to the base of the septum . Fruit indehiscent . Herbs with

whorled leaves with out stipules. Eg: Rubia ,Galium , Asperula .

The Phylogeny of Rubiaceae.

The Madder family is closely allied to the Caprifoliaceae and there is no single

character distinguishing them. In general, presence of stipules in Rubiaceae and

the usual lack of them in Caprifoliaceae is a good field character .The Madder

family is also seen related to Loganiaceae but it can be clearly distinguishable

because of inferior ovary and internal phloem .The phylogenetic analysis of 33

genera of Rubiaceae were performed using morphological and a few chemical

characters. With the exception of 4 genera of cinchonoideae all members are

showing same characters. Even the genus Hamelia, slightly different

morphological characters, showed the same chemical characters in analyses .

Tribe cinchonoideae is showing slight similarities with Loganiaceae .As a result

of the morphological and chemical characters more sister group of Rubiaceae is

the tribe Gelsemieae of the Loganiaceae.

Materials and Methods

Aim of the project: Payyanur college campus is situated at Edanad Desam in

Kunhimagalam Panchayath. We have a vast campus area of 164 acres of land

with hilly slopes and small rocks.

During the months from June to December the campus is blanketed

with grasses and small herbs. It is curious to see that the predominant flowering

herbaceous annuals are mainly belonging to a handful angiospermic families

.We have conducted a survey to find out the Rubiaceous plants of our campus
during the months of August to November 2004. We have collected 9 genera

and altogether 13 species from the natural habitat .We have also included

Hamelia patans a garden plant from our botanical garden due to it’s

peculiarities in morpho-logical characters. We have studied the morphological

characters of all plants so collected to see the relationship between the genera

and to see the common characters shared by them. Except one genus Hamelia

all members are sharing common characters in their morphology. Our aim of

the project is to find out whether these members share any common characters

in their leaf anatomy, epidermal outgrowths, stomatal type and the secondary

structure of stem or root. So we have taken the sections of all parts of individual

members and drawn diagrams separately. As 13 species were obtained from

the campus, it is difficult to study

the various features of all members. So the students are grouped in to two

groups. One group studied the herbaceous members and the other group

studied the shrubs. Our observations are given here under.

Key to genera.
1. Plants Herbs

2.Fruits capsule & seeds 1 in each cell

3.Capsule circumscissile - Mitracarpus

3.Capsule valvular - Borreria[Spermacosae ]

2.Fruits capsule & seeds many in each cell -Hedyotis [ Oldenlandia ]

1.Plants woody shrubs.

4.Plants armed - Canthium

4.Plants unarmed.

5. One calyx enlarged - Mussaenda

5. Calyx not enlarged.

6.Folwers in helicoid cyme – Hamelia

6.Folwers not in helicoids cyme.

7. Corolla tube curved - Chasalia

7. Corolla tube not curved.

8. Style 2- fid -Ixora

8.Style entire - Pavetta

Leaf Anatomy

The mesophyll cells with sclerenchymatous idioblasts can be seen in some

genera .The presence of raphides in the cells is universal occurrence besides in

many genera calcium oxalate crystals are also present in the cells .The leaf

tissues of many genera contain various other elements such as tannin,

mucilage and other resinous materials sometimes. The stomata are universally

paracytic [Rubiaceous type]. The epidermal hairs are simple type; aseptate in

Rubioideae and septate in Cinchonoideae.

Stem Anatomy

The secondary growth is of normal or conventional type i.e. from normal

cambial ring .The cork cambium does deep-seated .The secondary xylem

constitute tracheids, with fibre tracheids, vessels. Vessels are small to medium

in diameter, solitary or in multiples of four or more cells. The end wall of vessels

is mostly simple. Vessels with mostly vestured pits. Primary medullary rays are

narrow. Fibers are simple pitted, rarely with bordered pits. Wood parenchyma

apotracheal or para tracheal. Phloem is normal type. Included phloem is absent.

Anomalous secondary thickening is by concentric cambia in very few species

like Basanacantha and Chiococca.

 MITRACARPUS. ZUCC:
Mitracarpus verticillatus ( Schum & Thonn ) Vatko . Linnaea. 40 : 196. 1876. Sebastine

& Ramamurthy. Bull . Bot. Surv. Ind. 9 .291 .1967. Staurospermum verticillatum.

Schum & Thonn .

An erect, hispid herb leaves sessile or elliptic, basally veined, veins usually

impressed. Leaves simple, opposite, decussate with interpetiolar stipules. Flowers

white, minute, in dense axillary and terminal clusters. Sepals 4, fused, valvate. Petals

4, fused, valvate. Stamens 4, epipetalus. Ovary 2 celled with axial placenta. Fruit is a

capsule.

Anatomical features: Normal type of secondary growth. Se: phloem contains

much phloem fibres. Root anatomy normal type. Leaf is also normal. Epidermal

outgrowths absent. Stomata parasitic type.

BORRERIA G .F . W.Meyer ( nom . cons)

Berreria stricta : B . rosea. ( Siv & Mani ) B sticta (Linn.f.) Schum. var rosea. Siva

& Mani ,Ball,Bot . soci .Uni. sagar 19. 33-34 .1972.

It is common in the campus duri ng the rainy season. Stem 6-14 in. simple or

branched from the base, tetragonus, angles more or less scab rid. Leaves sub sessile

1-2 in long ,½ in. broad ,green when dry narrowed at both ends ,horizontal or

deflexed ,more or less coriaceous ,scarbid nerves beneath. Head globose, usually

many and dense flowered, bracteoles filiform, extending the calyx . Sepals 4 , fused,

valvate. Corolla ½ in. Long, white, funnel shaped. Petals 4, fused, valvate. Stamens 2

only. Stigma sub – globose. Ovary 2 celled, axile placenta. Fruit is a capsule.

Anatomical features: Normal type of secondary growth. Se: phloem contains

much phloem fibres. Root anatomy normal type. Leaf is also normal. Epidermal

outgrowths absent. Stomata parasitic type.

Borreria ocimoides (Burm . f, Pondi. U : 544. 1830 . Gamb. 461 . Spermacosae

ocymoides .

Burn . f. Fl:India . 34 ,t. 13.f. 1768 . F B I .3 : 200 . 1881 .

Annuals, common during the rainy season, glabrous or nearly so,

stems branched from the base, decumbent and ascending, leaves opposite,

decussate, ovate, elliptic or lanceolate, acute, glabrous or scarbid above.

Interpetiolar stipules present. Stems winged, tetragonus. Flowers white, minute

in dense axillary or terminal clusters. Calyx glabrous or glabrate. Calyx lobes 4,

very unequal. Petals 4, valvate. Stamens 4, attached on the throat . Ovary 2

celled, axile placenta. Capsule glabrous.

Anatomical features: Normal type of secondary growth. Se: phloem contains

much phloem fibres. Root anatomy normal type. Leaf is also normal. Epidermal

outgrowths absent. Stomata parasitic type.

Borreria articularis (Linn . f ) FN . Will , Bull . Ser . 5 : 956 : 1905 .

Plants both annuals or perennials; erect or diffuse herbs. Stems sharply four

angled or terrete,

Hairy, leaves elliptic, lanceolate to obovate – obtuse, margins flexous, or not.

Flowers slightly pink, blue or white in axillary clusters. Bracteoles filiform. Calyx

teeth linear – lanceolate, 4 in number. Corolla long, funnel shaped,

companulate, petals 4, valvate. Stigma 2, very short. Carpels 2, axile placenta.

Capsule pubescent and rounded at the base.

Anatomical features: Normal type of secondary growth. Se: phloem contains

much phloem fibres. Root anatomy normal type. Leaf is also normal . Epidermal

outgrowths absent. Stomata parasitic type.

Borreria hispida. Linn . DC . Frodr. IV 555.

Common in the campus .A hispid procumbent herb with long bracteoles.

Leaves obovate , spathulate, oblong or elliptic obtuse or acute margins .

Flowers 4 –6 in a whorl, bracteoles filiform, equaling the calyx. Calyx teeth

linear- lanceolate. Sepals 4. Corolla ½ in. blue or white, petals 4, valvate. Ovary

2 celled, stigma 2 ,very short, axile placenta. Capsule pubescent or hispid

,rounded at the base .

Anatomical features: Normal type of secondary growth. Se: phloem contains

much phloem fibres. Root anatomy normal type. Leaf is also normal. Epidermal

outgrowths multicellular. Stomata parasitic type.

HEYDIYOTIS LINN.

Heydiyotis auricularia Linn. Sp . pl. 101 . 1753 . FBI 3 . 58, 1880. Oldenlandia

auricularia . ( Linn) H. Schum .in . Engle & Pr.. pfam 4 (4) : 25 . 1891 ; Gam .

421 . Exallage auricularia . ( Linn ) Bremek . Verti . Kon . Ned . Akad. Wet. 2, 48

(2): 142. 1952.

Diffuse herbs, leaves ovate to elliptic, acute, basely nerved, veins usually

impressed. Flowers white, sessile, clustered in the axils. Calyx teeth 4,

persistent. Corolla funnel shaped, lobes 4, valvate. Stamens 4 in the throat of

the corolla tube. Ovary 2 celled, ovules numerous on axile placenta. Style

filiform. Stigma 2, linear. Fruit is a capsule.

Anatomical features: Normal type of secondary growth. Se: phloem contains

much phloem fibres. Root anatomy normal type. Leaf is also normal. Epidermal

outgrowths absent. Stomata parasitic type.

Heydeyotis herbacea . Linn . sp . pl. 102 . 1753. Oldenlandia herbacea ( Linn)

Roxb . Fl . Ind . 1: 424 .1830 Oldenlandia heynii . ( R. Br.) G . Don .Gen . Syst .

3 ; 531 . 1834 . FBI 3 : 65 . 1880.

Much branched erect, glabrous annuls. Usually seen in hilltops.

Leaves linear, opposite decussate with interpetiolar stipules, peduncles filiform.

Flowers white. Calyx 4, fused valvate. Petals longer than the calyx teeth, 4 in

numbers, fused, valvate aestivation. Fruit is a capsule, opening at the top.

Anatomical features: Normal type of secondary growth. Se: phloem contains

much phloem fibres. Root anatomy normal type. Leaf is also normal. Epidermal

outgrowths absent. Stomata parasitic type.

Heydeyotis diffusa . Willd . sp . pl. 556 . 1798 . Oldenlandia diffusa (Willd )

Roxb . ( Hort . Beng . 11 . 1814 . nom . nud . ) Fl . Ind . 1 : 423 : 1820 . FBI .3 .

65 . 1880 . Gamb. 423.

Diffuse, glabrous herbs and annuals; leaves linear- acute,

lateral veins o. Flowers solitary, sessile, white. Calyx teeth acute – 4, calyx tube
shorter than the corolla tube. Petals 4, fused, valvate. Stamens 4. Fruit is a

capsule.

Anatomical features: Normal type of secondary growth. Se: phloem contains

much phloem fibres. Root anatomy normal type. Leaf is also normal. Epidermal

outgrowths absent. Stomata parasitic type.

CANTHIUM. LAMK.

Canthium parviflorum. Lamk. Encycl. Bot. 1: 602. 1785: F B I, 3: 136. 1881.

Plectronia parviflora (Lamk) Bedd. For. Bot. Man 134 – 135. 1874. Gamble 441.

It is a small tree. Usually flowering branches are unarmed: leaves ovate,

obtusely acuminate: flowers tetramerous, greenish yellow in axillary cymes.

Calyx tube short: Sepals 4, persistent and 4 toothed, valvate. Corolla tube

funnel shaped, companulate, with a ring of deflexed hairs with in, lobes 4,

valvate in bud. Stamens 4, sub – sessile, on the throat of the corolla tube. Ovary

2 celled, ovules solitary in each cell, pendulous. Style short. Stigma large. Fruit

is a drupe.
 Anatomical features: Normal type of secondary growth. Se: phloem contains

much phloem fibers. Root anatomy normal type. Leaf is also normal. Epidermal

outgrowths absent. Stomata parasitic type.

HAMELIA . N J. Jacquin .

Hamelia patans . Jacq . Enum . syst . pl .16 1760 ; Bor &Raiz . Beautif . Ind .

Climbers Shrubs 96. 1954.

A perennial shrub , leaves whorled ,obovate, coriaceous , lateral nerves 6-8

pairs, base cuneate, apex obtusely acute; petiole 2 cms. Stipules interpetiolar &

deciduous. Cyme terminal, helicoids. Bracts and bracteoles minute. Flowers 5 –

merous, shortly pedicillate, calyx turbinate, 5 toothed, valvate. Corolla yellowish

orange, 5 – merous, valvate. Disc thick, conical. Stamens 5 , between the lobes

attached near the base; anthers oblong, connectives broad. Ovary 5 locular and

ovules many on axile placenta. Style filiform. Stigma fusiform. Fruit berry.

Anatomical features: Normal type of secondary growth. Se: phloem contains

much phloem fibres. Root anatomy normal type. Leaf is also normal. Epidermal

outgrowths multicellular. Stomata parasitic type.

MUSSAENDA Linn.

Mussaenda frontosa L. Hook . f. Fl. Brit . India 3 : 90 . 1880 .

A climbing shrub , Leaves simple , opposite, decussate with interpetiolar

stipules, broadly elliptic ovate, lateral veins 8-10 pairs .Cymes terminal , dense,

bracts and bracteoles linear, usually deciduous . Flowers 5 – merous, pedicel

late. Calyx tube truncate, 5 – angled, lobes 5,often one of the lobes modified to

a large white or coloured leaf like structure. Corolla yellowish orange, salver

form, and tube cylindrical, densely hairy within: lobes 5, valvate in bud.

Stamens 5, attached at the throat, anthers linear. Carpels 2 , syncarpous, axile

placenta. Fruit is a berry.

Anatomical features: Normal type of secondary growth. Se: phloem contains

much phloem fibres. Root anatomy normal type. Leaf is also normal. Epidermal

outgrowths multicellular. Stomata parasitic type.

CHASALIA. Comm.

Chasalia Curviflora Thw; F. B. I. Iii . 176. Psychotria curviflora,Wall . in . Roxb . Fl.

Ind. Ed. Carey & Wall ii 167. Psychotria ambigua , W & A . 433; Wt . 111 . t. 127.

A perennial shrub, Leaves greenish when dry, simple, opposite, decussate with

interpetiolar stipules. Flowers in terminal cymes; pinkish white, bracts and

bracteoles small. Calyx tube ovoid or subglobose, lobes 5 short. Corolla tube

elongates, slender and usually curved; lobes 5 short valvate. Stamens 5

inserted on the corolla tube; anthers long filaments short. Ovary 2 celled, style

long with 2 stigmatic lobes. Fruit is dry or slightly fleshy, of 2 pyrenes.

Anatomical features: Normal type of secondary growth. Se: phloem contains

much phloem fibres. Root anatomy normal type. Leaf is also normal. Epidermal

outgrowths absent. Stomata parasitic type.

IXORA . LINN.

Ixora coccinea Linn: F. B .I .iii 148; W & A. 428; Wt. I c. t. 318.

A shrub leaves olive green when dry, simple opposite decussate with

interpetiolar stipules.

Flowers scarlet, in dense sessile or shortly peduncled, Cory biform cymes;

bracts usually leaf like coreaceous, bracteoles 2; Sepals 4, gamosepalous,

valvate, persistent. Corolla tube companulate, lobes 4, fused, twisted in the

bud. Stamens 4, epipetalous, sagitate, sessile. Ovary 2 –carpellary, syncarpous,

axile placenta. Style stout, bifid. Fruit is a berry.

Anatomical features: Normal type of secondary growth. Se: phloem contains

much phloem fibres. Root anatomy normal type. Leaf is also normal. Epidermal

outgrowths unicellular. Stomata parasitic type.

 DISCUSSION

We have studied the floral morphology, anatomy of leaf, stem, root, epidermal

outgrowths and

Stomata of 8 genera and 13 species which are available in the college

campus .We tried our best to find out the interrelationship of all these genus

and species placed under the family Rubiaceae. It is seen that all the all the

members share a common secondary anatomical structures of stem and root.

There is not much variation in the anatomy of leaf also .all of the members

show the Rubiaceous type of stomata. Slight difference can be seen in the

structure of epidermal out growths, a few are having multicellular outgrowths,

few show unicellular hairs and another group shows the absence of any

outgrowths. Floral morphology also showed basic similarities of floral

arrangements. However Hamelia patens, a garden plant, are morphologically

different from other members but it also showed common anatomical features

of leaf, stem, leaf, root and epidermal outgrowths. So we came to the

conclusion that the members studied by us shared a close relationship in all

fundamental features. So the placement of all these members in a single family

 RUBIACEAE by Ben them & Hooker ‘s system of classification can be justified.

However much study is required in this field.

REFERENCES

1. American Journal of Botany , 79, 10 oct 1992 .

2. Esau K. - Plant Anatomy – Wiley Eastern , New York.

3. Gamble J.S. – Flora of Presidency of Madras- Vol : 2.

4. Lawrence G.H.M. – Taxonomy of Angiosperms – Oxford & IBH.

5. Manilal S. & V. V. Sivarajan - Flora of Calicut – Bishen Singh Mahendrapal Singh

6. Manilal K.S. - Flora of Silentvally Tropical Rain Forest of India - Mathrubhumi press Cal

7. Mathew. K.M – The Flora of Tamilnadu –Carnatic . Vol:3 Part 1- Ranipet Herbarium.
8. Mathew K.M – Illustrations of The Flora of Tamilnadu –Carnatic . Vol: 2.

9. Mathew K.M – Illustrations of The Flora of Tamilnadu –Carnatic . Vol:4 .

10. Monographic & Systematic Studies in Rubiaceae - National Botanic Garden of Belgium

11. Pandey B.P – Plant Anatomy – Chand & Co : - Meerut

12. Prof: R. Vasudevan Nair – Taxonomy of Angiosperms – A..P. H. Pubs: New Delhi

13. Sir J.D. Hooker – Flora of Brittish India – Bishen Singh Mahendra pal Singh.

14. Watson. L. -The Families of Flowering Plants & Systematic Studies in Rubiaceae –.

15. Vasihsta P.C. - Plant Anatomy - Chand & Co : Meerut.

16. Vashista P.C. – Taxonomy of Angiosperms – Chand & Co : Meerut .

17. Vegetative Plant Anatomy – Steven Jansen – Steven. Jansen @ bio. Kule.uven.

Prof. P.T.Rajasekharan Nair, Dept.of Botany, Payyanur College, Edat P.O., Kannur
(Botanical Adviser Govt. Ayurveda College, Pariyarum , Kannur )
The author has published two CDs –1. ‘Digital Herbarium of Angiosperms’ with named and classified
digital photographs of 2000 plants as a reference for B.Sc and M.Sc Botany students. 2. ‘Dictionary of
Medicinal plants’having binomials with Malayalam names and also Malayalam names with binomials
and digital photographs of mamy plants for Ayurveda students.
.
E mail- ptrnair@yahoo.com.& r.rajannair@rediffmail.com., profptrajasekharannair@gmail.com.