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LECTURES
Friday 7 November 2014
SECURITY
IN A POST-QUANTUM WORLD
PROFESSOR MAIRE O'NEILL
Director of Research for Data Security Systems
Centre for Secure Information Technologies
Monday 17 November 2014
QUANTUMNESS
IN A CLASSICAL WORLD?
PROFESSOR MAURO PATERNOSTRO
School of Mathematics & Physics
All the lectures are free and will take place either in the Bell
Lecture Theatre or in the Emeleus Lecture Theatre at 6.30pm.
Further details can be found at www.naughtongallery.org
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ART AND
BELL'S THEOREM
RICHARD BELL
RENATE BERTLMANN
GERALDINE COX
OLIVER JEFFERS
RORY JEFFERS
JONATHON KEATS
KEVIN KOPACKA
LUCY MCKENNA
PHILIP MUSSEN
AUSTRALIA
AUSTRIA
GREAT BRITAIN
UNITED STATES
NORTHERN IRELAND
UNITED STATES
GERMANY
IRELAND
NORTHERN IRELAND
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LUCY MCKENNA,
QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT, 2014
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QUANTUM
BEFORE BELLS
THEOREM
Quantum theory is the theoretical basis of most of modern
physics; it explains the nature and behaviour of matter
and energy on the atomic and subatomic level.
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1927_
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EPR
In 1935 Albert Einstein and his colleagues Boris Podolsky
and Nathan Rosen designed a thought experiment in which
a pair of quantum systems may be described by a single
wave-function. The results of measurements of properties
of the two systems are intimately connected, or entangled.
In David Bohms example, the wave-functions of two
electrons A and B are entangled even though the two
electrons may actually be separated by a long distance.
If we were to measure the spin angular momentum of
particle A, our result must be either plus or minus.
If we get the result +, the corresponding value for
particle B must immediately become -; if we get - for A,
the value for B must become +.
This led to two possible scenarios:
each electron had these values before any measurement.
The Copenhagen interpretation does not allow this; it
may be described as including hidden variables in the
analysis or restoring an objective reality.
an influence travels instantaneously from particle A
to particle B. This apparently contradicts the theory
of special relativity which suggests that nothing can
travel faster than the speed of light.
Einstein approved of objective reality and also special
relativity and his unquestioned conclusion was to agree
with the first scenario.
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Kurt Gottfried
BELL IN
BELFAST
John Stewart Bell was born on July 28 1928, the eldest son
of John and Annie Bell of Tates Avenue, Belfast and to
avoid confusion he was always known by his middle name at
home. The second of four children, John Stewart was the
only child of this working class family that was able to
go to secondary school and he matriculated from Belfast
Technical High School (now Belfast Metropolitan College)
in 1944.
Having applied for several jobs without success, at the
age of sixteen John Stewart was offered a position as
a laboratory technician in the Physics department at
Queens. Encouraged by the academic staff who recognised
his potential, Bell used money saved from his employment
to enrol for a degree course and went on to graduate with
a first-class degree in experimental physics in 1948. The
following year he achieved a second degree in mathematical
physics.
HARWELL
Encouraged by the crystallographer Paul Peter Ewald, in
1949 Bell joined the Atomic Energy Research Establishment
(AERE) near Harwell in Oxfordshire, where he met fellow
physicist Mary Ross who was to become his wife. They both
worked on the theory of particle accelerators. Bell made
crucial contributions to the important discovery of strong
focussing, the principle that the net effect on a particle
beam of charged particles passing through alternating field
gradients is to make the beam converge.
TATES AVENUE, BELFAST 1915
Public Record Office of Northern Ireland
ref: LA/7/8/HF/4/163
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CERN
In 1960 John and Mary moved to the Centre for European
Nuclear Research (CERN) in Geneva where he was to remain
until his death. Whilst at CERN he published around eighty
papers on high-energy physics and quantum field theory.
In 1967 he made the important suggestion that the weak
nuclear interaction should be described by a gauge theory.
It is now known that all interactions, gravitational,
electromagnetic, and weak and strong nuclear should be
described in this way.
In 1969, together with Roman Jackiw, he discovered the
subject of anomalies; the coming of quantum theory led to
breaking of classical symmetries. Their original paper has
been the catalyst for an enormous amount of important work
in this field and has been cited more than any of Bells
famous quantum papers.
Image Right:
JSBS DESK AT CERN
Renate Bertlmann
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JSBS ID PHOTO,
STANFORD UNIVERSITY, 1964
SLAC National
Accelerator Laboratory
BELLS
THEOREM
Whilst on sabbatical from CERN, visiting universities in
the USA, Bell made his greatest contribution to quantum
theory. Published on November 4th 1964, in a new and
short-lived journal called Physics, On the Einstein
Podolsky Rosen paradox appeared to disprove Einsteins
theory of relativity with Bells non-locality theory.
Using elegant mathematics, Bell's theorem asserts that
if certain predictions of quantum theory are correct
then our world is non-local. This means that sub-atomic
particles can interact even if they are too far apart
in space and too close together in time for them to be
connected even by signals moving at the speed of light.
The paper was initially overlooked but later discovered
by a group of young physicists, experimentally tested and
named as Bells inequality or Bells Theorem. His work has
reinvigorated study of the foundations of quantum theory
and has led to many significant and interesting ideas.
Unassuming and modest about his own work, Bell is
remembered for his intellectual precision, integrity,
and generosity, as well as a keen Ulster sense of humour.
He was a frequent visitor to Belfast, where his family
remained.
John Bell died of a stroke at his home 1 October 1990
in Geneva, aged 62. Describing him as one of the top
ten physicists of the twentieth century, the Institute of
Physics mounted a plaque commemorating his pioneering work
on the old physics building in the quadrangle at Queens
in 2002. The acknowledgement of Bells contribution
at CERN includes the naming of a street name after him
in Geneva.
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PHILIP MUSSEN,
p(a,c) p(b,a) p(b,c) 1, 2014
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Renate Bertlmann
QUANTUM
AFTER
BELL
Quantum theory currently provides the most accurate
predictions for frontier experiments. It can be used
to describe the physics of atoms, molecules, nuclei,
elementary particles, solids and plasmas and to handle
optics at the single photon level.
Many of the concepts studied by Bell and those who
developed his work have formed the basis of the new
subject area of quantum information theory, which includes
such topics as quantum computing, quantum communication,
and quantum cryptography. The subject is one of the most
important growth areas in science in the 21st century.
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QUANTUM AT QUEENS
Queens is currently at the forefront of the research
in astrophysics, plasma physics, material science, and
theoretical quantum physics, in particular atomic/
molecular physics and quantum information processing.
Research in theoretical quantum physics at Queens focuses
on the interaction between light or electrons and atoms,
the description of anti-matter, the production of atomic
data of astrophysical relevance and, in particular, the
study of the possibilities for the establishment of a new
generation of technological devices based on quantum.
Work in this topic often exploits Bells achievements.
Queens quantum researchers put in place Bells theorem
to understand what sets the quantum world apart from
the classical one and enforce quantum features in large
systems.
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ACTION AT A DISTANCE:
THE LIFE AND LEGACY OF JOHN STEWART BELL
At the Naughton Gallery, Queens University Belfast
5-30 NOVEMBER 2014
Curators
Professor Tom Millar, Dean of Engineering & Physical Sciences
Professor Andrew Whitaker, School of Mathematics & Physics
Professor Mauro Paternostro, School of Mathematics & Physics
Shan McAnena, The Naughton Gallery
Assistant Curators
Ben Crothers
Stephen Doyle
Paul McAlorum
With thanks to
Mary Bell
Reinhold Bertlmann
Renate Bertlmann
Nick Herbert
CERN
Royal Irish Academy
University of Birmingham
Rory Jeffers
Milani Gallery, Brisbane
Modernism, San Francisco
Lazarides, London
Queens University
Belfast, BT7 1NN
+44(0)28 90973580
art@qub.ac.uk
www.naughtongallery.org
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