RVCC

ENGR 133-51 - Engineering Mechanics II: Dynamics

Kinetics of Particles:
Energy and Momentum Methods
Chapter

13

Systems of Particles
Chapter

14
Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Dynamics
F. Beer & Al

Introduction
Previously, problems dealing with the motion of particles
were

solved through the fundamental equation of motion, F ma.

Current chapter introduces two additional methods of analysis.

Method of work and energy: directly relates force, mass,

velocity and displacement (F, m, v, d).
Method of impulse and momentum: directly relates force,
mass, velocity, and time (F, m, v, t).

13- 2 13/14- 2

Work of a Force

Differential vector dr is the particle displacement.

Work of the force is

dU F dr
F ds cos
..............................

Work is a scalar quantity, i.e., it has magnitude and

sign but not direction. It can be >0, <0 (F opposite
to displacement), zero (F perpendicular to
displacement).
Dimensions of work are length force. Units are
1 J joule 1 N 1 m
1ft lb 1.356 J

13/14- 3

Work of a Force
Object in a curvilinear motion
Work of a force during a finite displacement,
A2

U12 F dr
A1
s2

s2

s1

s1

F cos ds Ft ds or

A2

F dx F dy F dz
x

A1

The work done by the external total force F to

move the particle from A1 to A2, is equal to the
integral of the tangential component of that force
with respect to the distance along the path.
Work is represented by the area under the
curve of Ft plotted against s.
13/14- 4

Work of a Force
Work of a constant force in rectilinear motion,
A2

U12 F cos dx
A1

U12 F cos x
Work of the force of gravity, from previous
slide:
W = -W j

dU Fx dx Fy dy Fz dz Wdy
y2

U12 Fx dx Fy dy Fz dz Wdy
y1

W ( y2 y1 ) Wy
Work of the weight is equal to product of
weight W and vertical displacement y.
Work of the weight is positive when the
body moves down.
The work is independent of the path and is equal to weight times vertical displacement
13/14- 5

13/14- 6

Work of a Force
Magnitude of the force exerted by a spring is
proportional to deflection,
F kx
k spring constant N/m or lb/in.
Work of the force exerted by spring,
dU F dx kx dx
x2

U12 kx dx ........................
x1

Work of the force exerted by spring is positive

when x2 < x1, i.e., when the spring is returning to
its undeformed position.
Work of the force exerted by the spring is equal to
negative of area under curve of F plotted against x,
U12 12 F1 F2 x
F = kx is actually a static relationship which is true only when
elements of the spring have no acceleration.
13/14- 7

Particle Kinetic Energy: Principle of Work & Energy

Consider a particle of mass m acted upon by force F

dv
Ft mat m
dt
dv ds
dv
m
mv
ds dt
ds
F t ds mv dv

Integrating from A1 to A2 ,
s2

v2

s1

v1

2
2
1
1
F
ds

m
v
dv

mv

mv
2
1
2
2
t

U12 T2 T1

T 12 mv2 kinetic energy (definition of)

The work of the force Fis equal to the change in kinetic energy of the particle.
Units of work and kinetic energy are the same:
2
m
m

T 12 mv 2 kg kg 2 m N m J
s
s
Kinetic energy is always positive
13/14- 8

Work of a Force
Work of a gravitational force (assume particle M
occupies fixed position O while particle m follows path
shown),
The work of F while m moves from A to A
Mm
dU Fdr G 2 dr
r
r2

Mm
Mm
Mm
U12 G 2 dr G
G
r2
r1
r
r1

Mm
since F G 2
r

3
m
where G 66.73 1012
kg s 2
MG
MG
m
and W m 2 mg g 2 9.81 2
R
R
s

Mm WR 2 mgR2
F G 2 2 2
r
r
r
13/14- 9

Applications of the Principle of Work and Energy

Wish to determine velocity of pendulum bob
at A2. In A1 no speed. Consider work &
kinetic energy.
Draw FBD in a general point A

Consider the two forces and the work they

do from A1 to A2.
What is the work done by P?
None! Because

Velocity found without determining

expression for acceleration and integrating.
All quantities are scalars and can be added
directly.
Forces which do no work are eliminated from
the problem.

13/14- 10

Applications of the Principle of Work and Energy

On the other side, principle of work and
energy cannot be applied to directly determine
the acceleration of the pendulum bob.

v2 2 gl

Moreover, calculating the tension in the cord

(that does no work) requires supplementing
the method of work and energy with an
application of Newtons second law.
Suppose you want to know P when it passes
in A2:.

where v2 2 gl

13/14- 11

Sample Problem 13.1

An automobile weighing 4000 lb is

driven down a 5o incline at a speed of
60 mi/h when the brakes are applied
causing a constant total breaking force
of 1500 lb.
Determine the distance traveled by the
automobile as it comes to a stop.

13/14- 12

Problem 1

Calculate the velocity v of the 50-kg crate when it reaches the bottom of
the chute at B if it is given an initial velocity of 4 m/s down the chute at
A. The coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.30.

Hints:
1. Draw FBD
2. Evaluate work.
3. Apply work-energy principle.

FBD

13/14- 13

Sample Problem 13.2

SOLUTION:
Apply the principle of work and
energy separately to blocks A and B.

Two blocks are joined by an inextensible

cable as shown. If the system is released
from rest, determine the velocity of block
A after it has moved 2 m. Assume that the
coefficient of friction between block A
and the plane is mk = 0.25 and that the
pulley is weightless and frictionless.

13/14- 14

Problem 4

Hints:
1. Apply work-energy principle to
the two crates independently

Forces that do work are the ones parallel to the path

13/14- 15

Sample Problem 13.3

A spring is used to stop a 60 kg package

which is sliding on a horizontal surface.
The spring has a constant k = 20 kN/m
and is held by cables so that it is initially
compressed 120 mm. The package has a
velocity of 2.5 m/s in the position shown
and the maximum deflection of the spring
is 40 mm.
Determine (a) the coefficient of kinetic
friction between the package and surface
and (b) the velocity of the package as it
passes again through the position shown.
13/14- 16

Problem 5

P is a force that is
pushing the crate
upward.
It is not the force
of the spring.

Here is already stretched of 0.5 m!

13/14- 17

Homework:

Solving Problems on Your Own

Page ~769

13/14- 18

Sample Problem 13.4

A 2000 lb car starts from rest at point 1

and moves without friction down the
track shown.
Determine:
a) the force exerted by the track on
the car at point 2, and
b) the minimum safe value of the
radius of curvature at point 3.

13/14- 19

Problem 6

Packages having a mass of 2 kg are delivered from a conveyor to

a smooth circular ramp with a velocity of vO = 1m/s. If the
radius of the ramp is 0.5 m, determine the angle = max at
which each package begins to leave the surface.
FBD

Hints:
1. Draw FBD.
2. Work of weight is
3. Use work-energy principle and
Newtons second law.

13/14- 20

Problem 7 same problem

Packages having a mass of 2 kg are delivered from a conveyor to
a smooth circular ramp with a velocity of vO = 1m/s. If the
radius of the ramp is 0.5 m, determine the angle = max at
which each package begins to leave the surface.

Lets solve the same problem using instead only the equations of motion

Hints:
1. Draw FBD.
2. Apply motion for tangential and
normal coordinates.
3.

You then need another equation

13/14- 21

When and how to use the Principle of Work and Energy

13/14- 22

When and how to use the Principle of Work and Energy

13/14- 23

Power and Efficiency

Power rate at which work is done.

dU F dr
Power

F v
dt
dt

Dimensions of power are work/time or force*velocity.

Units for power are
J
m
ft lb
1 W (watt) 1 1 N
or 1 hp 550
746 W
s
s
s

efficiency of a machine (constant is the rate of U)

output work
input work
power output

power input

........... because of friction forces

13/14- 24

Problem 8
The power winch A hoists the 800 lb log up the 30o incline at a constant speed of 4
ft/sec. If the power output of the winch is 6 hp, compute the coefficient of kinetic
friction k between the log and the incline.

Hints:
1. FBD
2. Use power equation to find T
3. Apply Newton

13/14- 25

Problem 8.b
Continuing on the previous problem, if the power is suddenly increased to 8 hp,
what is the corresponding instantaneous acceleration a of the log? [still consider the
same temporary v = 4 ft/s; need to use Newton]

Applying Newton:

13/14- 26

Sample Problem 13.5

The dumbwaiter D and its load have a

combined weight of 600 lb, while the
counterweight C weighs 800 lb.
Determine the power delivered by the
electric motor M when the dumbwaiter
(a) is moving up at a constant speed of
8 ft/s and (b) has an instantaneous
velocity of 8 ft/s and an acceleration of
2.5 ft/s2, both directed upwards.
13/14- 27

If velocity is not constant!

If a problem states that the power is constant (or you need to find the average
power) and time and v are your variables (no info on x), you can solve as:
Separate the variables

Equation where x does not appear

If you need x instead of t:

Equation where t does not appear

13/14- 28

If velocity is not constant but acceleration is

If velocity is not constant but acceleration is

P mav

13/14- 29

Problem 9
Hints:
1. Apply kinematics to find acceleration (constant)
2. Consider previous slide reasoning to find P

Eq. of Power

13/14- 30

How to work with Power

13/14- 31

Homework:

Solving Problems on Your Own

Page~ 769

13/14- 32

Conservative Forces
Work done by a force to move
particle from point 1 to point 2 is
independent of the path followed

Force is conservative

Weight
force

Conservative, since it depends

only on the vertical
displacement, not on the path

Spring
force

Conservative, since it depends

only on the compression or
extension of the spring

Friction
force

Non-Conservative, since it
depends on the path (the longer,
the more dissipation)

13/14- 33

Work-Energy Principle Highlighting

Conservative Forces
We have seen:

U12 T2 T1

where U12 represents the work done by all forces

acting on the particle

U12conservative U12nonconservative T2 T1

13/14- 34

Gravitational Potential Energy

Potential energy is a measure of the amount of
work a conservative force will do

Weight
force

A rock that falls on a pile of

brick from a point A at +y high,
will brake the pile. In A the
brick has a gravitational
potential energy that is
associated to its weight, since
capable of doing (positive) work
At y the gravitational potential energy is negative since the weight does a
negative work when the particle is moved back at y=0 (datum) where Vg = 0
13/14- 35

Potential Energy
If gravitational force is the only force acting
on the body, the work of the force of gravity
can be written as :
U12 W y1 W y2
Work is independent of path followed; it
depends only on the initial and final values
of the function Wy.

V g Wy
potential energy of the body with respect
to force of gravity.

U12 Vg 1 Vg 2 Vg mgy mgh

The choice of datum from which the elevation y
is measured is arbitrary.
Units of work and potential energy are the same:
Vg Wy N m J
13/14- 36

Elastic Potential Energy

Potential energy is a measure of the amount of
work a conservative force will do
Spring
force

The spring force has always the

capacity or potential of doing
(positive) work on a particle when
it is under a deformed position. The
work is done when returning to the
unstretched position

13/14- 37

Potential Energy
Work of the force exerted by a spring
depends only on the initial and final
deflections of the spring,
U12 12 kx12 12 kx22

The potential energy of the body with respect

to the elastic force,
Ve 12 kx 2

U12 Ve 1 Ve 2

Note that the preceding expression for Ve is valid only if the deflection
of the spring is measured from its undeformed position.
13/14- 38

Conservation of Energy
Work of a conservative force,

U12conservative V1 V2

(1)

Concept of work and energy,

U12 T2 T1

(2)

If only conservative forces are acting on the

body, it follows that

T1 V1 T2 V2
T1 0 V1 W
T1 V1 W

Recall v2

2 gl

E T V constant
When a particle moves under the action of
conservative forces, the total mechanical
energy is constant.
In A1 the energy is entirely potential
In A2 the energy is entirely kinetic
13/14- 39

Summarizing
Work of a conservative force,

U12conservative V1 V2

(1)

Concept of work and energy,

U12 conservative nonconservative T2 T1

(2)

Notice that: we started this chapter on equation (2).

The work was inclusive of all forces we called external and internal.
We notice that some of these forces are conservative (gravity and elastic); we
now indicate them with V1 and V2
This allow us to separate conservative forces and non-conservative forces (an
external pushing force P)

If we only have conservative forces, it means

equation (2) becomes:

U12 V1 V2

T1 V1 T2 V2

If also non-conservative forces are used, then we should write a general equation

T1 V1 U12 nonconservative T2 V2

13/14- 40

Conservation of Energy
Friction forces are not conservative. Total
mechanical energy of a system involving
friction decreases.
Mechanical energy is dissipated by friction into
thermal energy.
Total energy is always constant, but other forms
of energy could take place: a generator converts
mechanical energy into electrical, a gasoline
engine converts chemical energy into mechanical,
a nuclear reactor converts mass into thermal
energy.
13/14- 41

Conservation of Energy
If we consider only conservative forces, the equation:
T1 + V1 = T2 + V2

is referred as the conservation of (mechanical) energy

It states that during motion the kinetic energy must be transformed
into potential energy and vice-versa.
That is, if the body increases its kinetic energy, its potential energy
will decrease

13/14- 42

Total energy of the ball at the initial position

1

E T1 V1 0 Wh Wh
2

At distance h/2

v 2 v02 2ag ( y y0 ) 2 g

h
2

v gh
The total energy E at point 2 is:

The total energy E at point 3 is:

Note:Vg = Wy where y is positive upward from the datum and negative downward from the datum
13/14- 43

When and how to use the Principle of Conservation of Energy

13/14- 44

When and how to use the Principle of Conservation of Energy

Summarizing:
we started with the principle of work & energy :
T1 + U12 = T2
If the forces acting on the body are conservative forces (spring
and/or gravitational) then the equation becomes the Conservation
of energy:
T1 + V1 = T2 + V2

If also forces non-conservative act on the body then the equation

becomes:
T1 + V1 + U12 non-cons. = T2 + V2
13/14- 45

Sample Problem 13.6

A 20 lb collar slides without friction

along a vertical rod as shown. The
spring attached to the collar has an
undeflected length of 4 in. and a
constant of 3 lb/in.

If the collar is released from rest at

position 1, determine its velocity after
it has moved 6 in. to position 2.
13/14- 46

Problem 10

The 10 kg slider moves with negligible friction up the inclined guide.

The attached spring has a stiffness of 60 N/m and is stretched 0.6 m
in position A, where the slider is released from rest. The 250 N force
is constant and the pulley offers negligible resistance to the motion of
the cord. Calculate the velocity vc of the slider as it passes point C.

Hints:
1. In the energy principle, consider that you also
have forces that may do work (i.e.T and friction,
but friction is not considered here).
2. T is constant but is its path constant.?
3. What about the reactions of the guides on the
slider, do they do work?
4. Choose datum at A to compare with slides.

13/14- 47

Sample Problem 13.7

The 0.5 lb pellet is pushed against the

spring and released from rest at A.
Neglecting friction, determine the
smallest deflection of the spring for
which the pellet will travel around the
loop and remain in contact with the
loop at all times.
13/14- 48

Problem 11
The gantry structure in the photo is used to test the response of an airplane during a crash.
The plane, having a mass of 8 Mg, is hoisted back until = 60o and then the pull-back cable
AC is released when the plane is at rest. Determine the speed of the plane just before it
crashes into the ground at = 15o. Also, what is the maximum tension developed in the
supporting cable during the motion? Neglect the effect of lift caused by the wings during the
motion and the size of the airplane.

Hints:
1. Apply the conservation of energy.
2. What is the work of the force of
the cable?
3. How are you going to evaluate it?
4. Choose datum at the top of the
gantry.

13/14- 49

Linear Momentum of a Particle

Useful in many cases involving velocity and needed for
using the principle of impulse and momentum.
Replacing the acceleration by the derivative of the
velocity yields

dv
F m dt

d
dL
m v
L
dt
dt

L linear momentum of the particle

Linear Momentum Conservation Principle:

If the resultant force on a particle is zero, the
linear momentum of the particle remains
constant in both magnitude and direction.
13/14- 50

Problem 12
1 mi = 5280 ft

When evaluating velocity,

you need to calculate it as
distance covered divided
by time.

13/14- 51

And for a System of Particles?

13/14- 52

Sample Problem 14.2 (linear momentum for a system of

particles)

A 20-lb projectile is moving with a

velocity of 100 ft/s when it explodes into
5 and 15-lb fragments. Immediately after
the explosion, the fragments travel in the
directions qA = 45o and qB = 30o.
Determine the velocity of each fragment.
13/14- 53

Problem 13 (linear momentum with no external forces)

Car A (4000lb) and car B (3700 lb) are at rest on a flatcar also at rest. Car A and B then
accelerate and quickly reach constant speeds relative to the flatcar of 7.65 ft/s and 7.50 ft/s,
respectively, before decelerating to a stop at the opposite end of the flatcar. Knowing that
the speed of the flatcar is 1.02 ft/s to the right when the cars are moving at constant speeds,
determine the weight of the flatcar. Neglect friction and rolling resistance.

Hints:
1. All initial velocities are zero
2. Are there any horizontal external forces?

13/14- 54

What happens if there is an external force acting on the system?

Linear momentum will not be conserved!

That is, the final momentum of the system will be different from
the initial one because of the action of the external force

13/14- 55

Principle of Impulse and Momentum

This method is typically used in problems
involving Force, Time and Velocity.
From Newtons second law,
d

F mv
mv linear momentum
dt

Fdt d mv
t2

F
dt

m
v

m
v

2
1

t1
t2

Fdt Imp 12 impulse of the force F

t1

mv1 Imp 12 mv2

13/14- 56

Principle of Impulse and Momentum

mv1 Imp12 mv2

The final momentum of the particle can be
obtained by adding vectorially its initial
momentum and the impulse of the force
during the time interval.
Dimensions of the (linear)
impulse of a force are
force*time.
Units for the impulse of a
force are

N s kg m s 2 s kg m s
Notice that, since t will always be small, F has to be high in order for the Impulse to be
comparable to the linear momentum.
13/14- 57

Principle of Impulse and Momentum

If more forces act on a particle

mv1 Imp 12 mv2

If no external forces act on a particle

mv1 mv2

Total momentum is conserved

This occurs either if the resultant of the external forces is zero, or

(as seen in next slides) when t is very short and all the external
forces are non-impulsive (and will be neglected).

13/14- 58

Impulsive Motion
Force acting on a particle during a very short
time interval that is large enough to cause a
significant change in momentum is called an
impulsive force.
When impulsive forces act on a particle,

mv1 F t mv2
When a baseball is struck by a bat, contact
occurs over a short time interval but force is
large enough to change sense of ball motion.
Nonimpulsive
forces are forces for which

Ft is small and therefore, may be

neglected (weight of a body, force of a spring
only if the time interval is small!).
13/14- 59

When and how to use the Principle of Impulse and Momentum

13/14- 60

When and how to use the Principle of Impulse and Momentum

13/14- 61

Sample Problem 13.10

An automobile weighing 4000 lb is

driven down a 5o incline at a speed of
60 mi/h when the brakes are applied,
causing a constant total braking force of
1500 lb.
Determine the time required for the
automobile to come to a stop.
13/14- 62

Sample Problem 13.11

A 4 oz baseball is pitched with a

velocity of 80 ft/s. After the ball is hit
by the bat, it has a velocity of 120 ft/s
in the direction shown. If the bat and
ball are in contact for 0.015 s,
determine the average impulsive force
exerted on the ball during the impact.

13/14- 63

Problem 12
Not the typical impulse/momentum problem!
The 100 kg stone is originally at rest on the smooth horizontal surface. If a towing
force of 200 N, acting at an angle of 45o is applied to the stone for 10 seconds,
determine the final velocity and the normal force which the surface exerts on the
stone during the time interval.
Hints:
the problem involves F, v, t: what principle do we
use to solve it.?
.!
Draw FBD.
Are forces constant or do we need an integration?

13/14- 64

Problem 13

Blocks A and B have a mass of 3 kg and 5kg, respectively. If the

system is released from rest, determine the velocity of block B in
6 seconds. Neglect the mass of the pulleys and the cord.
Hints:
Apply principle of Impulse and Momentum to A
and B independently
Draw FBD before starting any calculation
Apply equation of dependent motion

13/14- 65

Conservation of Linear Momentum for a System

of Particles
For a system of particles:

mv1 F dt mv2

or

mv1 F t mv2

Equation 1

Where the integral (or the sum) involves only impulsive external* forces (the
impulsive internal forces cancel each other (action-reaction)).
If the sum of the external impulses is zero, then:

mv1 mv2

Equation 2

The total momentum of the particles is conserved

This principle is often applied when particles moving freely collide or interact
Note that the momentum is conserved but in general their total energy is not conserved
In problems with system of particles, often Equation 2 is applied and allows the evaluation
of a velocity; then Equation 1 is applied to only one particle to find the impulsive force(s).
13/14- 66

Sample Problem 13.12

A 10 kg package drops from a chute

into a 24 kg cart with a velocity of 3
m/s. Knowing that the cart is initially at
rest and can roll freely, determine (a)
the final velocity of the cart, (b) the
impulse exerted by the cart on the
package, and (c) the fraction of the
initial energy lost in the impact.

13/14- 67

13/14- 68

13/14- 69

Problem 15

An 800 kg rigid pile P is driven into the ground using a 300 kg

hammer H. The hammer falls from rest at a height yo = 0.5 m and
strikes the top of the pile. Determine the impulse which the hammer
imparts on the pile if the pile is surrounded entirely by loose sand so
that after striking, the hammer does not rebound off the pile.

Hints:
To apply the impulse momentum, you need velocities before and after impact.
Note that the hammer is in free fall, therefore conservation of energy
Note that weight of hammer, of pile and reaction of sand are all non-impulsive
Since there is no rebound, the two objects have the same final speed.
Consider three (3) different moments: 0 before the hammer falls; 1 when the
hammer hits the pile, 2 when the two move together.

13/14- 70

Recalling the example on the textbook

y
x

t=2

t=1

t=0

WH
RI
-RI

v2

WP
Rs
The hammer is not
released yet.

Right at the impact

before they move:
WH, Wp and Rs are
all negligible.

They move together

13/14- 71

Homework:

Solving Problems on Your Own

Page ~811

13/14- 72

Problem 16

Hints:
1. Are there any horizontal external
forces?

13- 7373
13/14-

Problem 17

Hints:
1. At the beginning the boat is at rest

a) Women dives first:

13/14- 74

Homework:

Solving Problems on Your Own

Page ~880

13/14- 75

Impact
Impact: Collision between two bodies which
occurs during a small time interval and during
which the bodies exert large forces on each other.
Line of Impact: Common normal to the surfaces
in contact during impact.
Direct Central Impact

Central Impact: Impact for which the mass

centers of the two bodies lie on the line of impact;
otherwise, it is an eccentric impact..
Direct Impact: Impact for which the velocities of
the two bodies are directed along the line of
impact.
Oblique Impact: Impact for which one or both of
the bodies move along a line other than the line of
impact.

Oblique Central Impact

13/14- 76

Direct Central Impact

Bodies moving in the same straight line,
vA > vB .
Upon impact the bodies undergo a
period of deformation, at the end of which,
they are in contact and moving at a
common velocity u.
A period of restitution follows during
which the bodies either regain their
original shape or remain permanently
deformed (the restitution impulse pushes
the particles apart).
We wish to determine the final velocities of the two bodies. Considering a
system with both particles, no external forces act. Then the total momentum
of the two body system is preserved:
mAvA mB vB mAvA mB vB
A second relation between the final velocities is required. Apply the principle to
each particle.
13/14- 77

Direct Central Impact

Particle A deforms under the action of B

Period of deformation: m Av A Pdt m Au

During the period of restitution (when A regain its shape) consider again the
action of B on A:

Period of restitution:
It is possible to define a coefficient
of restitution:

It depends on: materials, shape,

velocity and size of particles

m Au Rdt m AvA

e coefficient of restitution
Rdt u vA

Pdt
vA u

0 e 1
13/14- 78

Direct Central Impact

vB u
e
u vB

A similar analysis of particle B yields

vB vA ev A vB

Combining the relations leads to the desired

second relation between the final velocities.
Perfectly plastic impact, e = 0: vB vA v

? .................................

Perfectly elastic impact, e = 1:

Total energy and total momentum conserved.

? .......................

Note that only in the case of perfectly elastic impact the total energy
of the two particles as well as their total momentum is conserved.
The principle of work and energy cannot be used for impact problems since it is not
known how the internal forces of deformation and restitution vary.
However, knowing the particles velocities before and after the collision, the energy loss
during collision can be calculated as U
T T
12

If perfectly elastic impact

If plastic impact
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Problem 16

Hints:
Consider four (4) different moments: 0 before the
ball is released after stretching the cord; 1 when
the ball hits the ceiling, 2 when the ball bounce
back after the collision and finally 3 when is will
be all stretched.
To apply the impulse momentum, you need
velocity before the impact, therefore conservation
of energy
Apply impulse-momentum (impact ballceiling)
Apply equation of conservation of energy to the
ball just after the collision to determine stretch.
Weight of ball is non-impulsive
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Oblique Central Impact

Final velocities are
unknown in magnitude
and direction. Four
equations are required
(choosing n and t axes).

Consider particles perfectly smooth and frictionless (i.e. no external impulse)

Impulse is only due to internal forces along n axis

No tangential impulse component;
tangential component of momentum
for each particle is conserved.
Normal component of total
momentum of the two particles is
conserved.
Normal components of relative
velocities before and after impact
are related by the coefficient of
restitution.

v A t vA t

vB t vB t

m A v A n mB v B n m A vA n mB vB n

vB n vA n evA n vB n
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Sample Problem 13.15

The magnitude and direction of the

velocities of two identical
frictionless balls before they strike
each other are as shown. Assuming
e = 0.9, determine the magnitude
and direction of the velocity of each
ball after the impact.

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Problem 17

Two smooth disks A and B, having a mass of 1 kg and 2 kg

respectively, collide with the velocities shown. If the coefficient of
restitution for the disks is e = 0.75, determine the velocity of each
disk after the collision.
Hints:
What kind of impact?
Assume the four unknown components of v after
impact all in the positive directions (if come out
negative means opposite directions)

Components of initial velocities (along x and y or n and t):

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Sample Problem 13.14

A ball is thrown against a frictionless,

vertical wall. Immediately before the
ball strikes the wall, its velocity has a
magnitude v and forms angle of 30o
with the horizontal. Knowing that
e = 0.90, determine the magnitude and
direction of the velocity of the ball as
it rebounds from the wall.
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Sample Problem 13.17

A 30 kg block is dropped from a height

of 2 m onto the the 10 kg pan of a
spring scale. Assuming the impact to be
perfectly plastic, determine the
maximum deflection of the pan. The
constant of the spring is k = 20 kN/m.

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Homework:

Solving Problems on Your Own

Page ~832

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