Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
P r e s e n t e d b y,
Ve n k a t e s h K u m b a S u b r a m a n i y a n
k u m b a s u @ u w i n d s o r. c a
ID #: 104463637
Contents:
Turbulence characteristics and its flow structures
Why do we need to model turbulence?
From NS equations to RANS equations
Common Turbulence models and RANS models
Mixing length model
Spalart-Allmaras model
k- models
k- models
Reynolds stress model
Setting boundary conditions for turbulence
RANS models description in brief
Advantages and disadvantages of RANS models
RANS equation
Reynolds stresses
2. Reynolds Stress Models (RSM) By deriving and solving transport equations (PDEs) for
each of the six distinct Reynolds stress terms (plus a dissipation-rate equation)
If we then assume that the velocity scale is proportional to the length scale and the gradients in
the velocity (shear rate, which has dimension 1/s):
we can derive Prandtls mixing length model:
Spalart-Allmaras model
Solves a single conservation equation (PDE) for the turbulent viscosity
This conservation equation contains convective and diffusive transport terms, as well as
expressions for the production and dissipation of
Developed for use in unstructured codes in the aerospace industry.
Economical and accurate for:
Attached wall-bounded flows.
Flows with mild separation and recirculation.
Weak for:
Massively separated flows.
Free shear flows.
Decaying turbulence.
k- models
The k- model focuses on the mechanisms that affect the turbulent kinetic energy (per unit mass) k.
The instantaneous kinetic energy k(t) of a turbulent flow is the sum of mean kinetic energy K and turbulent kinetic energy k:
is the dissipation rate of k. If k and are known, we can model the turbulent viscosity as:
We now need equations for k and . The k- model was developed in the early 1970s. Its strengths as well as its
shortcomings are well documented. Many attempts have been made to develop two-equation models that improve on the
standard k- model.
They are k- RNG model, k- realizable model, k- model, Algebraic Stress model and non-linear models.
k- models
This is another two equation model. In this model is an inverse time scale that is associated
with the turbulence.
This model solves two additional PDEs:
A modified version of the k equation used in the k- model.
A transport equation for .
The turbulent viscosity is then calculated as follows:
Its numerical behavior is similar to that of the k- models.
It suffers from some of the same drawbacks, such as the assumption that
is isotropic.
Description
Spalart
Allmaras
A single transport equation model solving directly for a modified turbulent viscosity. Designed specifically for
aerospace applications involving wall-bounded flows on a fine near-wall mesh. FLUENTs implementation allows the
use of coarser meshes. Option to include strain rate in k production term improves predictions of vortical flows.
Standard k-
The baseline two-transport-equation model solving for k and . This is the default k model. Coefficients are
empirically derived; valid for fully turbulent flows only. Options to account for viscous heating, buoyancy, and
compressibility are shared with other k models.
RNG k-
A variant of the standard k model. Equations and coefficients are analytically derived. Significant changes in the
equation improves the ability to model highly strained flows. Additional options aid in predicting swirling and low
Reynolds number flows.
Realizable k-
A variant of the standard k model. Its realizability stems from changes that allow certain mathematical constraints
to be obeyed which ultimately improves the performance of this model.
Standard k-
A two-transport-equation model solving for k and , the specific dissipation rate ( / k) based on Wilcox (1998). This
is the default k model. Demonstrates superior performance for wall-bounded and low Reynolds number flows.
Shows potential for predicting transition. Options account for transitional, free shear, and compressible flows.
RSM
Reynolds stresses are solved directly using transport equations, avoiding isotropic viscosity assumption of other
models. Use for highly swirling flows. Quadratic pressure-strain option improves performance for many basic shear
flows.
Advantages
Disadvantages
Spalart
Allmaras
Standard k-
RNG k-
Realizable k-
Standard k-
RSM