Current Transformer

CURRENT
TRANSFORMER
Edition: First, 2015
This page is left blank intentionally to dedicate to my parents
PREFACE
This Book is made with an intention to provide step by step

comprehensive knowledge about correct selection of current
transformer to those whos working for an organization or who
is pursuing degree in the electrical & electronics. Main focus is
put on the meaningful collaboration of practical as well as
theoretical knowledge. Aftermath of serious effort in the
collaboration of two distinct thoughts, we are able to generate
a book with excellent features like explanation of various basic
factors of different verticals of current transformer in selecting
the correct one. These factors are filtered with the actual
knowledge: needed at the time of specifying a CT as per your
requirement. Various references had taken in composing this
book; it requires lot of effort with free flow of time. Figures used
in this book are quite illustrative one, anyone can learn from
that without going into detailed explanation of the same. This
book has been designed in a way to give better appreciation of
the role played by current transformer in protecting various
electrical equipment used in power system. An understanding
of correct selection of current transformer will increase
healthiness of the system as well as performance .A better
performance increase the efficiency of the plant This book
make you understand about the necessity of Current
transformer. Simple calculations are included in order to make
you easily understand the selection of current transformer at
different levels.
This book shall behave as an intermediate level between the
practical & theoretical knowledge of current transformer. At the
end of the book you will have an excellent knowledge of the
basic principles as well as associated trouble shooting during
selection & installation of current transformer. In addition, this
book introduced a section named as interesting facts that
covers the area of known facts what we usually forget to
remind, these facts are based on basic theory of current
transformer.
We hope that you will gain a lot from this book and will help
you to improve your professional career.
This book targets the following people who will find this book
useful:
Electrical Engineers
Design Engineers
Project Engineers
Instrumentation Engineers
Electrical Technicians
Field Technicians
Electricians
CURRENT
TRANSFORMER
Edition: First, 2015
Acknowledgment
The Technical Data Given in this book is for
information purpose. This Book is combined effort
of experience experts and based on Standards.
It is my great pleasure and honor to introduce this
Book. I am sure it will be used fruitfully by all
persons involved in the implementation of Current
Transformer
-Adhish Gupta
Electrical Engineer
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Contents
1. Introduction to basic theory
1.1 Let us understand current transformer 1
1.2 Working & main constructional parts of current transformer 1
1.3 Ideal Transformer 2
1.4 C.T equivalent Circuit 3
1.5 Phasor Diagram 4
1.6 General principle of measuring current and voltage 4
1.7 Exciting Current 4
1.8 Why secondary of a CT never kept open? 5
2. Current transformer importance in power

system
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
Why should we use in electrical system? 6

Result of incorrect definition of CT 6
How to specify the CT? 7
Definition of protection 7
CT class according to the application 7
Interesting facts 8
3. Current transformer classification

3.1 Types of current transformer 9
3.2 Interesting facts 10
3.3 Remanence 12
3.4 How to correct remanance 12
4. Amplitude and phase error calculation

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
Definition of amplitude and phase error 13

Ratio correction factor 13
Some useful formulae 15
Error reduction methods 17
5. Terms to be used in specifying the CT

5.1
Useful terms in defining CT specification 18
5.1.1
Rated burden of CT 18
5.1.2
Actual burden of CT 18
5.1.3
5.1.4
Surge current Coefficient/Overcurrent Coefficient 20

Rated short-time thermal current (Ith) & Dynamic Peak
Value(Idyn) 20
5.1.5
Rated frequency 22
5.1.6
Rated voltage of primary circuit (Upr) 22
5.1.7
Primary operating Current Ips) 22
5.1.8
Rated Primary Current of CT/Nominal Current(Ipn) 23
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
What is CT Burden? 18
Interesting facts 18
4 or 6 wire connection 19
Difference between Dynamic peak Value and Rated Thermal short
Circuit current 21
5.7
5.8
Secondary circuit characterstics 23 to 33
5.8.1
Rated Secondary Current (Isr) 23
5.8.2
Accuracy Classes 27
5.8.3
Rated output 28
5.8.4
Safety Factor(SF)/Instrument Security Factor(ISF) 28
5.8.5
Accuracy limit Factor(ALF) 29
5.8.6
Knee Point Voltage 33
5.9
5.10
5.11
How to choose CT secondary output? 23

Protection Current Transformer 30
5.11.1
to 33
Definite time over current protection 30
5.11.2 Inverse Definite Time Over current Protection 31

5.11.3 Differential Protection 31
5.11.3.1
Generator Differential 32
5.11.3.2
Motor Differential
5.11.3.3
Transformer Differential 33
32
6. How to do CT Selection
6.1
6.2
Why measuring CT is not advisable to use as protection 39

7. Current transformer transient performance

7.1 Introduction 41
7.2 Transient performance: Calculation 42
7.3 X/R ratio or time constant importance 42
7.4 How CT saturation does occur? 43
8. Current transformer testing & Commissioning

8.1
8.2
8.3
Equipments requires in testing 44

Checking & inspection 45
Test on Current Transformer
8.3.1 Type test 45

8.3.2 Routine test 45
8.4
Field tests to be performed before commissioning of current transformer 46
8.4.1
Insulation resistance test 46
8.4.2
Procedure of IR test 47
8.4.3
Polarity test 47
8.4.4
Burden test 48
8.4.5
Protection CT magnetization curve test 49
8.4.6
Turns ration/Primary injection test 51
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
Advantage of IR test 46
Interview question: What happen if Transformer is given DC supply? 47
Factors which caused Burden error 48
Interview question: What will be the turns ratio required to match an
80 source to a 320 load?
9. Terms &
Definitions
52 to 54
Did you know? Metering
function of current
transformer 54
Bibliography 59
Applicable standards 60
51
10. Current transformer Summary

10.1 Functions of current transformer 55
10.2 Application of current transformer 56
10.3 Interesting facts 56
10.4 Points to be remembered 57 to 58
Introduction to
Basic Theory
CHAPTER-1
Let us understand what is current transformer
Primary Conductor
Hollow core
Main Primary Conductor

Ip
Is
Ammeter
C.T
Is
Secondary Winding
Primary Current, Ip
Secondary Winding
Circuit Symbol
Working: A time varying voltage is applied to the primary winding which drives magnetic flux in the core and
induces a voltage in the secondary winding. The transformer draws an exciting current to maintain the flux in a core.
"Rate of change of flux linkage with respect to time is directly proportional to the induced EMF in a
conductor or coil".
Faradays laws of Electromagnetic Induction
ain constructional parts of Current transformer

1. Primary winding of transformer Alternating current through the
Primary winding produces a continually changing flux or alternating flux
which surrounds the Secondary winding, through magnetic core.
2. Magnetic Core of transformer the magnetic flux produced by the
primary winding, will pass through this low reluctance path linked with
secondary winding and creates a closed magnetic circuit.
3. Secondary Winding of transformer the flux, produced by primary
winding, passes through the core, will link with the secondary winding. If
Secondary winding circuit is closed, electric current start flowing through
it.
For an ideal transformer

PRIMARY AMPERE TURNS = SECONDARY AMPERE TURNS
Is
Ip
For CTs Primary turns=1, so
Es
IP = N x IS
Eqn.1
ES d
dt
Where:-
Figure-1.0
N = Turns ration of turns between primary & secondary winding .Mostly, the primary of a CT is a straight
through bar or in other words we can say a single turn.
IS =Secondary Current of C.T. (Amperes)

For IS to flow through Z there must be some potential, Es
Es = Is x Z
Eqn.2
ES is produced by an alternating flux in the core of CT.
For an ideal CT Circuit, impedance Z have Components as detailed below:

Circuit Voltage Required:
Np
Ip
ES = IS (ZB + ZCT + ZL) Volts

Where:-
IS =Secondary Current of C.T. (Amperes)

ZB =Connected External Burden (Ohms)
ZCT =C.T Winding Impedance (Ohms)
ZL =Lead Loop Resistance (Ohms)
Es =E.M.F induced across secondary for an ideal
Ns
Is
Ek
ZCT
ZB
transformer (volts)
Vt
Vt
Vt =Secondary terminal voltage

Figure-1.1
= Is . ZB
= Ek - Is. ZCT (Volts)
Eqn.3
As ZL shall be negligible small, we can ignore it
EK = 4.44 X B X A X f X N
(Volts)
Maximum Secondary Winding Voltage:

Where:-
Eqn.4
EK should be greater than ES
Ek
Secondary Induced Volts

(Knee-point voltage)
B
A
=
=
Flux Density (Tesla)
f
=
N
=
x2 =
Core Cross-sectional Area

(Square metres)
System Frequency (Hertz)
Number of Turns
3.14 x 1.414
Example: 1
Suppose a CT with Ratio 2000 / 5A is given having Max Flux Density = 1.6 T , Core C.S.A = 20 cm2,RS = 0.31 &
IMAX Primary = 40 kA. Then, find the maximum secondary burden permissible in terms of ohm if no saturation is to
occur.
Sol:
BURDEN
Number of turns, N = 2000 / 5

= 400 Turns
Max. Sec. Current, IS MAX = 40,000 / 400 = 100 Amps
Using Eqn.4
VK = (4.44 x 1.6 x 20 x 50 x 400)/ 104
Therefore Maximum Burden
Please Refer Chapter-5, Page-18

for Definition
= 284 Volts
= 284 / 100
= 2.84 Ohms
Hence ,Maximum CONNECTED burden: 2.84 - 0.31 = 2.53 Ohms
C.T. Equivalent Circuit
Xs
Rs
Is
Ip
Xm
Rm
Ie
Vt
Figure-1.2
Where:
Ie
Is
Zb
N
Ze
Zb
=
=
=
=
=
Secondary excitation current/Magnetizing current

Secondary current
Burden of relays in ohms
C.T. ratio
Es
Vt
Ip
ZCT
=
=
=
=
Secondary excitation voltage

Secondary terminal voltage
Primary rating of C.T
C.T. secondary winding across the
Secondary excitation impedance in ohms (Rm+jXm) C.T. terminals impedance in ohms (Rs+jXs)
Phasor Diagram
Where:
Ep
Im
Es
Ie
Ip
Ic
Is
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Primary voltage
Magnetising current
Secondary voltage
Ip/N
Excitation current
Flux
Primary current
Iron losses (hysteresis & eddy currents)
Secondary current
Figure-1.3
General principles of measuring current and Voltage

1.
Current transformer
For a Closed-circuited transformer the following is valid:
Ip X N1 = Is X N2
Eqn.5
IP = N x IS
As per Eqn.1
This equation gives current transformation in proportion to the primary and secondary turns. A current transformer is
ideally a short-circuited transformer where the secondary terminal voltage is zero and the magnetizing current is
negligible.
2. Voltage transformers
For a Voltage transformer in no load the following is valid:
Ep
Es
Np
Ns
Eqn.6
This equation gives voltage transformation in proportion to the primary and secondary turns.
A voltage transformer is ideally a transformer under no-load conditions where the load current is zero.
Exciting
Current
In an ideal current transformer, the primary ampere-turns are equal to the secondary ampereturns. However, every core material requires some energy to produce the magnetic flux which
induces the secondary voltage necessary to deliver the secondary current. This energy is
provided by exciting current .Thus, in an actual current transformer, the secondary ampereturns are equal to the primary ampere-turns minus the exciting ampere-turns.
Ip
If In CTs, the exciting current could be neglected, the

transformer should reproduce the primary current without
errors and the following equation should apply to the primary
and secondary currents:
I2 = N1 X I1
N2
Is
Figure-1.4
Eqn.7
BURDEN
The current transformation requires a small amount of energy to magnetize the iron core that creates small energy
losses such as eddy currents, and heat caused by current flowing through the windings. Therefore, the secondary
current is not a perfect representation of the primary current. Hence Eqn.7 is modified to Eqn.8, where Ie represent
Exciting current.
Simplified equivalent current transformer diagram converted

to the secondary side is shown in (Figure-1.5)
Ie
Burden
Eqn.8
I22
Exciting
Impedance
I2 = N1 X I1 - Ie
N2
(N1/N2) x I1
Figure-1.5
The diagram shows that not all the equivalent primary current passes through the secondary circuit. Part of it
consumed by the core, which means that the primary current is not reproduced exactly. The relation between
the currents is stated in Eqn.8 (Figure-1.6)
Thus, primary current contains two components:
An exciting current Ie, which magnetizes the core and supplies the eddy current and hysteresis losses, etc.
A remaining primary current component (I1-Ie), which is available for transformation to secondary current in the
inverse ratio of turns.
Why
secondary
Of CT never kept
open?
It is necessary to keep secondary of CT either shorted or connected in

series with low resistance coil such as current coil of wattmeter, coil of
ammeter etc. If it is left open, then current through secondary becomes
zero hence the ampere turns produced by secondary which is generally
oppose primary ampere turns becomes zero. As there is no counter m.m.f
to oppose primary m.m.f (ampere turns), this lead the production of high
flux in the core results in excessive core losses. This may damage the
insulation of windings or nearby personnel. Current transformer generally
works at a low flux density. The core usually made up of very good metal
to give a small magnetizing current. When it is open circuit the secondary
impedance now becomes infinite and the core deeply saturates.
As the AC wave moves from positive half cycle to the negative half cycle,
the rate of change of flux d/dt is so great that very high voltage is
induced in the secondary winding
It is usual practice to ground the CT on the secondary side to avoid a
danger of shock to operator.
Current transformer
Importance in power system
CHAPTER-2
To make power system more sensitive towards detecting even the smallest fault protection relays are used which isolate
the fault by tripping CBs. Current transformer is responsible to give fault current related feedback signal to respective relay
to operate when secondary current of CT exceeds the threshold value of relay (Generated Feedback signal of transformer
is in form of small current which is ranges from 0A to 5 A).
Why should we use CT in electrical System?
Major disturbances, such as short-circuit currents, can

result in serious damage:
a.
b.
c.
fatigue or deterioration of network components,

danger for people,
Loss of supply and production, etc.
Permanent monitoring of network electrical parameters by reliable and properly selected current transformers
supplying protection relays allows rapid isolation of the faulty area. These relays must ignore transient and normal
disturbances but systematically trip when a destructive fault has to be eliminated. Thus, correct selection of Current
transformer is necessary otherwise it can lead to malfunctions in the protection channel causing destruction of
equipment and create danger to the operator.
Result of Incorrect definition of CT

Incorrect definition can lead to malfunctions in the protection, for examples:
1.
Overestimation of the short-circuit current can lead to feasibility problems, overrating

and high CT costs.
2. On the other hand, under-estimation of the short-circuit current can lead to failure to
detect the fault, thus destroying the equipment, placing the operator in danger and
generating operating downtime.
3. An output power or accuracy error can result in a malfunction or in failure to trip of the
protection devices, thus destroying the equipment, placing the operator in danger and
generating operating downtime.
4. An error in defining the accuracy class of a metering winding will lead to incorrect
energy billing and thus a loss of income for the electrical utility or the customer
How to specify the CT?

Characterization of CTs
Necessary
information
required to specify the CT
with single primary are:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Insulation Level(KV)
Short-Circuit Current Withstand Capacity(KA)
Short-Circuit Duration(S)
Nominal Primary Current(A)
Number of secondary Winding
Associated Protection & Metering with Secondary
Output Power(Including relay and wire
Consumption)(VA)
h. Accuracy Class
a. ALF(Protection)
b. SF(Metering)
i. Nominal Secondary Current(A)
Definition of protection
The protection functions of a network are intended to monitor one or more parameters of the installation, for
example: currents, voltage, temperature, frequency, etc. These values are permanently measured and
compared with set points or thresholds beyond which the situation is defined as abnormal and dangerous.
When a fault occurs, the protection device issues a tripping signal. Then, in order to durably isolate the faulty part, it
prevents reclosing until the device has been repaired. It can also generate an alarm to inform maintenance personnel
and enable them to take the necessary action.
Importance of CT
Current transformers are used to supply information
to the protective relays and/or current, power and
energy metering instruments. For this purpose they
must supply a secondary current proportional to the
primary current flowing through them and must be
adapted to network characteristics: voltage,
frequency and current.
CT is defined by ratio, power

and accuracy class. CT class
(accuracy as a function of CT
load and of over current) is
chosen according to the
application.
CT class according to the application

Protection Class
A protection CT must saturate sufficiently high to allow
a relatively accurate measurement of the fault current by
the protection whose operating threshold can be very
high. Current transformers are thus expected to have an
Accuracy Limit Factor (ALF) that is usually fairly High.
Note that the associated relay must be Able to
withstand high over currents.
Instrument Class
An instrument CT requires good accuracy around the
nominal current value. The metering instruments do not
need to withstand currents as high as the protection
relays. This is why the instrument CTs, unlike the
protection CTs, have the lowest possible Safety Factor
(SF) in order to protect these instruments through earlier
Saturation.
Table.-2.0
Example: 2
CT Rating Plate indicates the following details, an
example of representation of protection CT
Rated primary current: 200 A,
Rated secondary current: 5 A.
15 VA 5P 10
Accuracy limit factor = 10
Accuracy class = 5P
Accuracy power = 15 VA
Its accuracy load: Pn = 15 VA
Its accuracy limit factor is ALF = 10
For I = ALF X In, its accuracy is 5% (5P)
For the protection CT given in the

Example, the ratio error is less than 5% at 10 In,
if the real load consumes 15 VA at In.
Or
Given CT is rated for 15VA Burden and will not
have more than 5% error at 10 times of rated
current.
Interesting Facts
It should be remembered when two or more devices are required to be connected at the
secondary terminal of a CT, Devices must be connected in series across the winding. This is
exactly the opposite of the method used to connect two or more loads to be supplied by a
voltage or power transformer where the devices are paralleled across the secondary winding.
Current transformer
Classification
CHAPTER-3
Current transformers are classified based on construction and application. Classifications according to both are explained
below:
Types of Current transformers

1.
Current transformers are classified In accordance with their nature of construction
1) Ring Core CTs:
These CTs can be used where

primary current lies between 50 to
5000 amps. It has an opening in
centre to accommodate primary
conductor through it.
Figure-3.0
2) Split Core CTs:
These CTs can be used where

primary current lies between 100
to 5000 amps. Split core CTs
have one end removable so that
the Primary conductor need not to
be disconnected to install the CT.
Figure-3.1
3) Wound Primary CTs:
These CTs can be used

where primary current lies
between 1 to 100 amps.
Since the load current
passes through primary
windings in the CT, screw
terminals are provided for
the load and secondary
conductors.
Figure-3.2
Interesting Facts
Ring type (or rectangular type) CTs are normally preferred over other types of CTs. because
they are simple in construction, mechanically stronger and cheaper. In a ring type/bar primary
type CTs the working ampere-turns are determined by the primary current and therefore
necessarily, the accuracy that can be offered with these CTs becomes progressively inferior as
the rated primary current decreases.-If higher accuracy and burdens are required for CTs of low
primary current wound types CTs are used.
2. Current transformers are classified In accordance with their nature of application
a. Measuring Current Transformer

.
Figure-3.3
The principal requirements of a measuring CT are that, for primary

currents up to 120% or 125% of the rated current, its secondary
current is proportional to its primary current to a degree of accuracy
as defined by its Class and, in the case of the more accurate
types, that a specified maximum phase angle displacement is not
exceeded. A desirable characteristic of a measuring CT is that
it should saturate when the primary current exceeds the
percentage of rated current specified as the upper limit to
which the accuracy provisions apply. These CTs require high
accuracy, a low burden (output) and a low saturation voltage
b. Protective Current Transformer
Figure-3.4
The principal purpose of Protective Current transformer is to

provide a secondary current proportional to the primary current
when it is several, or many, times the rated primary current. The
measure of this characteristic is known as the Accuracy Limit
Factor (A.L.F.).
A protection type CT with an A.L.F. of 10 will produce a
proportional current in the secondary winding (subject to the
allowable current error) with primary currents up to a maximum of
10 times the rated current.
c. Interposing Transformer
Transformer
differential
relays
compare the phase and magnitude of
the current entering one winding of
the transformer with that leaving via
the other winding(s). Any difference in
phase or magnitude between the
measured quantities will cause
current to flow through the operate
winding of the relay. If this current
exceeds the relay setting, tripping of
the transformer circuit breakers will
be initiated.
Figure-3.5
10
To enable a comparison to be made, the differential scheme should be arranged so that the relay will see rated current
when the full load current flows in the protected circuit. In order to achieve this, the line current transformers must be
matched to the normal full load current of the transformer. Where this is not the case it is necessary to use an auxiliary
interposing current transformer to provide amplitude correction. The connection of the line CTs should compensate for
any phase shift arising across the transformer. Alternatively the necessary phase correction may also be provided by the
use of an interposing CT.
Thus, the main function of an interposing CT is to balance the currents supplied to the relay where there
would otherwise be an imbalance due to the ratios of the main CTs. Interposing CTs are equipped with a
wide range of taps that can be selected by the user to achieve the balance required.
d. Core Balance CTs
Earth
Fault
Relay
Core
These are ring type CTs & suitable for the

measurement of the sum of three phase currents in a
3-phase cable. Under normal operating conditions this
sum is zero. In the event of an earth-fault the sum of
the current is equal to the zero sequence current. It is
necessary to specify leakage current to be detected
along with minimum setting of the relay and size of
cable at the time of ordering CT.
Figure-3.6
Is flows only when there is an earth-fault Ia+Ib+Ic0
An earth fault relay, connected to the secondary winding, is energized only when there is residual current in the primary
system. The advantage in using this method of earth fault protection lies in the fact that only one CT core is used in
place of three phase CTs whose secondary windings are residually connected. In this way the CT magnetizing current
at relay operation is reduced by approximately three-to-one, an important consideration in sensitive earth fault relays
where a low effective setting is required.
Core Balance CTs are special CTs used to detect Earth faults & usually used for Restricted Earth Fault Protection.
It is a ring type CT through which the cables carrying current of all the three phases (R, Y & B) are passed through.
Under normal operating conditions, summation of current through the three phases shall be equal to zero. In event of a
fault (as shown in Figure-3.6), the summation of the current shall no longer remain zero (zero sequence current shall flow
during earth fault) & thus the fault can be detected.
Core-balance transformers are normally mounted over a cable at a point close up to the cable gland of switchgear or
other apparatus. Physically split cores (slip-over types) are normally available for applications in which the cables are
already made up, as on existing switchgear.
11
Remanence
Remanent flux can be set up in the core of a current transformer under operating or test conditions. During operating
conditions, remanent flux can be left in the core while the primary current is interrupted and the flux density in the core of
the transformer is high. Remanence flux may be left in the core of transformer during clearing of fault current, testing such
as resistance or continuity measurements.
The remanent flux in the core depends on many factors such as
Magnitude of primary current,
Impedance of the secondary circuit
Amplitude and time constant of any offset transient.
Since the impedance of the secondary circuit is generally fixed, the magnitude of remanent flux is governed by the
magnitude of the symmetrical component of the primary current and the magnitude of the offset transient prior to the
primary current interruption.
Maximum remanent flux can be obtained under conditions whereby the primary current is interrupted while the
transformer is in a saturated state.
When the current transformer is next energized, the flux changes required will start from the remanent value. If the required
change is in the direction to add to the remanent flux, a large part of the cycle may find the current transformer saturated.
When this occurs, much of the primary current is required for excitation and secondary output is significantly reduced and
distorted on alternate half cycles.
When excitation is removed during high magnitude fault events, this remnant flux can be quite high. The remnant flux
essentially shifts the normal operating flux of CT and will require either more or less exciting current .During a subsequent
fault; this remnant flux can push the core deeper into saturation.
This phenomenon is illustrated in Figure-3.7
(B)
(A)
Flux
Density
Magnetizing Force
Figure-3.7
NORMAL HYSTERSIS CURVE
How to
correct
remanance
Remnant
flux
HYSTERSIS CURVE WITH REMANENCE
The remanence can be corrected by demagnetizing the current transformer.

This is accomplished by applying a suitable variable alternating voltage to the
secondary, with initial magnitude sufficient to force the flux density above the
saturation point, and then decreasing the applied voltage slowly and
continuously to zero. If there is any reason to suspect that a current transformer
has been subjected recently to heavy currents, possibly involving a large DC
component, it should be demagnetized before being used for any test requiring
accurate current measurement
The flux in the core of a CT is a function of both the excitation voltage and the magnetic properties of the
core itself. When excitation is removed from the CT, same of the magnetic domains retain a degree of
orientation relative to the magnetic field that was applied to the core. This is known as remnant flux.
12
Amplitude and phase
Error calculations
CHAPTER-4
Definition of amplitude error & phase error

Amplitude Error: The error which a transformer introduces into measurement of a current arises from the fact that the
actual transformation ration is not equal to the rated transformation ratio. (For a CT it can be termed as Current Error)
Phase Error: Phase error is defined as difference in phase angle between the primary and secondary
The difference in phase (phase error) between the primary and secondary current vector must be zero for the perfect
transformer, therefore the quality of material is so chosen that the phase difference comes out be minimum. The phase
displacement (phase error) is said to be positive when the secondary current vector LEADS the primary and the phase
displacement (phase error) is said to be negative when secondary current vector LAGS the primary current vector.
Ratio Correction Factor:

The Ratio Correction Factor (RCF) is the ratio between the true ratio & marked ratio.
True ratio
current vector. It is usually
express inRatio
minutes
Marked
RCF=
True ratio=
RMS Primary Current

RMS Secondary Current
Eqn.9
Eqn.10
Rated Primary Current

Marked ratio=
(As mentioned on nameplate of CT)
Rated Secondary Current
Eqn.11
(As mentioned on nameplate of CT)
PACF=
True Power Factor, Cos

Measured Power Factor, Cos(-)
TCF= RCF X PACF
Eqn.12
Eqn.13
The factor by which the reading of a watt meter or the registration of a watt hour meter must be multiplied to
correct for the effect of ratio error and phase angle is the Transformer Correction Factor (TCF)
Where:
= angle of lag of load current behind load voltage

cos = Power Factor , Cosine of angle between the voltage and current.
13
Interesting Facts
The phase error is generally not significant where as amplitude of the current is
important, but phase error matters significantly when the CT is used in measuring
power, when voltage and current signals are multiplied together. Accordingly,
applications requiring accurate power measurements should use a CT with low phase
error. For highest accuracy, a non-opening nickel iron alloy toroidal core provides
the most inductance, and therefore the least error.
Example: 3
If a CT with RCF of 1.0020 has a phase angle error = +15 and is used for measuring a load whose power factor is
0.500 lagging, determine its phase angle correction factor, PACF?
Sol:
RCF=1.0020
The primary current lags the line voltage by an angle whose cosine equals the power factor.
The secondary current leads the primary current by 15'. Therefore, the primary current
actually lags the primary voltage by 59 45'.
cos-1 (0.500) = 60 =
Or
cos = cos 60 = 0.500
= 60 = 59 60'
( - ) = 59 60' - 0 15' = 59 45
Thus,
cos ( - ) = cos 59 45' = 0.5038
Using Eqn.12
PACF =
Using Eqn.13
Cos
0.500
=
Cos (-)
0.5038
= 0.9925
TCF = 1.0020 x 0.9925

=0.9945
Thus, Reading of wattmeter must be multiply with 0.9945 to get correct reading
14
Some useful formulae

All current transformers include an inherent phase shift relative to the current measurement. This phase shift introduces an
error in the power measurement.
1.
The secondary induced voltage Esi can be calculated

Where
Esi = I2 X Z (Volts)
Eqn.14
Z=
Eqn.15
(Ri+ Rb) + X b
Z =Impedance,
Ri =Winding Resistance,
Rb=Load Resistance,
Xb=Load Inductance,
2. The inductive flux density necessary for inducing the voltage Esi can be calculated from
Where
f =Frequency in Hz,
Aj = Core Are in MM2,
N2=Number of secondary turns,
B =Magnetic Flux in Tesla,
As per Eqn.4
B=
Esi
X 2 X f X Aj X N2
Eqn.16
3. The exciting current, Ie necessary for producing the magnetic flux B.
Ie=
HXL
Eqn.17
N2
Where
H =Exciting force in At/m,
L = Length of magnetic path in Mtr,
N2=Number of secondary turns,
4. Phase angle between the induced voltage Esi.
Xb
Eqn.18
(Ri+ Rb)
5. Current error
The error with a transformer introduces into the measurement of a current and which arises
from the fact that actual transformation ratio is not equal to the rated transformer ratio. The
current error expressed in percentage is given by the formula:
Current error (%) =
(Ka X Is - Ip)
Ip
X 100
Eqn.19
15
.
Where
Ka = rated transformation ratio

Ip =actual primary current (A)
Is= actual secondary current when Ip is flowing under the conditions of measurement (A)
Current Error is:+ve : When secondary current is HIGHER than the rated nominal value.
-ve :
When secondary current is LOWER than the rated nominal value.
ERROR LIMITS OF PROTECTION CT

ACCURACY CLASS
CURRENT ERROR AT
RATED CURRENT (%)
1
PHASE DISPLACEMENT AT
RATED
CURRENT(Minutes)
60
COMPOSITE ERROR
RATEDACCURACY LIMIT
PRIMARY CURRENT(%)
5
5P
10P
10
15P
15
Table-4.0
Example: 4
1 VA ammeter is connected to the secondary of CT (2000/5A) measuring current of 4.9A when primary current
flowing through it is 2000A, then find out how much current error will be there if CT rated Burden is given as 15VA?
Sol:
As mentioned above,
Primary Current, Ip= 2000A
Secondary Current, Is=4.9 A
Thus, Transformation Ratio, Kn= 2000/5 =400
Using Eqn.19
Current error (%) = {(400 x 4.9 2000) x100}/2000 = -2%
Here, negative sign figure represents secondary current is lower than the rated nominal value.
16
6. Composite Errors(c):
Under-Steady Conditions, the R.M.S value of the difference between the instantaneous values of the
primary current, and the instantaneous values of the actual secondary current multiplied by the rated
current transformation ratio, the positive signs of the primary and secondary current corresponding to
the convention for terminal marking is generally expressed as percentage of the primary current
according to the following formula;
c = 100
Ip
1 T
(kn is - ip ) dt
T 0
Eqn.20
Where
kn = Rated transformation ratio

Ip = R.M.S value of primary current (A)
T = Duration of one cycle (Sec.)
ip = Instantaneous value of primary current (A)

is = Instantaneous value of Secondary current (A)
Error
reduction
Can be done by:
1.
Using better quality magnetic material
2. Shortening the mean magnetic path

3. Reducing the flux density in the core
17
Terms to be used in
Specifying CT
CHAPTER-5
Useful terms in defining CT specifications
1.
Rated Burden of CT (As printed in Name plate of CT)
Pn = In X Rn
Eqn.21
Where,
Pn =
In =
Rn=
What
Is
CT Burden ?
Rated Burden of CT, VA

Rated Current, A
Resistance of CT Winding,
CT burden (VA) is the load imposed on CT

secondary during operation.
or
As per IEC 60044-1
The burden is usually expressed as the apparent

power in volt-amperes absorbed at a specific power
factor and at the rated secondary current.
2. Real Burden or actual burden of CT
Where,
Pr = In X Rp
Eqn.22
Pr =
In =
Rp=
Actual Burden of CT,VA

Rated Current, A
Resistance of CT Winding & Cable
used Between CT and Relay,
Interesting Facts
CT performance is characterized by:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Turns ratio,
Turns ratio error (ratio correction factor),
Saturation voltage,
Phase angle error, and
Rated secondary circuit load (burden).
18
4- or 6-wire connection
If 6-wire connection is used, the total length of the wire, naturally, will be two times the distance between the CT and the
relay. However, in many cases a common return conductor is used .Then, instead of multiplying the distance by 2, a factor
of 1.2 is typically used. This rule only applies to the 3-phase connection.
The factor 1.2 allows for a situation, where up to 20% of the electrical conductor length, including terminal resistances, uses
6-wire connection and at least 80% 4-wire connection.
6 wire CT connection
Figure-5.0
4 wire CT connection
Suppose, the distance between the CT and the relay is 10 meters. Then, total length is 2 x 10 m = 20 meter for
6-wire connection whereas for 4-wire connection total length is 1.2 x 10=12 meter
Example: 4
The distance between the CTs and the protection relay is 10Mtr. 4Sq.MM CU Conductors in the 4-wire connection
are used. The burden of the relay input is less than 15m (5A input).Calculate the actual burden of the CT at 75C.
Sol:
Resistivity of Cu Conductor, =0.0216m (75C)
Resistance, R =
( X L)/A
Eqn.23
Using Eqn.23
Hence,
R = 0.0216 m X (1.2 X10)

4 Sq.MM
Consumption of Various Devices are

given in the manufactures technical
data sheet
R=0.0648
Burden of CT = 0.0648+0.015 = 0.0798
19
3. Surge Current Coefficient/Over current Coefficient
Ksi = (Ith/In)
Lower the Surge Current Factor Ksi higher will be

the feasibility of current transformer to get
manufactured
Eqn.24
Scale order of
Ksi
Ksi<100
Where,
Ksi = Surge Current Coefficient

Ith = Rated thermal short-circuit current
100<Ksi<300
(Generally, R.M.S Value of installations Max.

Short-circuit Current and duration of this is
generally taken to be 1s)
In =Nominal Current of CT at primary side
100<ksi<400
400<Ksi<500
Ksi>500
Manufacturing
Standard
Sometime difficult for
some secondary
characteristics
Difficult
Limited to some
secondary
characteristics
Very often impossible
Table-5.0
Knowing
over
current
coefficient allows us to know
whether a CT will be easy to
manufacture or not.
A high Ksi lead to over-dimensioning of primary

winding cross sections. This will limit the number of
windings in the primary coils, in turn limit induced EMF
of the CT.
CT manufacturing becomes difficult at this stage.
4. Rated short-time thermal current (Ith) & Dynamic Peak Value(Idyn)
Rated Thermal short-Circuit Current

This is the maximum Primary current, which the transformer can withstand keeping secondary winding short
circuited for a period of one second, without reaching a temperature that would be disastrous to the insulation,
e.g. 250 C for oil immersed transformers.
Standard R.M.S values of current, expressed in KA, are:
6.3 8 10 12.5 16 20 25 31.5 40 50 63 80 100
Each CT Must be able to thermally and dynamically withstand the defined shortcircuit current in defined duration (usually, 1sec is preferred) passing through its
primary current circuit until the fault is effectively broken.
For easier production we can:
Reduce the secondary characteristics as far as possible.

Over-rate the primary rated current.
Reduce the Short-circuit current duration/Surge Current Factor (Subjected
to the agreement of protection engineer, in normal cases dont allow to go
beyond 0.8 s).
20
Difference between Dynamic peak Value and Rated Thermal short Circuit current
Rated Thermal short Circuit
current
This is the maximum (R.M.S) Primary
current, which the transformer can
withstand keeping secondary winding
short circuited for a period of one
second, without reaching a temperature
that would be disastrous to the
insulation.
Dynamic peak Value

The peak value of the primary current
which a current transformer will
withstand, without being damaged
electrically or mechanically by the
resulting electromagnetic forces, the
secondary winding being short-circuited.
Table-5.1
Interesting Facts
Dynamic peak Current (Idyn) is always greater than rated thermal short-circuit current, as per
electrical standards, value of Idyn in terms of Ith is stated given below.
IEC 50Hz
IEC 60Hz
ANSI/IEEE 60Hz
2.5 X Ith
2.6 X Ith
2.7 X Ith
Example: 5
Effect of reducing short circuit current duration / surge current Factor
Suppose we have following figures for a particular project
The short-time current for periods
other than one second Ix can be
calculated by using the following
formula:
Short-Circuit VA = 250MVA
Operational Voltage = 11KV
Rated Primary Current (In)= 20 A
Rated thermal short-circuit current (Ith)=
250 X 10 KVA
11 X 1.732KV
= 9622 A
Ix =
Using Eqn.24
It
x
Eqn.25
Ksi = 9622/20 = 481.1 480
Where,
X=the actual time in seconds
According to the Table-5.0, CT is quite difficult to manufacture

If short-circuit time limited to 0.8 sec rather than 1 sec, then = 9622 X 0.8 =8606A
Now, Ksi = 8606/20 430
This transformer would be quite easier to produce than a transformer with Ksi = 480.It can be noticed that
by reducing the short-circuit duration, the value of Ksi reduces which increases the chance of CT getting
manufactured.
21
5. Rated Frequency: It is the frequency of installation
Because Frequency affects a CT only because the lines

of flux generated by the primary current begin to appear
as DC as the frequency gets very low; a CT needs the AC
CYCLE changes to induce the secondary current. With
toroidal CT, you will experience a drop in accuracy as
the frequency goes down from 60 Hz.
CT defined for 50 Hz can be

installed on a 60 Hz network with
the same level of accuracy.
However, the opposite is not true.
Why?
Therefore, CT installed on a 60Hz network cannot be

used for 50Hz network for the same level of accuracy
as its accuracy goes down as induced secondary
current reduces.
6. Rated Voltage of the primary Circuit(Upr): This defines the insulation level of Equipment
Rated CT Voltage > Rated Installation Voltage
Generally we choose the rated voltage
based on the duty voltage, Us, according to
the figure:
Figure-5.0
7.
Primary operating Current(Ips):

It is the actual current of equipment flows when it is connected to its respective load. We can calculate the exact
value of current for incomers & feeders by using the given below formulas.
Generator Incomer
Incomer Cubicle:
Transformer Feeder
Motor Feeder
Capacitor Feeder
Ips
Ips
Ips
Ips
Ips
=
=
=
=
=
S / (1.732 X U)
S / (1.732 X U)
S / (1.732 X U)
P / (1.732 X U X Cos X )
(1.3 X Q) / (1.732 X U)
Eqn.26
Eqn.27
Eqn.28
Where,
S =
U =
P =
Q =
Ips =
Apparent power in kVA

Primary operating Voltage in KV
Active power of motor in KW
Reactive power of capacitors in Kvars
Primary operating Current in A
**=Motor Efficiency
**In Case of Capacitor Feeder, 1.3 is a derating coefficient to take account of temperature rise due to capacitor harmonics.
22
8. Rated Primary Current of CT/Nominal Current(Ipn):

Rated Current (Ipn) > Operating Current (Ips)
Standardized Values:
10-12.5-15-20-25-30-40-50-60-75 and their multiples and factors
a. Current Transformer must be able to withstand more than the rated current on a constant basis
which is normally expressed as 120%,150% and 200% of the rated primary current and this is
called extended current rating.
b. In the case of an ambient temperature greater than 40C for the CT ,the CTs nominal Current
(ipn) must be greater than Ips multiplied by the derating factor corresponding to type of feeder
or Cubicle.As a general rule derating factor is of 1% Ipn per degree above 40C.
c. Temperature rise depends on three parameters:
1. Rated current
2. Ambient temperature
3. Feeder type or cubicle type and its IP(Protection index)
Secondary Circuit Characteristics according to IEC standards

9. Rated Secondary Current (Isr):
In general Case:
a. For local use, Isr = 5A
b. For remote use, Isr = 1 A
How to
Choose
CT secondary
output?
Using 5A for a remote application is not

forbidden but leads to an increase in
transformer dimension and cable section
(Line loss= I X R ^2)
The standard CT secondary current ratings are 1A & 5A, the selection is based
on the lead burden used for connecting the CT to meters/Relays.5A CT can be
used where Current Transformer & protectives device are located within same
Switchgear Panel where as 1A CT is preferred if CT leads goes out of the
Switchgear.
See example: 6 for better understanding
23
SELECTION CRITERIA IN CHOOSING CT 1A or 5A SECONDARY OUTPUT
Example: 6
Lets consider 11kV/220KV transformer for transferring power from generator (at 11KV) (not shown) to Power grid
(220KV).Suppose CT-A & CT-B is used for GT Differential protection. Distance between the CT-A and 87 GT differential
protection relay of 1VA is 15Mtr whereas distance between CT-B and 87 GT differential protection relay is 40 Mtr.
POWER GRID
Rp or Rct 5 , states
that the burden imposed
by CT winding and
connecting lead between
CT & relay should be less
than 5 .
CT-B
87 GT Differential
Protections
Relay
TRANSFORMER
Rp or Rct 2 , states that
the burden imposed by CT
winding and connecting
lead between CT & relay
should be less than 2 .
CT-A
GENERATOR
Figure-5.1
** Cable resistance increase as cable length increase, Increase in the resistance will increased the burden on CT
**Rp or Rct = Resistance of CT winding & cable between CT and relay
24
Suppose a. 4Sq.MM CU Conductors cable is suggested to connect 87 GT differentials relay from CT-A and CT-B
Case-1
Total Burden imposed on CT by connecting lead (4 Sq.MM) of length 15Mtr and relay is calculated as follows:

Distance between the CT-A and 87 GT differential protection relay is 15Mtr
Therefore,
Rp= 0.0216 m X (1.2 X15)
4 Sq.MM
4- or 6-wire connection
Refer page-19
Considering 4 wire system, 1.2 factor is
introduced in calculating Rp.
With 5A secondary output CT
Selected CT specification
Burden of CT due to connecting cable, Rp=0.0972

Burden due to relay= 1VA
Burden in terms of VA = (5) ^2 X 0.972=2.43VA
Total Burden in terms of VA=1VA+2.43VA=3.43VA
5VA
5P
10
2500/5
Burden
Accuracy Class
ALF
1/500 turn ratio

Burden in terms of VA = (1) ^2 X 0.0972=0.0972VA
Total Burden in terms of VA=1VA+0.0972VA=1.0972VA
2VA
5P
10
1200/1
Burden
Accuracy Class
ALF
1/1200 turn ratio
CONCLUSION:
If we make comparison between 2500/5 & 1200/1 CT in selection, we will find that the 2500/5 CT is quite preferable as 5A
secondary CT is much cheaper than 1A secondary CT regardless of burden imposed of 5A secondary CT is higher than 1A
secondary CT because 5A secondary CT have 500 turns in its secondary that make it smaller in size as compare to 1 A
secondary which is expensive as well as require large area to accommodate in electrical panels.
Hence in this case we can go for 5VA CT 2500/5 for 15 Mtr Connecting lead length.
Case-2
Total Burden imposed on CT by connecting lead (4 Sq.MM) of length 40Mtr and relay is calculated as follows:

Distance between the CT-B and 87 GT differential protection relay is 40 Mtr
Therefore,
Rp= 0.0216 m X (1.2 X40)
4 Sq.MM
Hence,
25

Burden in terms of VA = (5) ^2 X 0.2592=6.48 VA
Total Burden in terms of VA=1VA+6.48 VA=7.48 VA

Burden in terms of VA = (1) ^2 X 0.2592=0.2592 VA
Total Burden in terms of VA=1VA+0.2592VA=1.2592 VA
10 VA
5P
10
2500/5
Burden
Accuracy Class
ALF
1/500 turn ratio
2VA
5P
10
1200
Burden
Accuracy Class
ALF
1/1200 turn ratio
CONCLUSION:
If we make comparison between 2500/5 & 1200/1 CT in selection, we will find that the1200/1 CT is quite preferable as 1A
secondary CT is comparable cheaper than 5A secondary CT because 1A secondary CT burden is quite lower than 5A
secondary CT. Hence, we can say with the increase of distance beyond 30 Mtr between CT and relay ,1A secondary CT is
more preferable than 5A secondary because burden imposed on CT due to the connecting length drastically increased
for a distance greater than 30 mtr.
COMPARISON:
Case-1
Case-2
Burden due to connecting lead with CT

secondary of 5A is comparably low, in addition
to this, cost saving is another factor in choosing
5A secondary output CT over 1 A secondary
output.
Burden due to connecting lead with CT
secondary of 1A is comparably low, in addition
to this, cost saving is another factor in choosing
1A secondary output CT over 5 A secondary
output. As the distance between the CT-B and
Relay is more than that of CT-A and Relay,
therefore burden increases which is in turn
increases the cost of CT with 5A Secondary
Output in comparison to 1A CT secondary
output..
CT with 5A secondary output Selected
CT with 1A secondary output Selected
26
10. Accuracy Class:

Accuracy Class implies how accurate the CT is. It tells the percentage error of the CT. For example, an
Accuracy Class 1.0 CT means the error will be +/- 1 %. That means, say, you have a 100/5A CT and
when you pass 100A through the primary of this CT, the secondary current can be anywhere between
4.95A to 5.05A There is always some difference in expected value and actual value of output of Current
transformer due to Current Error and Phase Angle Error, because primary current of current transformer
has to contribute the excitation component of CT core. Accuracy class of current transformer is the
highest permissible percentage composite error at rated current. The standard accuracy classes of
current transformer as per IS 2705/IEC 60044-1 are 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 3 & 5 for metering CT. Here in
the protection Current Transformer, 5P means 5% 10P means 10% and 15P means 15% error and P
stands for Protection.
Accuracy classes according to IEC 60044-1

Limits of errors
Class
For burdens
0.1
25-100% of
rated burden
0.2
25-100% of
rated burden
<15 VA
1VA-100%
0.2S**
25-100% of
rated burden
<15 VA
1VA-100%
0.5
25-100% of
rated burden
0.5S**
25-100% of
rated burden
1.0
25-100% of
rated burden
3.0
50-100%
5.0
50-100%
5P and
5PR ***
10P and
10PR ***
PX ****
100%
100%
Ek, Ie, Rct 5)
at % rated
current
Ratio error %
5
20
100
120
5
20
100
120
1
5
20
100
120
5
20
100
120
1
5
20
100
120
5
20
100
120
50
120
50
120
100
ALF x In
100
ALF x In
-
0.4
0.20
0.1
0.1
0.75
0.35
0.2
0.2
0.75
0.35
0.2
0.2
0.2
1.5
0.75
0.5
0.5
1.5
0.75
0.5
0.5
0.5
3.0
1.5
1.0
1.0
3.0
3.0
5.0
5.0
1.0
52
3.0
10 2
-
Phase
displacement
minutes
15
8
5
5
30
15
10
10
30
15
10
10
10
90
45
30
30
90
45
30
30
30
180
90
60
60
60
-
Application
Laboratory
Precision
revenue
metering
Precision
revenue
metering
Standard
commercial
metering
Precision
revenue
metering
Industrial
grade
meters
Instruments
Instruments
Protection
Protection
Protection
Table-5.2
A 5P10 CT means 10 times rated current has a maximum error of 5% and only 1% at nominal current whereas 10P15 CT means 15
times rated current has a maximum error of 10% and 3% at nominal current.
27
1. For classes 0.1 0.2 0.5 1, the current error and phase
displacement at rated frequency shall not exceed the values given in
Table-5.2 when the secondary burden is any value from 25-100% of the
rated burden.
2. For classes 0.2S 0.5S, the current error and phase displacement at
rated frequency shall not exceed the values given in Table-5.2 when the
secondary burden is any value from 25-100% of the rated burden
11. Rated Output:

The standardized Values of Rated output are:
2.5- 5- 10- 15- 30 VA
12. Safety Factor(SF)/Instrument Security Factor(ISF):
Definition of ISF
ISF or Instrument Security Factor of current transformer is defined as the ratio between the limit primary
current (Ipl) to the rated primary current (Ipn).
The instrument limit primary current of metering CT is the value primary current beyond which CT core becomes
saturated
Safety Factor (SF) is

defined for metering
devices only.
SF = Ipl/Ipn
Eqn.29
The rated Instrument Security Factor (SF) indicates the over current as a multiple of the rated current at which the
metering core will saturate. It is thus limiting the secondary current to SF times the rated current. The safety of the
metering equipment is greatest when the value of SF is small. Typical SF factors are 5 or 10. It is a maximum value
and only valid at rated burden.
To protect the instruments and meters from being damaged by high currents during fault conditions, a metering
core must be saturated typically between 5 and 20 times the rated current. Normally energy meters have the lowest
withstand capability, typically 5 to 20 times rated current.
Interesting Facts
.
An ammeter is usually guaranteed to support a short time current of 10 In

i.e. 50 A for a 5 A device.
To ensure that the appliance is not destroyed during fault occurrence in the primary, the
current transformer must be able to saturate before 10 In in the secondary.
For this reason, a SF of 5 is sufficient.
28
13. Accuracy Limit Factor(ALF)
Definition of ALF
ALF usually defined for the protection class current transformer, ALF can be stated as the ratio of
accuracy limit primary current to the rated primary current
Internal Losses of the CT at In

CT Accuracy Power
Real Load Consumption of the CT at In
Fa Fn X
Sin=Rct X In
Sn = Rn X In
Sa = Rp X In
Sin + Sn
Sin + Sa
Eqn.30
Eqn.31
Eqn.32
Eqn.33
Using Eqn.27, 28 & 29 , We can get
Fa Fn X
Rct + Rn
Eqn.34
Rct + Rp
Where,
Fn
Fn
Sin
Sn
Sa
= Actual Accuracy Limit Factor

= Rated Accuracy Limit Factor
= Internal Burden of the CT secondary Coil in VA
= Rated Burden of the CT in VA
= Actual Burden of the CT in VA
29
Example: 7
Suppose we have selected the below given CT for our purpose
CT is rated as 300/5, 5P20, 10 VA
Suppose internal secondary coil resistance of the CT is 0.07 and the secondary Side burden (including
wires and relay) is 0.117
Let us find out whether we have choosen right CT or not?
Sol:
Using Eqn.30,31,32
Fn = 20 (CT data 5P20),
Sin = (5A)^2 0.07 =1.75 VA
Sn = 10 VA (from CT data),
Sa = (5A)^2 0.117 = 2.925 VA
Using Eqn.34
.
Fa 20 X
1.75+10
1.75+ 2.9225
= 50.3
Hence, Fa > Fn
It shows we have chosen right CT
For protection current transformer

The ratio of accuracy limit primary current to the rated primary current is called Accuracy Limit Factor of current transformer.
Recommended value of ALF for different protections is stated below:
1.
Definite time over current protection:

Relay will function perfectly if
ALF > 2 X (Ir/Isn)
Where,
Ir
Isn
= Relay Threshold Setting/Relay Set point

= Rated secondary current of CT in A
For a transformer outgoing, there

Eqn.35
will usually be a high instantaneous setpoint set on 14 Ir maximum which means

that the necessary effective
ALF is > 28.
For a motor feeder, we will generally

have a high set-point set on 8 Ir
maximum which means that the
necessary effective ALF > 16.
30
2. Inverse Definite Time Over current Protection

For inverse definite time overcurrent protection, recommended value of ALF is stated below:
ALF > 20 X Ir
Eqn.36
Special Cases:
1.
If max. Short-Circuit Current is greater than or equal to 10 Ir
ALF > 20 X ( Ir/Isn)

2.
Eqn.37
If max. Short-Circuit Current is less than 10 Ir
ALF > 2 X (Isc Sec./Isn)

3.
Eqn.38
If the protection device has an instantaneous high threshold
ALF > 2 X (Ir2/Isn)

Where,
Eqn.39
Isc=Short-circuit current of Secondary side

Isc sec = CT secondary short-circuit
current high setting threshold for the module
Ir2=Instantaneous
Ir2
= Instantaneous high setting threshold for the module
3. Differential Protection :
For differential Protection, many manufactures recommend Class X CTs with Vk given below
Vk a X If (Rct + Rb + Rr)
Eqn.40
Where,
Vk
a
Rct
Rb
Rr
If
= knee-point voltage in volts

= coefficient which refers to the asymmetrical configuration or Saturation Factor
= maximum resistance of the secondary winding in Ohms
= resistance of the loop (i.e. the return line) in Ohms
= resistance of the relay outside the differential part of the circuit in ohms
= the maximum fault current value measured by the CT in the secondary circuit for a fault outside the zone
to be protected in Amps (If=Isc/kn)
Icc
Kn
= short-circuit current of the primary circuit
= current
CT ratio calculation in determining the knee point voltage for differential protection
Fault
31
For Generator Differential:

1. If Isc is known,
Fault Current, If =Isc/Kn
Eqn.41
Figure-5.2
Where,
Isc= Short circuit current of generator

2. If Isc is not Known, then
Fault Current If =7 times of Rated current of generator / Kn

Eqn.42
3. If rated Current as well as Short-circuit current is not known.
Fault Current If =7 times of CT Sec. Rated current / Kn

Eqn.43
For Motor Differential:

1. If Isc is known,
Fault Current If =Isc/Kn
Eqn.44
Where,
Isc= Short circuit current of Motor
Figure-5.3
2. If Isc is not Known,
Fault Current If =7 times of Rated current of Motor / Kn

Eqn.45
3. If Rated Current as well as Short-circuit current is not known.
Fault Current If =7 times of CT Sec. Rated current / Kn
Eqn.46
32
For Transformer Differential:
Fault Current If =20 times of CT sec. Rated Current

Eqn.47
Figure-5.4
14. Knee Point Voltage:
The main purpose of calculating the knee point voltage is to identify the core saturation characteristics.
This is mainly done on protection CT's. Knee Point Voltage signifies saturation level of CT core. Knee
point calculation is done for CTs used for differential protection and REF.
The Knee Point Voltage of CT varies from Relay to Relay as per their implementation for different Protection
Vk is defined as the point on curve

from which a 10% increase in
voltage causes a 50% increase in
the magnetizing current Ie.
Why would protective CT Require larger cross

section than measuring CT for same VA
Ratings?
Because of small ratio error for large currents. Between
the points A (Ankle Point) and B (Knee point) the
characteristics is linear. Working range of protective CT
lies between the point A and B as a protective CT is
expected to transform primary current linearly on to the
secondary for relatively large range of current about 20
times the full load current. Whereas measuring CT
usually operates at a point around the ankle point as the
measuring CT is expected to be accurate up to 120%
rated current only.Therefore, if the same material is used
for both the CTs,it is quite obvious that for the same VA
ratings, protective CT would require large cross section
and this would be bigger in size.
Secondary voltage
Interesting Facts
Figure-5.5
Figure-5.6
Exciting Current
33
How to do
CT Selection
CHAPTER-6
Lets start with an example, this will make easy to understand the selection criteria for CT
Example: 8
Objective:
Selection of 600/1 Current transformer specification of a bus bar differential protection for Line feeder using
relay MICOM 746(An Areva Product).
Required parameters to specify CT:
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
Resistance/KM of selected cable which is used to connect CT to Relay.

Length of cable required to connect the CT to Relay.
Max. Sec. Winding Resistance (Rct)= 0.005 per primary tap/sec tap
Fault Current of Internal Circuit or External Circuit
Class of CT(Here We are using CT for protection purpose, therefore PX Class is chosen)
Points to be remembered:
1. Lead Resistance ,R l = 2 X single lead resistance for single phase
= 1 X single lead resistance for three phases
2. Knee Point Voltage for External Fault is
Vk 0.5Ifmax. X (Rct +2 Rl)
Eqn.48
3. Knee Point Voltage for Internal Fault is
Vk Ifmax int. X (Rct +2 Rl)
Eqn.49
Wiring characteristics - Calculation of rated resistive burden
Cable Cross section
4 mm - Copper
As per Manufacturers Cable

Catalogue
Resistance per km
5.9 /km

Catalogue
Tentative Distance
95 Mtr
Distance between the CT & Relay

(Assumed)
Maximum length (lead) for

single phase fault current
2 X 95 Mtr

three phase fault Current
1 x 95 Mtr
Similarly
Total resistance for single
phase fault current shall be
5.9 x 2 x 95 / 1000 =1.121
34
Total resistance for three

5.9 x 1 x 95 / 1000 =0.5605
Max. Sec. Winding

Resistance(Rct)
0.005 X 600/1 =3
600/1 represents CT ratio
Single Line Diagram:

Fault occurs here is called External faults, with If=12.583 KA
current
For If=11.58KA
Fault occurs here is
called internal faults
B
B
Figure-6.0
Legends
A- 220KV Feeder
B- 220 KV Busbar
C- 220KV Grid line
Load Flow
A
B
35
Calculation of Knee Point Voltage:

The rated knee-point voltage Vk required by the relay with safety factor for maximum external /Internal fault
Current is
Case:1
Vk (For External Fault) using Eqn.45
> 0.5 x 12583 x 1 x (3 + 0.5605) / 600
>37.335 V
Case:2
Vk(For Internal Fault) using Eqn.46
> 11581 x (3 + 0.5605) x 1 / 600
>68.723 V
From case (1) and case (2), one can conclude that maximum value of Vk requirement shall be > 68.7236 V.
The Value is divided by 600 to connect the fault current equivalent to secondary circuit.
Therefore Selected CT Specification is:
Rated primary current
Rated secondary current
Accuracy class
Maximum secondary winding resistance (Rct)
Maximum exciting current (Ie) at the rated
knee-point(Vk/2)
Rated knee-point voltage (Vk)
600 A
1A
PX
3
Assumed
Assumed
As per protection
class
As per
manufacture
catalogue
30 mA
As per standard
100V
Nearest value of
68.7236 which can
be manufactured
Example: 9
Objective:
Selection of Current transformer specification for energy metering for Line feeder using relay MICOM 746(An
Areva Product).
Required parameters to specify CT:
vi)
vii)
viii)
ix)
x)
Resistance of selected cable which is used to connect CT to Relay.

Length of cable required to connect the CT to Relay.
Max. Sec. Winding Resistance (Rct)= 0.005 per primary tap/sec tap
Fault Current of Internal Circuit or External Circuit
Class of CT(Here We are using CT 0.2 class is chosen for energy meter as per table no.5.2 )
In case of selection of CT for metering purpose, we do not need to calculate knee point voltage as protection
CT operating threshold usually kept very high to allow a relatively accurate measurement of the fault
current.Therefore, there is need to calculate knee point voltage in case of protection CT. Same is not true for
CT selected for Metering purpose. The metering instruments do not need to withstand currents as high as the
protection relays. This is why the instrument CTs, unlike the protection CTs, have the lowest possible Safety
Factor (SF) in order to protect these instruments from earlier Saturation.
36
Points to be remembered:
1. Lead Resistance ,R l = 2 X single lead resistance for single phase
= 1 X single lead resistance for three phases
Wiring characteristics - Calculation of rated resistive burden
Cable Cross section
4 mm - Copper

Catalogue
Resistance per km
5.9 /km

Catalogue
Tentative Distance
90 Mtr
Distance between the CT &

Relay(Assumed)

single phase fault current
2 X 90 Mtr
Total resistance for single

Equivalent Consumption in VA
5.9 x 2 x 90 / 1000 =1.062

IR = 1 X 1.062 = 1.062VA
Secondary current is 1 A as
600/1 CT is used in this example
Measuring devices characteristics - Calculation of apparatus consumption

Energy meter and Multi function meter are supposed to be connected to current transformers.
The total consumption is supposed to be approximately 6 VA (each of 3 VA).
Selected rated output
Thus, the actual burden is about 1.062 + 6 = 7.062 VA.
Selected rated output for CT is 15 VA (> Actual Burden)
Therefore Selected CT Specification is:
Rated primary current
600 A
Rated secondary current
1A
Rated Output
15VA
Accuracy Class
0.2
Safety Factor/Security
Factor
This factor indicates that selected CT

metering core must not saturated when
current 5 times the rated current.
For a instance, Suppose one Current
Transformer has rating 100/1A and SF
is 2 and another Current Transformer
has same rating with SF 5.It means, in
first CT, the metering core would be
saturated at 2 X100 or 200 A,
whereas second CT, core will be
saturated at 5X100 or 500A.Means
whatever may be the primary current
of both CTs, secondary current will not
increase further after 200A & 500A of
primary current of the CTs
respectively
While considering the application of a CT it should be remembered that the total burden imposed on the
secondary winding is not only the sum of the burden(s) of the individual device (s) connected to the winding but
also includes the burden imposed by the connecting cable and the resistance of the connections.
38
Why measuring CT
is not advisable to
use as protection
CT?
A metering CT is made to be very accurate at expected load
current levels where as a protection CT is made to be accurate at

fault current level (which is often significantly above load current).
If measuring CT used as a protection CT, it is likely to saturate soon
and it will not give actual fault current feedback.
Measurement of current
The output required from a current transformer depends on the application and the type of load connected
to it:
1. Metering equipment or instruments, like kW, kVar, Amp instruments or kWh or kVArh meters, are
measuring under normal load conditions. These metering cores require high accuracy, a low
burden (output) and a low saturation voltage. They operate in the range of 5-120% of rated current
according to accuracy classes:
a. - 0.2 or 0.5 as per IEC
b. - 0.15 or 0.3 or 0.6 as per IEEE
2.
For protection relays and disturbance recorders information about a primary disturbance must be
transferred to the secondary side. Measurement at fault conditions in the over current range
requires lower accuracy, but a high capability to transform high fault currents to allow protection
relays to measure and disconnect the fault.
a. Typical relay classes are 5P, 10P, PR, PX or TP (IEC) or C 100-800 (IEEE)
Remember:
To protect the instruments and meters from being damaged by high currents during fault conditions, a
metering core must be saturated typically between 5 and 20 times the rated current. Normally energy
meters have the lowest withstand capability, typically 5 to 20 times rated current.
Measuring C.T.s
Require good accuracy up to approx 120% rated
current.
Knee Point
Require low saturation level to protect

instruments, thus use nickel iron alloy core with
low exciting current and knee point voltage at
low flux density.
it operate only at ankle point
Protection C.T.s
Accuracy not as important as above.
Ankle Point
Require accuracy up to many times rated

current, thus use grain orientated silicon steel
with high saturation flux density.
it operate from ankle point to knee point
39
Example: 10
Find maximum secondary burden permissible if no saturation is to occur.
Details of CT are given below:
C.T. Ratio = 2000 / 5A
RS = 0.31 Ohms
IMAX Primary = 40 kA
Max Flux Density = 1.6 T

Core C.S.A = 20 cm2
SOL
Number of turns, N = 2000 / 5 = 400 Turns
Max. Current to flow at secondary of CT, IS MAX = 40,000 / 400 = 100 Amps
Maximum Secondary Winding Voltage:
Eqn.46
Eqn.50
EK = 4.44 x B x A x f x N Volts
where :-
Eqn.47
EK
Secondary Induced Volts

(Knee-point voltage)
B
A
=
=
Flux Density (Tesla)
f
N
=
=
System Frequency (Hertz)
Core Cross-sectional Area

(Square metres)
Number of Turns
Using Eqn.50
EK = (4.44 x 1.6 x 20 x 50 x 400)/100 = 284.16 Volts

Therefore,
Maximum Burden =
Ek/ IS MAX = 284 / 100 = 2.84 Ohms
Hence, Maximum burden that can be connected to CT is:
INTERESTING FACTS
2.84 - 0.31 = 2.53 Ohms

In current transformer design, the core characteristics must be carefully selected because excitation
current Ie essentially subtracts from the metered current and affects the ration and phase angle of the
output current.
Higher the Value of excitation current or core loss the will be the current
The excitation current determines the maximum accuracy that can be achieved with current transformer
We can say that,
Permeability of core of material high
core loss low
Excitation current small
Current error small
40
Current Transformer
Transient Performance
CHAPTER-7
Introduction
CT output is impacted drastically when the CT operates in the nonlinear region of its excitation characteristic. Operation in
this region is initiated by:
Short-circuit current has DC component
Large asymmetrical primary fault currents with a decaying

dc component.
flowing for several tens of milliseconds.

DC components cause saturation of the
CT core resulting in error. DC component
is a problem for transformer as the DC
component tends to create more flux in the
core that adds to the main flux driven by
AC voltage. Therefore, longer the system
time constant, the more likely the CT is to
saturate
Residual magnetism left in the core from an earlier

asymmetrical fault, or field-testing, if the CT has not been
demagnetized properly.
Large connected burden combined with high magnitudes of
primary fault currents.
AC
Ip
DC
In practical application the DC current is not

sustained but decays with a time
constant(X/R).Where X is inductance in henry
and R is resistance in of the primary power
system
Saturation due to DC transient distorts AC

waveform output
t
DC Components produces almost constant
magnetic flux in comparison with magnetic flux
produced by 50Hz.
IS
t
Figure-7.0
OFFSET FAULT CURRENT: CT secondary waveform when severe AC saturation occurs

It is clear that to produce the DC offset along with an AC waveform without distortion, production of much larger steel
core flux required to normalize the effect of flux produced by the DC transient/offset. As a result, CT Size increases
drastically whereas CTs dimension will be a limiting factor. Therefore, installation of such CT is impractical.
41
Transient Performance: Calculations
Vs(t)=Vm sin(wt + )
Eqn.51
From the circuit analysis, we know that t
I (t) =Vm sin(t + - )

Z
Figure-7.1
We know that at initial condition (t0),
I (0) =0
And there is thumb print
Eqn.52
e-(R/L)t
After math analysis, we can get
I (t) =Vm (sin (t + - )- sin( - ) e-(R/L)t

Z
Eqn.53
Where,
Z=
R2+L2
= tan -1 L
R
X=L
Eqn.54
Eqn.55
Pure Resistive
0.5
Eqn.56
Figure-7.2
Power factor = Cos = Cos( tan -1 X )

R
If p.f=1,then the impedance only has resistance
If p.f=0, then the impedance only has reactance
p.f increases as X/R decreases or vice-versa
Pure reactive or inductive
Eqn.57
X/R ratio or time constant importance:

Responsible for the decaying DC component in fault current. DC component produces almost constant magnetic
flux in comparison with magnetic flux produced by 50HZ sine wave.
42
How
Does
CT saturation
How ?
Occurs
For a transformer in service supplying normal load

.The flux requirement is very small and therefore
exciting current is very small and secondary current
is almost a faithful reproduction of the primary
current. Suppose, a short-circuit occurs at the
primary side. During short-circuit condition, CT
primary current increases results in an increased
secondary current.
The increased secondary current results in a higher
voltage drop across the CT winding resistance and
connected burden of the CT and results in higher
excitation voltage.
Higher excitation voltage creates more flux which is
enough to cause saturation of the transformer core.
Hysteresis loop becomes negligible for this high level
of excitation.
where :-
Ks =
Vs
Isec x Zs
Ts = -X/R
2f
Eqn.56
x ln
1- Ks-1
X/R
)
Eqn.57
Ks
Vs
Isec
Zs
f
X
R
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Saturation Factor
Saturation Voltage of CT (Volt)
Sec. Current at the CT
Total Sec. Impedance of CT circuit
System frequency
System reactance
System resistance
To Avoid Saturation, CT shall have enough capacity to develop the following voltage:
Vs =1+ X
R
I (Rct + Rb + Rr)
X f
Eqn.58
X/R ratio is important because it determines the peak asymmetrical fault current. X/R ratio is
responsible for the decaying DC component in fault current.
As per C37-110.1996, primary current asymmetry and CT saturation due to DC offset current
component are the primary component while performing CT calculation whereas symmetrical
primary current is no longer acceptable while performing CT calculation.
With the increase of X/R ratio the difference between the min-fault current and the steady state fault
current increases. This means that for highly reactive fault path the current measured by CT in the
first few cycles is significantly smaller than the actual fault current. As right after a fault occurs, the
current waveform is no longer sine wave. Instead, it can be represented by the sum of a sine wave
and a decaying exponential. This decaying exponential or DC wave added to sine wave (as shown in
Figure-7.0) causes the current to reach a much larger value than that of the sine wave alone and thus
becomes asymmetrical current waveform(Combination of sine wave and decaying exponential
waveform).
43
Current Transformer
Testing & Commissioning
C H A P T E R -8
Equipment requires in performing Testing on CT are:
1.
Insulation tester
3.
5.
Multimeter
Primary
injection Kit
2.
Polarity Tester
4.
Variac (0-2KV)
6.
2.5Sq.MM
connecting wire
44
Checking & Inspection
Mechanical Checking and Visual

Inspection before CT testing
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Verify nameplate & Ratings mentioned on nameplate. It should be in accordance with the
approved drawings and specifications.
Inspect for any physical damage/ defects and mechanical condition.
Verify correct connection of transformers with system requirements.
Verify that adequate clearances exist between primary and secondary circuit wiring.
Verify tightness of accessible bolted electrical connections by calibrated torque-wrench method.
Verify that all required grounding and shorting connection has been done.
Verify all shorting blocks are in correct position, either grounding or open as required.
Verify single point grounding of each core done properly. Grounding point shall be nearer to the
CT location. However grounding shall be at relay point in case of several CT secondaries
connected together like differential protection.
TESTS ON CURRENT TRANSFORMER
TYPE TEST
Type tests are intended to verify compliance
with the requirements laid down in the relevant
Standards for a given type of equipment. Type
tests are carried out on a sample of such
equipment or on such parts of equipments
manufactured to the same or similar design.
They shall be carried out on the initiative of the
manufacturer.
Type tests are:
Verification of terminal markings and

polarities.
Short-time current test
Temperature rise test
Impulse voltage test
Power frequency voltage withstand test on
Primary
Overvoltage inerturn test
Error measurement
ROUTINE TEST
Routine tests are intended to detect faults in
materials and workmanship. They are carried
out on every equipment after its assembly or on
each transport unit. Routine Tests on
equipments are normally undertaken at the
manufacturer's premises
Routine Tests on equipments are not intended
to be repeated on site.
Routine tests are:
Verification of terminal markings and

polarities.
High voltage power frequency
withstand test on Secondary
Overvoltage inerturn test
Determination of errors and accuracy
class
45
Field tests to be performed before Commissioning of current transformer

1. Insulation Resistance (IR) test
The insulation resistance (IR) test is also commonly known as a Megger test.This test is a spot insulation test
which uses an applied DC voltage (typically 250Vdc, 500Vdc or 1,000Vdc for low voltage equipment <600V and
2,500Vdc or 5,000Vdc for high voltage equipment) to measure insulation resistance in either k, M or G. The
measured resistance is intended to indicate the condition of the insulation or dielectric between two
conductive parts.
Higher the resistance, better the condition of the insulation. Ideally, the insulation resistance would be infinite,
but as no insulators are perfect, leakage currents through the dielectric will ensure that a finite (though high)
resistance value is measured.
The insulation resistance test is applied before the first high
voltage energizing off the equipment, during routine
maintenance and after repair before re-commissioning.
Nominal Circuit
Voltage (Vac)
250
Test Voltage
(Vdc)
500
Insulation
Resistance (M)
25
600
1000
100
1000
1000
100
2500
1000
500
5000
2500
1000
8000
2500
2000
15000
2500
5000
25000
5000
20000
34500 and above
15000
100000
Minimum values for IR tests from manufactures catalogue
Advantage
Of the IR test
Nominal
Circuit
Voltage
(Vac)
Extra low
Voltage
Test
Voltage
(Vdc)
Insulation
Resistance
(M)
250
0.5
Up to 500V
500
1.0
Above
500V
1000
1.0
Table-8.1
Table-8.0
Minimum values for IR tests as per IEC

60364-6 [1] Table 6A
It is a non-destructive test as DC voltages do not cause harmful and/or cumulative

effects on insulation materials and provided the voltage is below the breakdown
voltage of the insulation, does not deteriorate the insulation. IR test voltages are
all set within the safe test voltage for most (if not all) insulation materials.
Higher the value of resistance indicates the healthy condition of

insulation. Usually, Resistance value should be in M or G.
46
Procedure for IR test of current transformer
Temporary short for the duration of the test
PRIMARY
WINDING
Temporary short for the duration of the test
SECONDARY
WINDING
PRIMARY
WINDING
M 500V
Figure-8.0
SECONDARY
WINDING
M 500V
Figure-8.1
TEST 2
Secondary winding to core
TEST 1
Primary winding to core
Insulation resistance tests between each winding and

earth
Insulation resistance tests between windings
Insulation resistance of the order of several hundred/thousand mega ohms to infinity is necessary between phase
conductor and earth, between two or more phase conductors, between phase conductors and the neutral
conductor, between two conducting parts separated by insulation.
2. Polarity Test
Polarity test is conducted to confirm the polarity marking on the CT primary and secondary and verify
it is matching with concerned drawing. Moreover it gives an idea, how to connect the secondarys to
make the protection like directional, differential and metering function properly.
Isolate CT secondary from the load and put the galvanometer across the secondary of CT as shown in Figure-8.2
Battery 9V
+Ve
-Ve
S1
S2
Connect battery ve terminal to the current transformer P2

primary terminal. This arrangement will cause current to flow
from P1 to P2 when +ve terminal is connected to P1 until the
primary is saturated. If the polarities are correct, a momentary
P2 current will flow from S1 to S2.
P1
How to test
CT Polarity?
Closing and opening the battery switch frequently which is

connected at the primary side will give deflection in
galvanometer. Correct polarity of CT shall be confirmed only
if the galvanometer pointer is moving +ve direction while
closing and ve direction while opening for correct polarity.
Figure-8.2
What happen if Transformer is given DC supply?
Interview
Question
No back E.M.F is induced while DC supply is given to transformer in the transformer primary
winding. Importance of Back E.M.F is that it limits the current drawn by the machine. In the
absence of back E.M.F transformer starts drawing excessive currents that leads to the
burning of primary winding.
47
3. Burden Test
Burden test is conducted to check CTs ability to deliver current.

Burden test is to ensure the connected burden to CT is within the rated burden which is mentioned on the
nameplate.
Injected the rated secondary current of the CT, from CT terminals towards load side by isolating the CT
secondary with all connected load and observe the voltage drop across the injection points. The burden
VA can be calculated as
Burden VA = Voltage drop x rated CT sec. Current
Eqn.59
Limits: The calculated burden should be less than rated CT burden.
Burden testing of metering class CT involves measuring the secondary current of the CT while introducing
additional burden in graduated steps up to the rated burden of the CT and assuming constant customer
load during the duration of the test. If the measured secondary current remains constant during the
duration of the test then the CT is deemed to have passed the burden test as rated. Thus, this test ensures
CTs ability to feed the rated burden as mentioned on nameplate. If the Connected load is changing during
the burden test then the secondary current will correspondingly change giving a false indication of burden
error. This is a major limitation of burden testing
Hence when a burden error is detected a tightening of the screws in that circuit will usually correct the
error. Otherwise, a search for and elimination of the high burden component will be necessary.
Burden
ERROR
Caused by:
Long secondary wires

Wrongly connection
Loose connections
Corroded connections
Whenever a burden error is detected we should first

tightening the screws in circuit, if the problem persist then
we need to remove extra burden on CT
Note:
Ammeter selector switch should be at respective phase during test.

High impedance relays shall be shorted during the test.
48
4. Protection CT Magnetization Curve Test

It is necessary to test the characteristics of a CT before it is put into operation, since the Results produced by
the relays and meters depend on how well the CT behaves under normal and fault conditions.
This test shall be conducted before ratio test and after secondary resistance and polarity test, since residual
magnetism left in the core due to DC test (polarity, resistance), which leads additional error in ratio test. The
meters used for this test shall be having true RMS measurement.
Demagnetisation
Before starting the test, demagnetize the core by Injecting voltage on secondary terminals and increase
voltage gradually till there is considerable increment in current with a small voltage increment. Now start
decreasing the voltage to zero, the rate at which increased.
Magnetisation test
Now increase the voltage and monitor the excitation current up to the CT reaching near to saturation point.
Record the reading of voltage and current at several points. Plot the curve and evaluate the Vk and Img
from the graph
Example: 11
Objective:
Study on current transformer-Protection CT magnetization curve test
Suppose we have selected Protection Current transformer 5P 10 for some application in which CT secondary
wire resistance is 0.1.
Errors in C happened because of excitation current, therefore, in order to check CT functioning is correct or not, it
is essential to plot excitation curve.
The magnetization current Ie of a CT depends on the cross section, length of the magnetic circuit, the number of
turns in the windings, and the magnetic characteristics of the material.
From Eqn.2
Es = Is x Z
Voltage across the magnetization impedance,
Es, is directly proportional to the secondary current. Is , when the
primary current and therefore the secondary current is increased, these currents reach a point where the core
commences to saturate and the magnetization current becomes sufficiently high to produce an excessive error.
While investigating the behavior of a CT, the excitation current should be measured at various values of voltage,
this test is also known as secondary injection test.
49
Voltage (V)
Magnetizing
Current (mA)
28
35
43
11
48
13
55
15
64
Vk on the curve is called the saturation or knee point and is
17
72
defined 10% produces an increase of 50 % in the excitation

current. From curve, we got knee point voltage of 5P10 CT is
20V
19
83
20
92
It is more convenient to apply a

variable voltage to the secondary
winding, leaving the primary winding
open-circuited.
Note the readings of magnetizing
current at different level of applied
voltage across secondary. We will
get the readings in the same way as
we mentioned here
Table-8.2
Magnetization curve for 5P10 CT

25
Vk
Secondary Excitation Voltage (V)
20
15
1
5
10
0
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
Secondary Excitation current (mA)

Figure-8.3
50
5. Turns ratio Tests/Primary Injection Test

This test is to ensure the turns ratio of CT at all taps. The primary current of minimum of 25% rated primary
current to be injected on primary side of CT with secondarys shorted and the secondary current can be
measured and recorded for all cores.
Alternative method to perform Turn Ratio test

The ratio test is performed by comparing voltage applied to the secondary winding to the resulting voltage
produced on the primary winding.
As an example, if one volt per turn is applied to the secondary winding, the voltage present on the primary
winding would be one volt. More specifically, if 120 Volts were applied to the secondary of 600/5 CT (120:1),
one volt would be present on the primary winding.
To protect against insulation failure, do not exceed more than 1000 volts on any of the
secondary windings of the CT under test
R, Y and B Temporary shorted
To Relay
Primary injection test is done for

ensuring that CT respected core
are properly connected and there
should be no mix up of phase.
Hence, Phase identification can be
done through primary injection test.
Figure-8.4
Primary Injection
Interview
Question
What will be the turns ratio required to match an 80 source to a 320 load?
Condition for matching impedance is
V1 X I1=V2 X I2
Eqn.60
( VV12 )2 =
Now solve Eqn.54
V1
V2
V1 X V1 = V2 X V2
R1
R2
2 = 320
V1
80
V2
Hence, turns ratio is 2
R1
R2
Eqn.61
N1 =2
N2
51
Terms and
Definitions as per standard

C H A P T E R -9
1. Instrument transformer: A transformer intended to supply measuring instruments, meters, relays and other
similar apparatus.
2. Current Transformer: A current transformer in which the secondary current, in normal conditions of use ,is
substantially proportional to the primary current and differs in phase from it by an angle which is approximately
zero for an appropriate direction of connections.
3. Primary Winding: The winding through which the current to be transformed flows.
4. Secondary Winding: the winding which supplies the current circuits of measuring instruments, relays or similar
apparatus.
5. Rated Primary current: The value of primary current on which the performance of the transformer is based.
6. Rated Secondary current: The value of secondary current on which the performance of the transformer based.
7. Actual Transformation Ratio: The ratio of primary current to secondary current.
8. Current Error Ratio: The error which a transformer introduces into measurement of a current and which arises
from the fact that the actual transformation ration is not equal to the rated transformation ratio
Current error (%) =
(Ka X Is - Ip)
Ip
X 100
Eqn.62
Where
Ka = rated transformation ratio

Ip =actual primary current (A)
Is= actual secondary current when Ip is flowing under the conditions of measurement (A)
9. Phase Displacement: Difference in phase between the primary and secondary current vectors, the directions of
vectors being so chosen that the angle is zero for prefect transformer.
Phase error is said to be positive when the secondary current vector leads the primary current vector. It is usually
expressed in minutes or centiradians.
10. Accuracy Class: A designation assigned to current transformer the error of which remain within specified limits
under prescribed conditions of use.
11. Burden: the impedance of secondary circuit in ohms and power-factor. The burden is usually expressed as the
apparent power in volt-amperes absorbed at a specific power factor and at the rated secondary current.
52
12. Rated Burden: The value of apparent power (in Volt-ampere at specific power factor) which the transformer intended
to supply to the secondary circuit at the rated secondary current and with rated burden connected to it.
13. Highest voltage for equipment: the highest r.m.s phase to phase voltage for which a transformer is designed in
respect of its insulation.
14. Rated Insulation Level: the combination of voltage values which characterizes the insulation of a transformer with
regard to its capability to withstand dielectric stresses.
15. Rated short-time thermal current(Ith): the r.ms value of the primary current which a transformer will withstand for
one second without suffering harmful effects, the secondary winding being short-circuited.
16. Rated Dynamic current(Idyn): the peak value of primary current which a transformer will withstand without being
damaged electrically or mechanically by resulting electromagnetic forces, the secondary winding being short-circuited
17. Rated continuous thermal current(Icth):the value of current which can be permitted to flow continuously in the
primary winding ,the secondary winding being connected to the rated burden, without the temperature rise exceeding
the values specified.
18. Exciting Current: the r.m.s value of the current taken by the secondary winding of current transformer, when a
sinusoidal voltage of rated frequency is applied to the secondary terminals, the primary and any other windings
winding being open-circuited.
19. Secondary winding resistance (Rct): Secondary winding d.c resistance in ohm connected to 75C or such other
temperature as may be specified.
Measuring Current transformer

20. Measuring Current Transformer: a current transformer intended to supply indicating instruments, integrating meters
and similar apparatus.
21. Rated instrument limit primary current(IPL):the value of the minimum primary current at which the composite
error of the measuring current transformer is equal to or greater than 10%,the secondary burden being equal to the
rated burden.
22. Instrument Security Factor(IFS): the ratio of rated instrument limit primary current to the rated primary current
23. Secondary limiting E.M.F: the product of instrument security factor FS, the rated secondary and the vectorial sum of
the rated burden and the impedance of the secondary winding.
Protective Current transformer
24. Protective current transformer: a current transformer intended to supply protective relay
25. Rated accuracy limit primary current: the ratio of the rated accuracy limit primary current to the rated primary
current
26. Accuracy limit factor: the ratio of the rated accuracy limits primary current to the rated primary current.
53
27. Secondary limiting e.m.f: the product of accuracy limits factor, the rated secondary current and the vectorial sum
of the rated burden and the impedance of the secondary winding.
28. Saturation Flux: the peak value of flux which would exist in a core in the transition from the non-saturated to the
fully saturated condition and deemed to be that point on the B-H characteristics for the core concerned at which
10% increase in B causes H to be increased by 50%.
29. Remanent flux: the value of flux which would remain in the core 3 Min after interruption of an exciting current of
sufficient magnitude to induce the saturation flux.
30. Remanence Factor(Kr): the ratio Kr=100 X (Saturation Flux / Remanent flux),expressed in %
31. Rated knee point E.M.F: the minimum sinusoidal e.m.f( r.m.s) at rated frequency when applied to the secondary
terminal of the transformer ,all other terminal being open-circuited, which when increased by 10% causes the r.m.s
exciting current to increase by no more than 50%.Note: Actual knee point e.m.f > rated knee point e.m.f
32. Turns ratio error: the difference between the rated and actual turns ratios, expressed in %
Turn ratio Error (%) = (Actual turns ratio Rated turns ratio)
X 100
Rated Turns ratio
Eqn.63
33. Dimensioning Factor (Kx):a factor assigned by the purchaser to indicate the multiple rated secondary current
(Isn) occurring under power system fault conditions, inclusive of safety factor ,up to which the transformer is
required to meet performance requirements.
Metering Functions of a
Current Transformer
Current across the secondary winding of
a transformer is directly proportional to
the current across the primary winding.
Direct measurement of current across
the secondary winding allows an indirect
calculation of the current conducted
across
the
primary
winding.
Measurements may be used for
calculating energy usage in power
supply billing.
54
Current Transformer
Summary
C H A P T E R -10
A current transformer can perform following functions
Monitoring Functions of a Current Transformer

Current measurements across the secondary winding may be used to monitor and
display the current conducted along a circuit or power line to check for spikes and
drops.
Relaying Functions of a Current Transformer
Power grid transformers may be used to increase or decrease the current of the
power supply. A step-up transformer decreases the current and increases the
voltage of power from an energy plant generator before transmission over long
distance power lines. This reduces the costs of transmission by permitting use of
smaller power lines with less energy loss. Step-down transformers increase current
at the point of use.
3
4
Control Functions of a Current Transformer

Measurements from the secondary winding of a current transformer may trigger
switches in controllers such as ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) circuit breakers
when measurements exceed allowed limits.
Protection Functions of a Current Transformer
Metering, monitoring, and control equipment used with AC power supplies can be
damaged by high currents. Transformers can step-down current so that appliance
circuitry is protected. For this reason, current transformers are often termed
instrument transformers.
Current Transformers Perform Critical Roles in the Use of Electricity

Without current transformers, long distance transmission of electricity would not be
cost-effective. Home use of AC power would not be safe. The metering, monitoring,
relaying, control and protection functions of current transformers enable the essential
role electricity plays in high technology societies.
55
Applications of Current Transformer

Measuring CT
The principal requirements of a measuring CT are that, for primary currents up to 120%
or 125% of the rated current, its secondary current is proportional to its primary current to
a degree of accuracy as defined by its Class (See table 5.2) and, in the case of the more
accurate types, that a specified maximum phase angle displacement is not exceeded.
A desirable characteristic of a measuring CT is that it should saturate when the
primary current exceeds the percentage of rated current specified as the upper limit
to which the accuracy provisions apply.
Protection CT
On the other hand the reverse is required for the protective type CT, the principal purpose
of which is to provide a secondary current proportional to the primary current when
it is several, or many, times the rated primary current. The measure of this
characteristic is known as the Accuracy Limit Factor (A.L.F.).
A protection type CT with an A.L.F. of 10 will produce a proportional current in the
secondary winding (subject to the allowable current error) with primary currents up to a
maximum of 10 times the rated current.
INTERESTING FACTS
It should be remembered when using a CT that where there are two or more devices
to be operated by the secondary winding, they must be connected in series across
the winding. This is exactly the opposite of the method used to connect two or more
loads to be supplied by a voltage or power transformer where the devices are
paralleled across the secondary winding.
Comparison face
Power Transformer
Current transformer
No. of cores
One core
At least more than one
turns
MVA
Two core or more
Using tap changer
Voltage reduction
Parallel
Series
No. of primary turns

Rating Power
Changing of secondary
voltage
Load Connection
One turns( often 2 turns)

VA
Power Transformer V/S Current Transformer
56
Points to be remembered
Frequency affects
At very low frequency, lines of flux generated by the primary current begin to appear as DC;
a C/T needs the AC CYCLE changes to induce the secondary current. With toroidal C/T,
you will experience a drop in accuracy if the frequency goes down from 60 Hz. One can
manufacture a C/T with an exotic metal core that is not quite as affected as the silicon
grain oriented steel most commonly used, but the improvement would be questionable and
at high cost.
Instrument Safety Factor for Measuring CT
9
10
The rated Instrument Security Factor (FS) indicates the over current as a multiple of the
rated current at which the metering core will saturate. It is thus limiting the secondary
current to FS times the rated current. The safety of the metering equipment is greatest
when the value of FS is small. Typical FS factors are 5 or 10. It is a maximum value and
only valid at rated burden.
To protect the instruments and meters from being damaged by high currents during
fault conditions, a metering core must be saturated typically between 5 and 20 times
the rated current. Normally energy meters have the lowest withstand capability,
typically 5 to 20 times rated current.
Accuracy limit factor for Protection CT
Require accuracy up to many times rated current, thus use grain orientated silicon steel
with high saturation flux density that makes Protection CT to operate from ankle point to
knee point
CT Selection
11
If you want an indication, the first thing you need to know is what degree of accuracy is
required. For example, if you simply want to know if a motor is lightly or overloaded, a panel
meter with 2 to 3% accuracy will likely suit your needs. In that case the current
transformer needs to be only 0.6 to 1.2% accurate. On the other hand, if you are going
to drive a switchboard type instrument with 1% accuracy then you need a current
transformer with a 0.3 to 0.6 accuracy.
You must keep in mind that the accuracy ratings are based on rated primary current
flowing. As mentioned earlier, the rated accuracies are at stated burdens. You must take
into consideration total burden which includes the burden of the current transformers
secondary winding, the burden of the leads connecting the secondary to the load, and of
course, the burden of the load itself. The current transformer must be able to support the
total burden and to provide the accuracy required at that burden. If you are going to drive a
relay you must know what relay accuracy the relay will require.
57
Points to be remembered
12
Interposing CTs
Interposing CTs are used when the ratio of transformation is very high. It is also
used to correct for phase displacement for differential protection of transformer.
Core balance CT (CBCT)
13
The CBCT, also known as a zero sequence CT, is used for earth leakage and earth fault
protection.In the CBCT, the three core cable or three single cores of a three phase
system pass through the inner diameter of the CT.
When the system is fault free, no current flows in the secondary of the CBCT. When
there is an earth fault, the residual current (zero phase sequence current) of the system
flows through the secondary of the CBCT and this operates the relay. In order to design
the CBCT, the inner diameter of the CT, the relay type, the relay setting and the primary
operating current need to be furnished
14
CT Secondary Load
15
CT Accuracy
16
17
The CT secondary load = Sum of the VAs of all the loads (ammeter, watt meter,
transducer etc.) connected in series to the CT secondary circuit + the CT secondary
circuit cable burden.
Accuracy of a CT is another parameter which is also specified with CT class. For example,
if a measuring CT class is 0.5M (or 0.5B10), the accuracy is 99.5% for the CT, and the
maximum permissible CT error is only 0.5%.
CT Magnetization
As in all transformers, errors arise due to a proportion of the primary input current being
used to magnetize the core and not transferred to the secondary winding. The proportion of
the primary current used for this purpose determines the amount of error. Thus, essence of
good design of measuring current transformers is to ensure that the magnetizing current
is low enough to ensure that the error specified for the accuracy class is not
exceeded. This is achieved by selecting suitable core materials and the appropriate crosssectional area of core.
Standard CT burdens are defined in IEEE Std. C57-13-1993
Metering burdens are B0.1, B0.2, B0.5, B0.9, and B1.8 where each number represents the
total impedance at a 0.9 power factor. VA for each burden is 2.5, 5.0, 12.5, 22.5, and 45.
Relay burdens are B1, B2, B4 and B8 where each number represents the total impedance
at a 0.5 power factor
58
BIBLIOGRAPHY
General Requirements for Transformers, Regulators, and Reactors Publ. C57.11 1948;
American Standard Requirements, Terminology, and Test Code for Instrument
Transformers Publ. C57.13-1954; and Guide for Loading and Operation of Instrument
Transformers Publ. C57.33, American Standards Assoc., Inc., 70 East 45th St., New
York 17, N. Y.
Application Guide for Grounding of Instrument Transformer Secondary Circuits and
Cases Publ. 52, American Institute of Electrical Engineers, 33 West 39th St., New York
18,
ASA C57.23, see Reference 1.
A Simple Method for the Determination of Bushing-Current-Transformer
Characteristics by S. D. Moreton, AIEE Trans., 62 (1943), pp. 581-585. Discussions,
pp. 948-952.
A Simple Method for Determination of Ratio Error and Phase Angle in Current
Transformers by E. C. Wentz, AIEE Trans., 60 (1941), pp. 949-954. Discussions, p.
1369.
A Proposed Method for the Determination of Current-Transformer Errors, by G.
Camilli and R. L. Ten Broeck, AIEE Trans., 59 (1940), pp. 547-550. Discussions, pp.
11381140.
Overcurrent Performance of Bushing-Type Current Transformers by C. A. Woods, Jr.,
and S. A. Bottonari, AIEE Trans., 59 (1940), pp. 554-560. Discussions, pp. 1140-1144.
Computation of Accuracy of Current Transformers by A. T. Sinks, AIEE Trans., 59
(1940), pp. 663-668. Discussions, pp. 1252-1253.
ASA C57.13, see Reference 1.
Current Transformers and Relays for High-Speed Differential Protection, with
Particular Reference to Offset Transient Currents by W. K. Sonnemann and E. C. Wentz,
AIEE Trans., 59 (1940), pp. 481-488. Discussions, p. 1144.
Transient Characteristics of Current Transformers during Faults, by C. Concordia,,
C. N. Weygandt,, and H. 3. Shott, AIEE Trans., 61 (1942), pp. 280-285. Discussions,
pp. 469-470
Transient Characteristics of Current Transformers during Faults, Part II, by F. S. Rothe
and C. Concordia, AIEE Trans., 66 (1947), pp. 731-734.
The Effect of Current-Transformer Residual Magnetism on Balanced-Current or
Differential Relays by H.T. Seeley, AIEE Trans., 62 (1943), pp. 164-168. Discussions,
p. 384.
Peak Voltages Induced by Accelerated Flux Reversals in Reactor Cores Operating above
Saturation Density by Theodore Specht and E. C. Wentz, AIEE Trans., 65 (1946),
pp. 254-263.
Overvoltages in Saturable Series Devices, by A. Boyajian and G. Camilli, AIEE Trans.,
70
(1951), pp. 1845-1851. Discussions, pp. 1952-1853.
59
Applicable standards
IEC
IEC 185:1987
IEC 44-6:1992
CTs
CTs
EUROPEAN
BS 7626
BS 7628
CTs
CT+VT
BRITISH
BS 3938:1973
BS 3941:1975
CTs
VTs
AMERICAN
ANSI C51.13.1978
CTs and VTs
CANADIAN
CSA CAN3-C13-M83
CTs and VTs
AUSTRALIAN
AS 1675-1986
CTs
60

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CURRENT

Edition: First, 2015

This page is left blank intentionally to dedicate to my parents

This Book is made with an intention to provide step by step

Edition: First, 2015

Illustration & Production By:

2. Current transformer importance in power

Why should we use in electrical system? 6

3. Current transformer classification

4. Amplitude and phase error calculation

Definition of amplitude and phase error 13

5. Terms to be used in specifying the CT

Useful terms in defining CT specification 18

Surge current Coefficient/Overcurrent Coefficient 20

Rated voltage of primary circuit (Upr) 22

Primary operating Current Ips) 22

Rated Primary Current of CT/Nominal Current(Ipn) 23

Rated Secondary Current (Isr) 23

Safety Factor(SF)/Instrument Security Factor(ISF) 28

Accuracy limit Factor(ALF) 29

Knee Point Voltage 33

How to choose CT secondary output? 23

5.11.2 Inverse Definite Time Over current Protection 31

Why measuring CT is not advisable to use as protection 39

7. Current transformer transient performance

8. Current transformer testing & Commissioning

Equipments requires in testing 44

8.3.1 Type test 45

Field tests to be performed before commissioning of current transformer 46

Insulation resistance test 46

Protection CT magnetization curve test 49

Turns ration/Primary injection test 51

80 source to a 320 load?

10. Current transformer Summary

Let us understand what is current transformer

Main Primary Conductor

ain constructional parts of Current transformer

For an ideal transformer

For CTs Primary turns=1, so

IS =Secondary Current of C.T. (Amperes)

ES is produced by an alternating flux in the core of CT.

For an ideal CT Circuit, impedance Z have Components as detailed below:

ES = IS (ZB + ZCT + ZL) Volts

IS =Secondary Current of C.T. (Amperes)

Vt =Secondary terminal voltage

As ZL shall be negligible small, we can ignore it

Maximum Secondary Winding Voltage:

EK should be greater than ES

Secondary Induced Volts

Flux Density (Tesla)

Core Cross-sectional Area

Number of turns, N = 2000 / 5

Please Refer Chapter-5, Page-18

Hence ,Maximum CONNECTED burden: 2.84 - 0.31 = 2.53 Ohms

C.T. Equivalent Circuit

Secondary excitation current/Magnetizing current

Secondary excitation voltage

General principles of measuring current and Voltage

If In CTs, the exciting current could be neglected, the

Simplified equivalent current transformer diagram converted

It is necessary to keep secondary of CT either shorted or connected in

Importance in power system

Why should we use CT in electrical System?