Biology To Print

X Q}~
BCDDEFGHIJHKLGHMINMLOPB
WXYZ
QRSQTUV
[\]^_`_ab]cabde\^bef_ag`b^dheicjakel^_è`_m_`b^dee
nffoepqrpst
uvw501%657x31
700%57y#316547#440
50
075z'{"#$%0%50%4719{{"|%5

HHD
XY
QRSQTUV
\î_g^\kbdedb^be\delcbae\me
icjajme`\kb^j\aenffoepsrqt
) *96@-:1*.,1*;96@90/./94?*
0.:3;.3:1?*-45*234;./94*92*0.-:;,*-45*
;17737901*+,-.*:971*59*0.-:;,*-45*
;17737901*@7->*/4*.,1*,36-4*895>A
XY
QRSQTUV
jfjde\^be\ejb^dbe^_cfe_le
g^_f_ij]e`_ab]cabdee
nffoeqrqt
XY
QRSQTUV
^_kbjmdejm]acbe\ejb^djkgee
_ledk^c]kc^bdhe^bdcakjmejme\ee
jbe^\mbe_lelcm]kj_mdee
nffoeqrst
) *@7-/4*.,1*8-0/0*29:*.,1*=:1-.*
5/1:0/.>*92*@:9.1/40
XYX
QRSQTUV
c]abj]e\]jdedk_^bhek^\md`jkhe
\mebafebf^bddeb^bjk\^ge
jml_^`\kj_menffoesrsqt
) *+,-.*:971*5910*;96@71614.-:>*
8-01*@-/:/4=*@7->*/4*.,1*234;./940*92*
43;71/;*-;/50A
) *+,-.*/0*.,1*2345-614.-7*8-0/0*29:*.,1*5/221:14;10*81.<114*7-:=1*
;-:89,>5:-.10?*@:9.1/40?*-45*43;71/;*-;/50A
Dvv
vv
O
uvv
uvv
uvv
uvvvv

Pvvvvv
vvvv
vvvvvvv
vvvvvv
vv
uvvvv
uvvvv
uvvvv
uvvvvv
vv
vv
!""!#$%
) **+,>*-:1*7/@/50*49.*;940/51:15*.9*
81*@97>61:0*9:*6-;:96971;3710A
012314546719
37 141257912
521
50
57
!"#4$%0%$6521
50
5755
575
&1
2570477752
56%55 575310577#'""
(4225475 561931
257045
691272
75619
2141257

8

WXYZ[\]^_àb_[cY
B
?
@
C A A
@ @ ?@
DEFGHIJKFLIEHGHEMN
IOPQIRSTMUV
Ovvvv
vvv
vvvvv
012
1512
746
Bvvvvvv uvvvvv
vv
uvvvvv
vvv
uv
uvv
uv
uvv
uvv
uvv
&'()*+,-*./012/, NE
uvvv
89*/:92(,
+)*.:
uvvvvvvv
8 ;<= >
uvv
3.+2)
FNE
uvvv
&.45,*('6,07*-*7,)
uvvvvvvv
uvv

fgh
iWjgk
|%5l%527619w95
de
34156
uvvv
uvvv
uvvv
uvvvvv
uvvvv
uvvv
vv
vvvvv
vvvv
vv

1233156758289
9 92
OPQQRPSTUTVWXVSPYZU[QVUS\UZR]UV
^TRPWZUV_U_WQ[SU`V]UQaRQ[bUTV
WXVSPYZU[QV]RQUcdVSPYZU[QVUS\Ue
ZR]UVYRSbfSPRPcVgfbhVUSTR]Z[ce
_fYVQUbfYPZP_Vîj`
!"#$%&&''()*+$%&
%+)$!&$%#+)!#),%+$
+&')+,&!!%,#$-"$
!%-#)#.)/00123452367
8 9:;<=>?@;9AB;9>;CDA?EF<B?G9@;H
AI;;F9AB;9FJ=C;J<9DFK9>?@E<EL;<M
N
8 958
kRPcUcVYhQR_RcR_UclVghfYhV
[QUV_[TUVRaVYhQR_[bfSV^mnoV
[STV]QRbUfSc`dVYRSb[fScVSPYZURZflV
ghUQUVQfWRcR_[ZVcPWPSfbcV[QUV
_[TUdV]RQUcVQUpPZ[bUVUSbQXV[STV
UqfbVRaV_[bUQf[ZcV
V
V
V
V
rgRVcPWPSfbcV_[TUVRaVQfWRcR_[ZV sQRbUfSVcXSbhUcfc
jnoV[STV]QRbUfScdVY[SVWUVaQUUVfSV
YXbRcRZVRQVWRPSTVbRVij
iSTR]Z[c_fYVQUbfYPZP_
iqbUScf\UVSUbgRQzVRaV_U_WQ[SUe O_RRbhVij{VcXSbhUcfcVRaVZf]fTclV

_U}b~[WRZfc_VRaVY[QWRhXTQ[bUclV
TVbPWPZUcV[STVc[YcdV
WRPSTU
_U
_WQ
[
SU
V
c
U
][
Q
[
b
U
c
V
Z
P_U
SV
a
Q
R_V
VcbRQ[pUlVTUbRqfafY[bfRSVRaV
+,#..-!+)")$.
YXbRcRZdVYRSbfSPRPcVgfbhVSPYZU[QV |[
TQPpcV[STV]RfcRSc
US\UZR]U
!*'$)0!#$%+$!uu%&+,
jRPphVij{V[fTcVfSVcXSbhUcfcVRaVV
cUYQUbRQXV[STVRbhUQV]QRbUfScVV
0!u#!.).$-#'%&u+&$%#+)
aQR_VWRPSTVQfWRcR_UcdV[TTcVV
%+$&''/001236523v7
Y[QWRhXTQ[bUcVbRV]QRbUfScVbRV
_[zUVpZXYR]QRbUfScdV]QRTPYUcV
8 9:;<=>?@;9AB;9w;x9>EC;9GCDx;K9
SUgV_U_WQ[SU
@x9A>DF<GE>A9y;<?=C;<9?F9AB;9;FKEH
L;L@>DF;9<x<A;LM
N
RZpfV[]][Q[bPc
Ob[YzcVRaVaZ[bbUSUTV_U_WQ[SRPcV RTfafY[bfRSVRaV]QRbUfSclVY[QWRe
c[YcdVh[cV]RZ[QfbXV^V[STVV hXTQ[bUcVRSV]QRbUfSclV[STV]hRce
N
]hRZf]fTcdVcXSbhUcfcVRaV_[SXV
a[YUc`
N
]RZXc[YYh[QfTUcdVcRQbfSpVRaVRZpfV
]QRTPYbclVghfYhV[QUVbhUSVQUZU[cUTV
fSV\UcfYZUcV
V
jfWRcR_U
t
U_WQ[SRPcVc[YVRaVhXTQRZXbfYV QU[zTRgSVRaVfSpUcbUTVcPWe
cb[SYUclVYUZZV_[YQR_RZUYPZUclV[STV
USX_UcV^fSV[Sf_[ZVYUZZc`
T[_[pUTVRQp[SUZZUcVaRQVQUYXYZfSp
[QpUV_U_WQ[SUeWRPSTUTV\UcfYZU mfpUcbfRSlVcbRQ[pUlVg[cbUVTfce
]Rc[ZlVg[bUQVW[Z[SYUlVYUZZVpQRgbhlV
[STV]QRbUYbfRSV
V
V
XcRcR_U
VV

fbRYhRSTQfRS
RPSTUTVWXVTRPWZUV_U_WQ[SUdV |UZZPZ[QVQUc]fQ[bfRS
fSSUQV_U_WQ[SUVh[cVfSaRZTfSpcV
^YQfcb[U`V
V
V
|hZRQR]Z[cb
rX]fY[ZZXVbgRV_U_WQ[SUcV[QRPSTV shRbRcXSbhUcfc
aZPfTVcbQR_[lVghfYhVYRSb[fScV
bhXZ[zRfTcVcb[YzUTVfSbRVpQ[S[V^fSV
YUZZcVRaV]hRbRcXSbhUbfYVUPz[QXe
RbUclVfSYZPTfSpV]Z[Sbc`
|RSb[fScVUSX_UcVbh[bVbQ[ScaUQV
O]UYf[ZfUTV_Ub[WRZfYVYR_e
][Qb_USbVWRPSTUTVWXV[VcfSpZUV hXTQRpUSV[bR_cVaQR_VcPWcbQ[bUcV
bRVRqXpUSlV]QRTPYfSpVhXTQRpUSV
_U_WQ[SU
]UQRqfTUV^k}}`V[cV[VWXe]QRTPYbdV
k VfcVYRS\UQbUTVbRVg[bUQVWXV[Se
Rb}hU}QVUSX_UV
V
%$#&#+,!%+,&'#!#0')$)
&+*+!*"u!#.#+u#!.
$#+#$!/00123v52247
8 9BDA9?<9AB;9;FKE<xL@?EFA9
AB;E>x
N
N
VV
XXklurkulmXjq}XmqmXuqrkxoqX
umnkxoq
L$'%$<%:$&*$3
' $?%:'%:$ %?D*' '&*$$3)%3
$&%$$-$'9$3*:*$$ <'
$%*-P$!"#$'&$$
:%$'<L"#$?%'&$$$%:
-;$%$'%%DL"#$'
$%)$'&-S'$$%3$3C
)%$%$*<' $+' C
$?%-S'&%<'$$$$$*&$'
$<%%$$%:?$$'*E :
*$'%% 33:*& -'%%
*$$*& %F+%D%:
&%&:'*$ %?$$?%-
L$'$ %$$''$:%$ &C
3%*% ' $?%:%$
%$-? % %' $?%M$%<$ '
%D%:%$' $?%'$%<C
*$**-2' %
'$ %'$' %D%:'$' $?%-S'$
'33$%:3$%*$<''$ %*C
%'E'&*%$'$$$''
' %$' $?%-@&$3'$%C
$<''$'3%:$$%3'
33'$''$ *$$%$-# %
$$3&$'&&%33$'$G3C
%$<'$?%' $?%
'%&3*$& '$$
$D<-$:%D' $?%: %$
3 %$3'' $ E$$9$:
$'$%$;$'*:*S'$'$<$$'
$%D%:$*%*'$$' $?%:-#'
$ $'$**$$*$?%C
-;*' %?$< %%
*$'& '<& $3 %
'%%*
01
2356789
02
!"# $%&'%$'$
()*+,-./01-23!"#3%$%&'*$$%12345
676878"%% !"# %%$9%%:
$%-; %:$:'$3':
$%<'$'$$$%*()*+,-./=1-
>&:!"#$9$%%!"#$%:
%*%**?$$-@' !"#$%:
A.AB%$%*$-
2$%% : !"#'$ % :
*!"#-23'!"#'$'!"#'
$%*%C$!"#$%C
$ $%D%:$:->%$'$
&%:$:* !"#$E'%:$%' 3%
*$ :'%%%$$$**3 FG
H2IJ
878J
78568745
676878; $
$%3': 3%()*+,-./
K1-LG$3 )$$$%%*'
3$*$%'M$$-N*
$%3? %9$$<
%$-23'$ )$3%'$%
32$O$&3 'C
$ <''%%$-? %$
%D$$'P%*$D*
3?($)*+B-.B1-#*$33&%:$%3$
&&$'$%%:%D!"#%%$9%%:$%-;
*$'%:3':3 <'$'$$$
%*#' %%:?$$'$'$$3*$
-Q&%*' %?*%: '$ $'C
%'?$$3'*$ $'%%*-R%C
*$$<'&''%*:*&**'$*%:
G-S':33<%% '$*3%%
%*:%*<' :< %%$-S'$
$' :%$'%$$$$'<?%FC
$*?$$ %?$$'$'
$'$'M$R*T$-
UVWXYZ[\]^_àbcd`c]e\[
fVghijkXjlmXnopmXlmjnoqnXkijkXrmssnXlmtusjkmXtmqmXmvwlmnnxoqy
zVg{o|X}oXwlokmxqnX}mkmlpxqmX|imkimlXjX~jrkmlxjsXowmloqXxnX
mvwlmnnm}yX
Vg{o|X}oXmqijqrmlnXjq}XkljqnrlxwkxoqXjrkolnXxqkmljrkXkoX
lmtusjkmXtmqmXmvwlmnnxoqy
VghijkXjlmXnopmXokimlX|jnXkijkXjXrmssXroqklosnX|ixriXtmqmnX
jlmXmvwlmnnm}y
!8 "#"
-./012-342-.356789
:;<5=>?@ABCDBCE@BFGHIHJB
DKBLMJI?MI@
NOPQRSPTUVWPXYWUPQRSZP[ZY\]ÔPV]^POWS^QP[RZPQRSZPT_VOO\O`PQRSP
aVQPWVb\P_V]cSVc\P[RZPcZV]W\^dPeRaaS]YTVWYR]PYOP]RWPS]YfS\PWRP
USaV]O`PgSWPVPTRah_\iPOhRb\]P_V]cSVc\P^R\OPO\WPSOPVhVZWP[ZRaP
RWU\ZPRZcV]YOaOdPjk\ZQPUSaV]PORTY\WQPUVOP_V]cSVc\dPlYWURSWPYW`P
h\Rh_\PTRS_^P]RWPWZV]OaYWPY][RZaVWYR]P[ZRaPR]\Pc\]\ZVWYR]PWRPWU\P
]\iW`PORPTS_WSZ\PTRS_^P]RWP^\k\_RhdPmWOPYahRZWV]T\PWRPUSaV]P\kRn
_SWYR]VZQPUYOWRZQPYOPWU\Z\[RZ\PY]TRahVZVg_\dPoSWPURXPV]^PXU\]P
^Y^POSTUPVPTZSTYV_PV^VhWVWYR]PVZYO\p
q]\PT_S\P\a\Zc\^PY]PWU\P\VZ_QPrsstO`PXU\]POTY\]WYOWOP^\n
OTZYg\^PVP[VaY_QPXYWUPVPUYcUPY]TY^\]T\PR[PV]PS]SOSV_P_V]cSVc\P
^YORZ^\ZdPN[[\TW\^P[VaY_QPa\ag\ZOPUV^P^Y[uTS_WQPTR]WZR__Y]cPWU\P
aRk\a\]WOPR[PWU\YZPaRSWUPV]^P[VT\`PORPWU\QPTRS_^P]RWPhZR]RS]T\P
ORS]ÔPhZRh\Z_QdPvU\QPV_ORPUV^P_RX\ZPY]W\__Yc\]T\PTRahVZ\^PXYWUP
S]V[[\TW\^PY]^YkY^SV_O`PV]^PWU\QPUV^PWZRSg_\PVhh_QY]cPOYah_\P
ZS_\OPR[PcZVaaVZdP
w\O\VZTU\ZOPWZVT\^PWU\P_V]cSVc\P^YORZ^\ZPWRPR]\PaSWVWYR]PY]PVP
OY]c_\Pc\]\PR]PTUZRaRORa\PxdPySZWU\ZPZ\O\VZTUPZ\k\V_\^PWUVWPWU\P
c\]\Pg\_R]cOPWRPWU\P_VZc\PzRZbU\V^Pg{|P[VaY_QPR[Pc\]\O`PVggZ\kYn
VW\^P}~dPN__Pa\ag\ZOPR[PWU\P}~P[VaY_QP\]TR^\PWZV]OTZYhWYR]P
[VTWRZO`PhZRW\Y]OPWUVWPgY]^PWRPNPV]^PTR]WZR_Pc\]\P\ihZ\OOYR]dP
vU\P_V]cSVc\Pc\]\PR]PTUZRaRORa\Px`P\k\]WSV__QP]Va\^P
}~`PYOP]RWPOR_\_QPZ\OhR]OYg_\P[RZP_V]cSVc\PVTfSYOYWYR]dPoSWPWU\P
[VTWPWUVWPWU\Pc\]\P\]TR^\OPVPWZV]OTZYhWYR]P[VTWRZP\ih_VY]OPURXPYWP
TV]POYaS_WV]\RSO_QPV[[\TWPgRWUPaSOT_\PTR]WZR_PV]^PWU\PgZVY]d
vRP_\VZ]PaRZ\PVgRSWPWU\P\kR_SWYR]PR[P}~`POTY\]WYOWOP
lR_[cV]cPj]VZ^`PkV]W\PgR`PV]^PTR__\VcS\OPVWP\ZaV]QOP
ViP_V]TbPm]OWYWSW\PV]^PVWPWU\P]Yk\ZOYWQPR[Pqi[RZ^PTRahVZ\^P
WU\PO\fS\]T\OPR[PWU\PxrPVaY]RPVTYÔPWUVWPaVb\PShPWU\PyqP
hZRW\Y]PY]PUSaV]O`PO\k\ZV_PRWU\ZPhZYaVW\O`PV]^PaYT\PdP
eUYahV]\\O`PcRZY__VO`PV]^PWU\PZU\OSOPaVTVfS\PaR]b\QPV__PUVk\P
Y^\]WYTV_PyqPhZRW\Y]OPWU\YZPk\ZOYR]P^Y[[\ZOP[ZRaPWU\PaRSO\OP
gQPR]_QPR]\PVaY]RPVTY^dPvU\PUSaV]Pk\ZOYR]P^Y[[\ZOP[ZRaPWU\P
aRSO\OPgQPWUZ\\PVaY]RPVTYÔdP
vUYOPZ\OS_WPOURX\^PWUVWPY]PWU\PxtPaY__YR]PRZPORPQ\VZOPOY]T\PWU\P
aRSO\PV]^PhZYaVW\P_Y]\Vc\OPOh_YW`PWU\PyqPhZRW\Y]PTUV]c\^PgQP
R]_QPR]\PVaY]RPVTY^dP\WPY]PWU\PPRZPPaY__YR]PQ\VZOPOY]T\PUSaV]OP
Oh_YWP[ZRaPWU\PZ\OWPR[PWU\PhZYaVW\O`PWU\P}~Pc\]\PTUV]c\^P
WXYT\d
m]YWYV__Q`PWU\P]\X`PUSaV]nOh\TYuTP}~Pk\ZOYR]PXRS_^P
UVk\Pg\\]PZVZ\`PVOPVZ\PV__PaSWVWYR]OdPvR^VQ`PURX\k\Z`P]\VZ_QP\kn
\ZQR]\PUVOPWU\POVa\PV__\_\PR[P}~dPvU\PUSaV]nOh\TYuTP
}~PV__\_\P\kY^\]W_QPTR][\ZZ\^POSTUPYahZRk\^P_V]cSVc\PObY__OP
WUVWPY]^YkY^SV_OPXYWUPWU\PV__\_\PTR]OYOW\]W_QPhZR^ST\^PaRZ\PR[[n
OhZY]cPWUV]PWURO\PXYWURSWPYWdPvUVWPYO`P]VWSZV_PO\_\TWYR]Pui\^PWU\P
]\X`Pg\]\uTYV_PV__\_\PY]PWU\PcZRXY]cPUSaV]PhRhS_VWYR]d
vU\PZ\O\VZTUPW\VaPSO\^PaVWU\aVWYTV_PaR^\_OPWRP\OWYaVW\P
WUVWPWU\PRZYcY]V_PaSWVWYR]PUVhh\]\^PXYWUY]PWU\PhVOWPtt`tttP
Q\VZOdPNPOSgO\fS\]WPOWS^Q`PURX\k\Z`PZ\k\V_\^PWUVWP\V]^\ZWV_P
NPTR]WVY]OPWU\POVa\PWXRPTUV]c\OPVOPWURO\PRgO\Zk\^PY]PaR^n
+,4
4
012345789
884544
4
4771 4574

!"##$
%"&$'
($
01
23456718901
10
7
1 1
810171
189
7
811
101
\Z]PUSaV]OdPvU\PaSWVWYR]OPWU\Z\[RZ\PaSOWPUVk\PRTTSZZ\^Pg\[RZ\P
aR^\Z]PUSaV]OPV]^P\V]^\ZWV_OPOh_YWP[ZRaPWU\YZP_VOWPTRaaR]P
V]T\OWRZ`PORa\Ptt`tttPWRPtt`tttPQ\VZOPVcRd
vU\POWS^QPR[P}~PYOPYahRZWV]WPg\TVSO\PYWPU\_hOPSOPS]^\Zn
OWV]^PVPTZYWYTV_Ph\ZYR^PY]PUSaV]PUYOWRZQdPvU\Pc\]\PTUV]c\^PV[W\ZP
USaV]OP^Yk\Zc\^P[ZRaPTUYahV]\\O`PV]^PWU\]PY]^YkY^SV_OPXYWUP
WU\P]\X`PUYcU_QPV^kV]WVc\RSOPV__\_\PhZR^ST\^PaRZ\PR[[OhZY]cP
WUV]PWURO\PXYWUPV]QPRWU\ZPk\ZOYR]dPoQP]VWSZV_PO\_\TWYR]`PWU\P]\XP
V__\_\PfSYTb_QPg\TVa\Pui\^PY]PWU\PUSaV]PhRhS_VWYR]dPlYWURSWP
WURO\P\k\]WO`PUSaV]PTRaaS]YTVWYR]PV]^PTS_WSZ\PY]T_S^Y]cP
\k\ZQWUY]cPQRSPTUVWPVgRSWPXYWUPQRSZP[ZY\]ÔPaYcUWP]\k\ZPUVk\P
UVhh\]\^d
j]VZ^`PlR_[cV]c`PR__QPZ\XRZObY`PYaR]PjdPyYOU\Z`PV]^Puk\PTRVSWURZO`P
Y]T_S^Y]cPkV]W\PgRdPNScSOWP`PttdPR_\TS_VZP\kR_SWYR]PR[P}~`PVPc\]\P
Y]kR_k\^PY]POh\\TUPV]^P_V]cSVc\dP`PkR_dPr`PhVc\OPsxd
ZVSO\`PRUV]]\O`PeVZ_\OPV_S\VnyRi`PS^RkYTPqZ_V]^R`PV]^PrtPTRVSWURZO`P
Y]T_S^Y]cPkV]W\PgRdPRk\ag\ZP`PttxdPvU\P^\ZYk\^P}~PkVZYV]WPR[PaR^\Z]P
USaV]OPXVOPOUVZ\^PXYWUP\V]^\ZWV_OdPP{{PkR_dPrx`PhVc\OPrstrsrd
:;<
5;5
5;5
01234567890

LMNOPQMRSTNUPVRSWXOPYSZYZUN[POR\]SRTPUNTN^\XZOPRUPRP_N^MR`
OXU_PZaPNbZT]\XZORScP^MROdNePMNPNObXUXZON[PUNTN^\XbNPaZS^NUPZYNS`
R\XOdPZOP\ZS\ZXUNUePfZWNSXOdPYTRO\UePRO[PZ\MNSPWMZTNPZSdROXU_UgP
h]\P\MNPYZWNSPZaPOR\]SRTPUNTN^\XZOPNi\NO[UP\ZPRP_]^MPU_RTTNSP
U^RTNePXO^T][XOdP\MNPXO[XbX[]RTP^NTTUP\MR\P_RjNP]YPRP\]_ZSgPkMNP
R[bRO^NePSN\SNR\ePSNU]SdNO^NePRO[P[NR\MPZaP\MNUNPSNONdR[NP^NTTUP
^Z__RO[P[SR_R\X^PMNR[TXONUPXOP\MNPWRSPZOP^RO^NSg
l]SPWNRYZOUPRdRXOU\P^RO^NSPXO^T][NPYZWNSa]TP^MN_Z\MNSRYcP
[S]dUePm]\P[S]d`SNUXU\RO\P\]_ZSP^NTTUPRSNPRPUXdOXn^RO\PmRSSXNSP\ZP
U]^^NUUa]TP\SNR\_NO\gPoRYX[TcP[XbX[XOdP\]_ZSP^NTTUP[NbNTZYPSNUXU`
\RO^NP\ZP[S]dUPmN^R]UNPaSNp]NO\P^NTTP[XbXUXZOPYSZ[]^NUPRm]O[RO\P
ZYYZS\]OX\XNUPaZSP_]\R\XZOUgPqOPRT\NSOR\XbNP^RO^NS`ndM\XOdPU\SR\`
NdceP\MNSNaZSNeP_XdM\PmNP\ZPTR]O^MPROPXO[XSN^\PR\\R^jPZOPRP\]_ZSrUP
UTZWNS`dSZWXOdPU]YYZS\P\XUU]NUPXOU\NR[g
qOcP\]_ZSPTRSdNSP\MROPsPZSPtP^]mX^P_XTTX_N\NSUPONN[UPRPmTZZ[P
U]YYTcP\ZP^RSScPO]\SXNO\UePZicdNOePRO[PWRU\NUgPhTZZ[P\SRbNTUP
\MSZ]dMZ]\P\MNPmZ[cPXOPbNUUNTUPTXON[PWX\MPNO[Z\MNTXRTP\XUU]NgPuZSPRP
mTZZ[PbNUUNTP\ZPdSZWePX\UPNO[Z\MNTXRTP^NTTUP_]U\P[XbX[NePWMX^MPMRY`
YNOUPZOTcPSRSNTcPXOPR[]T\UgPQRO^NSP^NTTUePMZWNbNSePUN^SN\NP_ZTN^]TNUP
\MR\PU\X_]TR\NPNO[Z\MNTXRTP^NTTUP\ZP[XbX[NPRO[PaZS_PONWPmTZZ[PbNU`
UNTUgPkMXUPUYSZ]\XOdPZaPONWPvU]YYTcPTXONUwPXUP^RTTN[PROdXZdNONUXUg
uZS\]OR\NTcePmXZTZdXU\UPMRbNP[XU^ZbNSN[PRP^TRUUPZaP[S]dUP\MR\P
U\ZYUPmTZZ[PbNUUNTPdSZW\MgPlONPU]^MP[S]deP^RTTN[PNO[ZU\R\XOeP
jNNYUPNO[Z\MNTXRTP^NTTUPaSZ_P[XbX[XOdPm]\P[ZNUPOZ\PjXTTPSNU\XOdP
NO[Z\MNTXRTP^NTTUPZSPZ\MNSP^NTTUPXOP\MNPmZ[cgPx\PUMZ]T[P\MNSNaZSNP
^MZjNPZaaPRP\]_ZSrUPU]YYTcPTXONUPWX\MZ]\P\ZiX^PUX[NPNaaN^\UgPh]\P[ZP
^RO^NSP^NTTUP[NbNTZYPSNUXU\RO^NP\ZPNO[ZU\R\XOyPQRO^NSPSNUNRS^MNSUP
kMZ_RUPhZNM_ePz][RMPuZTj_ROePRO[P\MNXSP^ZTTNRd]NUPR\P\MNP
VRORPuRSmNSPQRO^NSPQNO\NSPRO[P{RSbRS[P|N[X^RTP}^MZZTPUN\PZ]\P
\ZPROUWNSP\MXUPp]NU\XZOg
kMNPSNUNRS^MNSUPnSU\PXO[]^N[P^RO^NSPXOP_X^NPmcPvUNN[XOdwP
NR^MPROX_RTPWX\MPZONPZaP\MSNNP\cYNUPZaP^RO^NSP^NTTUgPqa\NSP\]_ZSUP
[NbNTZYN[eP\MNPSNUNRS^MNSUPXO~N^\N[P\MNP_X^NPWX\MPNO[ZU\R\XOgP
xO~N^\XZOUP^ZO\XO]N[PaZSPUNbNSRTP[RcUeP]O\XTP\MNP\]_ZSUPXOPNO[`
ZU\R\XO`\SNR\N[P_X^NPWNSNPmRSNTcP[N\N^\RmTNgPLMNOP\MNP\]_ZSUP
SNdSNWeP\MNPSNUNRS^MNSUPSNYNR\N[P\MNP\SNR\_NO\Ug
kMNPSNU]T\UPWNSNPRU\Z]O[XOdP\MNP\]_ZSUPONbNSP[NbNTZYN[P
SNUXU\RO^NPgPLX\MPNR^MP[ZUNPZaPNO[ZU\R\XOeP\MNP
\]_ZSUPUMSXbNTN[gP|ZSNZbNSePRa\NSP\WZP\ZPUXiP\SNR\_NO\UPWX\MPNO[`
ZU\R\XOeP\MNP\]_ZSUPONbNSPdSNWPmR^jePRO[P\MNP_X^NPSN_RXON[P
MNRT\McgP}\RO[RS[P^MN_Z\MNSRYcP[S]dUP^Z]T[P\N_YZSRSXTcPUMSXOjPRP
\]_ZSPZSP[NTRcPX\UPdSZW\MgPh]\PSNUXU\RO\P^NTTUPWZ]T[PUZZOP\RjNP
ZbNSePRO[P\MNP\]_ZSPWZ]T[PSNdSZWPnd]SNPgtmgP
kMNPSNU]T\UPZaPU]mUNp]NO\P^TXOX^RTP\SXRTUPWX\MPM]_ROP^RO^NSP
YR\XNO\UePMZWNbNSePWNSNP_XiN[gPO[ZU\R\XOPUMSROjP\]_ZSUPXOPRP
MRO[a]TPZaPYNZYTNgPh]\P\MNP[S]dPWRUPXONaaN^\XbNPXOP_ZU\PYR\XNO\UeP
RO[PX\UPg}gP_RO]aR^\]SNSPNbNO\]RTTcPU\ZYYN[P_RjXOdPX\gP
LMR\P[ZNUPNO[ZU\R\XOPMRbNP\ZP[ZPWX\MPNbZT]\XZOyPkMNPTZdX^P
mNMXO[PX\UP]UNPRUPROPRO\X^RO^NSP[S]dPSNTXNUPZOPOR\]SRTPUNTN^\XZOgP

9
3
232-4566789:;<:=:>5?;@AB:C5DDEF:
G78HB:78:6IH:J=@:;8:4=8KH@
400
300
200
100
0

40
0 120 160 200 240

9

!

"# #
$

9
3
%&'()*%+,*%&+-./01
208000
158000
108000
5000
0

10 20 30 40 50 60 70
9

hN^R]UNPVqP_RcP_]\R\NPNbNScP\X_NPX\PSNYTX^R\NUePSRYX[TcP[XbX[`
XOdP^RO^NSP^NTTUPRSNPdNON\X^RTTcP[XaaNSNO\PaSZ_PZONPROZ\MNSgPqP^ZO`
bNO\XZORTP^MN_Z\MNSRYcP[S]dP_RcPjXTTP_ZU\P^RO^NSP^NTTUPXOPRP
\]_ZSePm]\PRPaNWPMRbNP_]\R\XZOUP\MR\PTN\P\MN_PU]SbXbNgPkMNUNP^NTTUP
[XbX[NPZbNSP\X_NeP\MNPNO\XSNP\]_ZSPXUPSNUXU\RO\P\ZP\MNP[S]dgPOTXjNP
Z\MNSP[S]dUePMZWNbNSePNO[ZU\R\XOP[ZNUPOZ\P\RSdN\P\MNP\]_ZSP
XOU\NR[ePX\PRaaN^\UPRPmTZZ[PbNUUNTrUPNO[Z\MNTXRTP^NTTUgPkMNUNP^NTTUP
SRSNTcP[XbX[NPRO[P\MNSNaZSNPR^^]_]TR\NP_]\R\XZOUPUTZWTcePSN[]^`
XOdP\MNP^MRO^NP\MR\P\MNcPWXTTPmN^Z_NPSNUXU\RO\P\ZPNO[ZU\R\XOg
kMXUP_RcPUNN_P^Z_aZS\XOdePm]\PNbZT]\XZOPWXTTPOZ\PU\RO[PU\XTTP
aZSPZ]SP^ZObNOXNO^NgPNWP_]\R\XZOUP_RcPU\XTTPNORmTNP\]_ZSP^NTTUP
\ZPXOR^\XbR\NPZSPmSNRjP[ZWOPNO[ZU\R\XOgPO[NSU\RO[XOdPOR\]SRTP
UNTN^\XZOPMNTYUPSNUNRS^MNSUPjOZWPWMR\P\ZPTZZjPaZSRO[PYNSMRYUP
NbNOPTR]O^MPONWPZaaNOUXbNUPXOP\MNPWRSPZOP^RO^NSg
hZNM_ePkMZ_RUePz][RMPuZTj_ROePkX_Z\McPhSZW[NSePRO[P|X^MRNTP}gPlroNXTTcgP
ZbN_mNSPtePsgPqO\XROdXZdNOX^P\MNSRYcPZaPNiYNSX_NO\RTP^RO^NSP[ZNUPOZ\P
XO[]^NPR^p]XSN[P[S]dPSNUXU\RO^NgPPbZTgPePYRdNUPg
232-
-3-
-3-
PRO Transgenics
The arguments that have been put forward for the use of GMOs in agriculture include:
Better resistance to stress: If crops can be made more resistant to pest outbreaks, it would reduce
the danger of crop failure. Similar benefits could result from better resistance to severe weather,
such as frost, extreme heat or drought - although this would require manipulation of complex
combinations of genes and appropriate pest management practices to avoid excessive selection
pressure on the pest.
More nutritious staple foods: By inserting genes into crops such as rice and wheat, we can
increase their food value. For example, genes responsible for producing the precursor of vitamin
A have been inserted into rice plants, which have higher levels of vitamin A in their grain. This
is called Golden Rice. As rice feeds more than 50 percent of the world's population, it could help
reduce vitamin A deficiency, which is a serious problem in the developing world. Many other
similar products aimed at bio-fortification are in the production pipeline.
More productive farm animals: Genes might be inserted into cattle to raise their milk yield, for
example.
More food from less land: Improved productivity from GMOs might mean that farmers in the
next century won't have to bring so much marginal land into cultivation.
GMOs might reduce the environmental impact of food production and industrial processes:
Genetically engineered resistance to pests and diseases could greatly reduce the chemicals needed
for crop protection, and it is already happening. Farmers are growing maize, cotton and potatoes
that no longer have to be sprayed with the bacterial insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis - because
they produce its insecticidal agent themselves. Scientists are developing trees that have a lower
content of lignin, a structuring constituent of woody plant cells. This could reduce the need for
noxious chemicals in pulp and paper production. These developments could not only reduce
environmental impact - they could also improve the health of farm and industrial workers.
Rehabilitation of damaged or less-fertile land: Large areas of cropland in the developing world
have become saline by unsustainable irrigation practices. Genetic modification could produce
salt-tolerant varieties. Trees might also be improved or modified to become more tolerant of salt
and drought. They might also be selected or bred for rehabilitation of degraded land. While there
is some advanced research in this area, salt and drought tolerance are the result of quite complex
gene combinations, and positive results will take longer than those providing insecticide and
herbicide resistance.
Bioremediation: Rehabilitation of damaged land may also become possible through organisms
bred to restore nutrients and soil structure.
Longer shelf lives: The genetic modification of fruits and vegetables can make them less likely
to spoil in storage or on the way to market. This could expand trade opportunities as well as reduce
massive wastage incurred in transport and supply.
Biofuels: Organic matter could be bred to provide energy. Plant material fuel, or biomass, has
enormous energy potential. For example, the waste from sugar cane or sorghum can provide
energy, especially in rural areas. It may be possible to breed plants specifically for this purpose.
And other unexpected, useful products could prove of huge value.
Potential benefits for human health
Investigation of diseases with genetic fingerprinting: "Fingerprinting" of animal and plant
diseases is already possible. This technique allows researchers to know exactly what an organism
is by looking at its genetic blueprint. One benefit may be that veterinary staff can know whether
an animal is carrying a disease or has simply been vaccinated - preventing the need to kill healthy
animals.
Vaccines and medicines: Similar to the long-established development of biotechnological
vaccines for humans, the use of molecular biology to develop vaccines and medicines for farm
animals is proving quite successful and holds great promise for the future. Plants are being
engineered to produce vaccines, proteins and other pharmaceutical products. This process is
called "pharming".
Identification of allergenic genes: Although some are worried about the transfer of allergenic
genes (see Brazil nut example under arguments against GMOs), molecular biology could also be
used to characterize allergens and remove them. Indeed, the Brazil nut incident actually led to
identification of the allergenic protein.
AGAINST TRANSGENICS
Genes can end up in unexpected places: Through "gene escape" they can pass on to
other members of the same species and perhaps other species. Genes introduced in
GMOs are no exception, and interactions might occur at gene, cell, plant and
ecosystem level. Problems could result if, for example, herbicide-resistance genes got
into weeds. So far, research on this is inconclusive, with scientists divided - often
bitterly. But there is scientific consensus that once widely released, recalling
transgenes or foreign DNA sequences, whose safety is still subject to scientific debate,
will not be feasible.
Genes can mutate with harmful effect: It is not yet known whether artificial insertion
of genes could destabilize an organism, encouraging mutations, or whether the
inserted gene itself will keep stable in the plant over generations. There is no
conclusive data on this issue.
"Sleeper" genes could be accidentally switched on and active genes could become
"silent": Organisms contain genes that are activated under certain conditions -- for
example, under attack from pathogens or severe weather. When a new gene is
inserted, a "promoter" gene is also inserted to switch it on. This could activate a
"sleeper" gene in inappropriate circumstances. This is especially relevant in longlived organisms - such as trees. Sometimes the expression of genes is even "silenced"
as a result of unknown interactions with the inserted gene.
Interaction with wild and native populations: GMOs could compete or breed with
wild species. Farmed fish, in particular, may do this. GM crops could pose a threat to
crop biodiversity, especially if grown in areas that are centres of origin of that crop.
In addition, GM crops could compete with and substitute traditional farmers' varieties
and wild relatives that have been bred, or evolved, to cope with local stresses. For
example, local varieties in Latin America permitted the recovery from the catastrophic
potato blight in Ireland in the 1840s. Today such plants often help improve climate
tolerance and disease resistance. If genetically modified crop varieties substitute
them, they could be lost, but the same applies to improved varieties developed by
conventional breeding methods.
Impact on birds, insects and soil biota: Potential risks to non-target species, such as
birds, pollinators and micro-organisms, is another important issue. Nobody quite
knows the impact of horizontal flow of GM pollen to bees' gut or of novel gene
sequences in plants to fungi and soil and rumen bacteria. Besides, it is feared that
widespread use of GM crops could lead to the development of resistance in insect

populations exposed to the GM crops. Planting "refuge" areas with insect-susceptible
varieties is advised to reduce the risk of insect populations evolving resistance due to
the widespread growing of GMO Bt-crops.
Transfer of allergenic genes: These could be accidentally transferred to other species,
causing dangerous reactions in people with allergies. For example, an allergenic
Brazil-nut gene was transferred into a transgenic soybean variety. Its presence was
discovered during the testing phase, however, and the soybean was not released.
Mixing of GM products in the food chain: Unauthorized GM products have appeared
in the food chain. For example, the GM maize variety Starlink, intended only for
animal feed, was accidentally used in products for human consumption. Although
there was no evidence that Starlink maize was dangerous to humans, strict processing
controls may be required to avoid similar cases in the future.
Transfer of antibiotic resistance: Genes that confer antibiotic resistance are inserted
into GMOs as "markers" to indicate that the process of gene transfer has succeeded.
Concerns have been expressed about the possibility that these "marker genes" could
confer resistance to antibiotics. This approach is now being replaced with the use of
marker genes that avoid medical or environmental hazards.
Loss of farmers' access to plant material: Biotechnology research is carried out
predominantly by the private sector and there are concerns about market dominance
in the agricultural sector by a few powerful companies. This could have a negative
impact on small-scale farmers all over the world. Farmers fear that they might even
have to pay for crop varieties bred from genetic material that originally came from
their own fields when they buy seeds from companies holding patents on specific
genetic modification "events". Some argue that the World Trade Organization's
agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) encourages this,
but there are options to protect farmers' traditional practices within that agreement.
Also, the new International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and
Agriculture recognizes the contributions of farmers to the conservation and use of
plant genetic resources over time and for future generations. It provides for an
international framework to regulate access to plant genetic resources and establishes
a mechanism to share the benefits derived from their use.
Intellectual property rights could slow research: The proprietary nature of
biotechnology products and processes may prevent their access for public-sector
research. This might have a stronger negative impact in developing countries where
no private research initiatives are in place. In addition, most developing countries still
do not provide patent protection to biotechnological products and technologies.
Because patents have a national scope, the entry of products developed through
proprietary biotechnologies could be prevented in those external markets where patent
protection exists.
Impact of "terminator" technologies: Although these are still under development and
have not yet been commercialized, they would, if applied, prevent a crop from being
grown the following year from its own seed. This means that farmers could not save
seeds for planting the next season. Some believe that this technology, also known as
the Technology Protection System, could have the advantage of preventing outcrossing of GM seeds.
EVOLUTION CONCEPTS 1
Retrieved from: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/evo_02
University of California Museum of Paleontology's Understanding Evolution (http://evolution.berkeley.edu)
Montgomerey, Stephen. Retrieved from: http://darwin200.christs.cam.ac.uk/pages/index.php?page_id=j2
2.1 What Is Evolution?
Evolution is the slow process that changes animals and plants and its a great piece of science! It describes
loads of things in nature like fossils, peacocks' tails, lions teeth, birds wings and human brains, just to
name a few. It is also supported by lots and lots of evidence that has been collected by scientists for more
than 150 years! Some people think its not true. They prefer religious explanations of why nature is like it is,
but the evidence says that evolution is the real explanation.
2.2 What is a species?
A species is a group of animals or plants that are very similar. Members of a species share the same
characteristics. For example the species pet cats belong to all have sharp teeth, retractable claws, fur, a tail
and the same number of toes and nipples. Members of our own species, Homo sapiens, to give it its proper
name all walk upright, have some sharp teeth and some flat ones, our eyes point forwards, we have some
hair but not all over and we have pretty big brains!
Scientists often decide whether two groups of animals or plants are different species by working out whether
or not they can mate with each other. If you try and get a rose to make seeds with a cabbage it wont work:
they are separate species. If you try and get a rose to make seeds with another rose that will work: they are
the same species even if they look quite a lot different!
Of course you cant go around trying to force lots of animals and plants to mate with each other! Scientists
can use other more subtle measures, for example if two groups of birds look really similar but sing different
songs and dont seem to find each other attractive, it's a good bet they are different species.
2.3 How Do Species Evolve?
All species are related to each other. If you trace your family tree back through your parents, grandparents
etc. it will quite quickly join up with your cousins family tree. If you keep going back far enough,
eventually your tree will join up with that of a chimpanzee! Keep going and it will join up with your pet
hamsters, further still with your pet cats. Keep going and eventually it will join up with your pet goldfish
and if you really keep going for a long time you can trace it back so it joins up with an apple trees family
tree, and eventually bacteria will join up too!
So what makes all the species different? Charles Darwin had the answer! Animals and plants produce too
many offspring. Think about how many tadpoles you see at the start of spring, and how few frogs you see at
the end of spring. A lot of them die, because there is not enough food to go around. Of course they all try
their best to get all the food they need, so they have to compete with each other.
Darwin realized all the members of a species are unique, and they are all slightly different. Sometimes this
can be the difference between life and death! Think about a bird, which eats seeds, which have a tough case
like a nut. When nuts are in short supply only the really strong birds with big beaks will be able to crack
them open and eat them. Since they get more food, they will be less likely to starve or get sick.
Now, since offspring inherit a lot of their characteristics from their parents birds with big beaks will have
chicks that grow up to have big beaks too. So over many generations the average beak size in that group of
birds, which struggle to crack tough nuts, will increase. Each generation changes by a really little bit, but all
these changes can be added up over time to make a big difference: thats evolution! Darwin called this
process natural selection.
Montgomerey, Stephen. Retrieved from: http://darwin200.christs.cam.ac.uk/pages/index.php?page_id=j2
3.1 How Do We Know?
Darwins ideas have been about for 150 years, and they havent always been popular. At first scientists
played around with several different ideas. But scientists are picky people who love testing ideas and finding
lots of different types of evidence to help explain things. After 150 years of hard work, scientists are now
sure Darwin was right and that life has evolved by natural selection. So what's the evidence?
3.2 A Blast from the Past!
Fossils are the remains of animals and plants, which died and were buried. Over millions of years they can
be turned to rock. The earths crust doesnt stay still. It consists of lots of slabs of rock, called plates,
which float on a layer of molten rock just like ice on a lake (except hot!). These plates move very slowly
around the globe, they can also be lifted up or pushed down if they collide with each other.
If a fossil is in a piece of rock being lifted up, and if we are very lucky, it might appear on the surface and
some fortunate fellow might find it. The fossil record is quite incomplete; it doesnt record every species that
has ever lived. You can imagine why with all that molten rock and huge pressure! But we do have lots of
evidence to support Darwins ideas. We have fossils of very simple life forms that date back to 3.5 billion
years ago! Thats 3,500,000,000! As you go through the fossil record, towards the present day, more groups
appear; plants, trees, flowers, animals, fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals all pop up.
In some cases we have been very lucky and the fossil record has preserved an animal or plant that links two
different groups. These intermediates show evolution caught in the act! One good example is the evolution
of four legged, land living animals from fish. Creatures like Tiktaalik and Ichthyostega look a lot like a fish
with flimsy legs, and they are actually the link between fish and amphibians! Animals like these lived at the
waters edge about 375 million years ago, first propping themselves up on their front legs to gulp in air, then
eventually evolving limbs which they could use to walk.
3.3 DNA: It's In The Blood!
Scientists have developed ways of taking DNA from an animal or plant cell and sequencing or reading it.
When you do this you can compare the DNA of lots of different living creatures. Amazingly, you find some
of the same chunks of DNA in bacteria as in humans. When you look at more closely related organisms you
can see their DNA is increasingly similar. Famously the DNA sequences of humans and chimpanzees are
about 97% identical.
3.4 Evolution in Action!
DNA and fossils give us clues about the past, but evolution still happens! Its ongoing and will keep going
for as long as life exists and we can even see it happening! One of the best examples comes from a bunch of
birds on the Galapagos Islands known as Darwins Finches because they helped to make Darwin think about
evolution when he saw them during his round the world trip.
Researchers on the Galapagos Islands have been watching these birds very carefully since the 1970s. Each
year they capture every single bird on the island called Daphne, and measure all their bits and bobs. They
pay particular attention to their beaks because these birds feed on seeds that fall on the ground and have hard
outer cases, which have to be cracked open to get at the good bit inside.
The scientists watched the birds during a drought, when seeds got very scarce. After a year only the toughest
seeds were left, the ones no bird bothered to try and crack before. Many birds started to starve and die. The
ones that survived had the biggest beaks and were able to crack the tougher nuts. They got enough food to
mate, and their offspring inherited their big beaks. After the drought ended the researchers compared the
average beak sizes before and after. The birds alive after the drought had beaks that were 1-2mm bigger than
those that had died. That might seem small but it was the difference between life and death! And 1mm is a
big increase for a beak that was only 3mm thick to begin with!
Retrieved from: http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0932663.html
4.1 The Fossil Record
Fossils are the remains or impressions of living things hardened in rock. All living organisms have not been
preserved in the fossil record; in fact, most have not because very specific conditions must exist in order to
create fossils. Even so, the fossil record provides a fairly good outline of human evolutionary history.
The earliest humans were found in Africa, which is where much of human evolution occurred. The fossils of
these early hominids, which lived 2 to 6 million years ago, all come from that continent. Most scientists
believe early humans migrated out of Africa into Asia between 2 million and 1.7 million years ago, entering
Europe some time within the past 1 million years. What follows are some highlights of the early human
species that have been identified by scientists to date.
4.2 Australopithecines
An African apelike species evolved probably around 6 million years ago with two skeletal characteristics
that set it apart from apes: small canine teeth (the teeth on either side of the four front teeth) compared to the
long canines found in almost all other primates, and, most importantly, bipedalism or walking on two legs as
the primary mode of locomotion.
The name Australopithecine means southern ape, in reference to South Africa where the first known
fossils were found. Many more australopith fossils have been found in the Great Rift Valley in eastern
Africa, in countries including Ethiopia, Tanzania, Kenya, and Chad.
The very early years of the transition from ape to human, from 6 million to 4 million years ago, is poorly
documented in the fossil record, but those fossils that have been discovered document the most primitive
combinations of ape and human features.
Probably the best-known australopith specimen is Lucy, the partial skeleton of a female discovered in
1974 in Hadar, Ethiopia. Lucy belongs to a species, Australopithicus afarensis, which thrived in eastern
Africa between 3.9 million and 3 million years ago. Scientists have found several hundred A. afarensis
fossils in Hadar. Lucy lived 3.2 million years ago.
Another very exciting A. afarensis site was discovered in northern Tanzania at Laetoli. In addition to
fossilized bones of A. afarensis, researchers in 1978 discovered trails of bipedal human footprints preserved
in hardened volcanic ash over 3 million years ago. The footprints provided irrefutable evidence that
australopiths regularly walked upright.
4.3 The Genus Homo
The genus Homo first evolved at least 2.3 million to 2.5 million years ago. The most significant difference
between members of this genus and australopiths, with which they overlapped, was their significantly larger
brains (about 30 percent larger, though still small compared to modern humans).
Scientists divide the evolution of the modern human genus into three rough periods: early, middle, and late.
Species of early Homo, among them Homo habilis, resembled australopiths in many distinct ways, but they
had smaller teeth and jaws, more modern-looking feet, and hands capable of making tools.
They probably lived from between 2.5 or 2.3 million and 1.6 million years ago. The middle Homo species,
including Homo erectus, evolved anatomically to be more similar to modern humans but their brains were
relatively small (though bigger than australopiths). They probably overlapped with earlier Homo species, as
they developed perhaps between 2 million and 1.8 million years ago. Homo erectus was a very successful
species of the middle period; fossils have been found throughout Africa, Europe, and much of Asia, and the
species may have survived for more than 1.5 million years.
The final transition, from the middle to late periods, happened about 200,000 years ago. Late Homo species,
including Neanderthals and Homo sapiens, evolved large and complex brains, leading eventually to
language, and developed culture as an increasingly important aspect of human life.
4.4 Homo sapiens
Scientists have dated the oldest known fossils with skeletal features typical of modern humans from 195,000
years ago. Early anatomically modern Homo sapiens fossils have come from sites in Sudan, Ethiopia, South
Africa, and Israel. Many scientists have therefore concluded that modern Homo sapiens evolved in Africa
and began spreading to other parts of the world 90,000 years ago or a little earlier, although whether, how,
why, and when this happened is still in dispute. And it was not until about 40,000 years ago that
anatomically modern humans, Homo sapiens sapiens, emerged. Since that time, human evolution has been
primarily cultural as opposed to biological.
EVOLUTION THEORY: LAMARCK
Retrieved from: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/history_09
Early Concepts of Evolution: Jean Baptiste Lamarck
Darwin was not the first naturalist to propose that species changed over time into new speciesthat life, as
we would say now, evolves. In the eighteenth century, Buffon and other naturalists began to introduce the
idea that life might not have been fixed since creation. By the end of the 1700s, paleontologists had swelled
the fossil collections of Europe, offering a picture of the past at odds with an unchanging natural world. And
in 1801, a French naturalist named Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck took a
great conceptual step and proposed a full-blown theory of evolution.
Lamarck started his scientific career as a botanist, but in 1793 he became one of the founding professors of
the Musee National d'Histoire Naturelle as an expert on invertebrates. His work on classifying worms,
spiders, molluscs, and other boneless creatures was far ahead of his time.
Organisms driven to greater complexity
This sort of evolution, for which Lamarck is most famous today, was only one of two mechanisms he
proposed. As organisms adapted to their surroundings, nature also drove them inexorably upward from
simple forms to increasingly complex ones. Like Buffon, Lamarck believed that life had begun through
spontaneous generation. But he claimed that new primitive life forms sprang up throughout the history of
life; today's microbes were simply "the new kids on the block."
Lamarck also proposed that organisms were driven from simple to increasingly more complex forms.
Evolution by natural processes
Lamarck was proposing that life took on its current form through natural processes, not through miraculous
interventions. For British naturalists in particular, steeped as they were in natural theology, this was
appalling. They believed that nature was a reflection of God's benevolent design. To them, it seemed
Lamarck was claiming that it was the result of blind primal forces. Rejected by some on religious grounds
and shunned by scientists like Cuvier for lack of deductive rigor in his arguments, Lamarck died in 1829 in
poverty and obscurity.
But the notion of evolution did not die with him. The French naturalist Geoffroy St. Hilaire would champion
another version of evolutionary change in the 1820s, and the British writer Robert Chambers would author a
best-selling argument for evolution in 1844: Vestiges of a Natural Creation. And in 1859, Charles Darwin
would publish the Origin of Species. Lamarck, St. Hilaire, Chambers, and Darwin all had radically different
ideas about how evolution operates, but only Darwin's still have scientific currency today.
Different from Darwin

Darwin relied on much the same evidence for evolution that Lamarck did (such as vestigial structures and
artificial selection through breeding), but made completely different arguments from Lamarck. Darwin did
not accept an arrow of complexity driving through the history of life. He argued that complexity evolved
simply as a result of life adapting to its local conditions from one generation to the next, much as modern
biologists see this process. But of course, Darwin's ideas weren't entirely modern either. For example, he
tried on and eventually rejected several different ideas about heredity (including the inheritance of acquired
characteristics, as championed by Lamarck) and never came to any satisfying conclusion about how traits
were passed from parent to offspring.
Lamarckian inheritance is an idea that today is known mainly from textbooks, where it is used to as a
historical contrast for our modern understanding of genetic inheritance, which began with the rediscovery of
Mendel's work in the late 1800s. Despite all he got wrong, Lamarck can be credited with envisioning
evolutionary change for the first time.
EVOLUTION THEORY: DARWIN

Darwin's Theory of Evolution - The PremiseDarwin's Theory of Evolution is the widely held notion that
all life is related and has descended from a common ancestor: the birds and the bananas, the fishes and the
flowers all related. Darwin's general theory presumes the development of life from non-life and stresses a
purely naturalistic (undirected) "descent with modification". That is, complex creatures evolve from more
simplistic ancestors naturally over time. In a nutshell, as random genetic mutations occur within an
organism's genetic code, the beneficial mutations are preserved because they aid survival -- a process known
as "natural selection." These beneficial mutations are passed on to the next generation. Over time, beneficial
mutations accumulate and the result is an entirely different organism (not just a variation of the original, but
an entirely different creature).
Darwin's Theory of Evolution - Natural Selection
While Darwin's Theory of Evolution is a relatively young archetype, the evolutionary worldview itself is as
old as antiquity. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Anaximander postulated the development of life from
non-life and the evolutionary descent of man from animal. Charles Darwin simply brought something new to
the old philosophy -- a plausible mechanism called "natural selection." Natural selection acts to preserve and
accumulate minor advantageous genetic mutations. Suppose a member of a species developed a functional
advantage (it grew wings and learned to fly). Its offspring would inherit that advantage and pass it on to their
offspring. The inferior (disadvantaged) members of the same species would gradually die out, leaving only
the superior (advantaged) members of the species. Natural selection is the preservation of a functional
advantage that enables a species to compete better in the wild. Natural selection is the naturalistic equivalent
to domestic breeding. Over the centuries, human breeders have produced dramatic changes in domestic
animal populations by selecting individuals to breed. Breeders eliminate undesirable traits gradually over
time. Similarly, natural selection eliminates inferior species gradually over time.
Darwin's Theory of Evolution - Slowly But Surely...
Darwin's Theory of Evolution is a slow gradual process. Darwin wrote, "Natural selection acts only by
taking advantage of slight successive variations; she can never take a great and sudden leap, but must
advance by short and sure, though slow steps. Thus, Darwin conceded that, "If it could be demonstrated that
any complex organ existed, which could not possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight
modifications, my theory would absolutely break down." Such a complex organ would be known as an
"irreducibly complex system". An irreducibly complex system is one composed of multiple parts, all of
which are necessary for the system to function. If even one part is missing, the entire system will fail to
function. Every individual part is integral. Thus, such a system could not have evolved slowly, piece by
piece. The common mousetrap is an everyday non-biological example of irreducible complexity. It is
composed of five basic parts: a catch (to hold the bait), a powerful spring, a thin rod called "the hammer," a
holding bar to secure the hammer in place, and a platform to mount the trap. If any one of these parts is
missing, the mechanism will not work. Each individual part is integral. The mousetrap is irreducibly
complex.
Darwin's Theory of Evolution - A Theory in Crisis
Darwin's Theory of Evolution is a theory in crisis in light of the tremendous advances we've made in
molecular biology, biochemistry and genetics over the past fifty years. We now know that there are in fact
tens of thousands of irreducibly complex systems on the cellular level. Specified complexity pervades the
microscopic biological world. Molecular biologist Michael Denton wrote, "Although the tiniest bacterial
cells are incredibly small, weighing less than 10-12 grams, each is in effect a veritable micro-miniaturized
factory containing thousands of exquisitely designed pieces of intricate molecular machinery, made up
altogether of one hundred thousand million atoms, far more complicated than any machinery built by man
and absolutely without parallel in the non-living world."
And we don't need a microscope to observe irreducible complexity. The eye, the ear and the heart are all
examples of irreducible complexity, though they were not recognized as such in Darwin's day. Nevertheless,
Darwin confessed, "To suppose that the eye with all its inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus to
different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the correction of spherical and
chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection, seems, I freely confess, absurd in the
highest degree."
89?|}~E
012234567869:56;7<;:=>0
89FG
?@A?BCDE
HIJKLMNOPNQRQILSRNTLKUVPLOWXJRXNKWVPLOQIPYQRZYY[R\]^_\\à
#b
c+def+&g
! !
h
i
h
jk
l
hm

n(do$
l#

l!!
l/
p

hq
l!

#l

!
"
rm
s

l!

h
h q
hk

q

! q
!

l q
l

tk
h q

uh
! v
th

h/
w h
l!
i#
l

"!
x%yz
gen(d(.+-*.'(($/
{
h
ll

! !
"
"

i#
l/

"!

ll

h

!
!q

l !

!

l

!/
{#!
h
!
"

"#

l!
h

i#k

!q
l

##

j

ll!/
89F8
?@A?BCDE

!
"
#
"

$%&'()*)('+,()*-%&'&-.('$/
h
l q

h
lh#

#

j
i#
!/

h
t

"

h
t
l

!/
k#ll
l !
l

!
j

j

/
89F
?@A?BCDE
ORLXMWOPQQRNTLKUVPLOWXJRIPQVLXJRPQRLUNOVNRPORPVQR
MNOLNRZYY[R\\_\a
'.%egeneo$*n(d($

h#

#

l!

#

l!/
&'&geneo$*n(d($

hk
#

j

l!

#
h

#l!
#!

!
i

l
t

j
#!/

l!

i
h
#
/

h
i

#h"

h

i
!hlr
#

i

h
i
h#k
l
#!/
HIJKLMNOPNQRWXNRPONXXNRXLRLXYILKLMPWKRWORLKNUKWXR
WVWRZYY[R\\`_\\a
t

"
h
!

h
j
i
k

#!#

!
#!/

l q
%efegeny
uh
#

!k
v
h#
"
#
h
&d&geny
uh
#

!k
i
i#v/
hl#
lh

#

!hl"
k
#!

#
h!#
h
h
!!k

h!
"j
r

i

/
LKNUKWXRKLQRINKYRVXWRNTLKUVPLOWXJRVPNRZYY[R\_\a
h
j
h
hl

#!

89F
?@A?BCDE
IWXNRIWXWVNXQRWXNRUQNRVLRLOQVXUVRYIJKLMNONVPRVXNNQR
ZYY[R\\_\\a

-g&)(

hl !
#l

!#

!
l!

!/
89F
?@A?BCDE
wh

!

!
#

i

feg(-og&'*-ge-q

j!

h#

!
!

#

h

l
i#
i/

!

l!"
j /
{!#
!!t

#

h
!hh

p
#hl
h
lh

#h

/

89F9
?@A?BCDE
UXRUONXQVWOPOMRLRVINRVXNNRLRKPNRLOVPOUNQRVLRIWOMNR
WQNRLORONSRWVWRZYY[R\_\]a

! !
h
i
i
j

!#
ij

q
j!
!

)ef&+d$m
!q
!q

0#t /
012345689

012345167I 45524
J #$$%6#!"# $%K0B?2-L252M@L," $

!#$P+##$#R"#$"!*%H"
+++7:NO 9,#% "#7:Q; 9&#% (Q#
++!#!"# $%&%#"S ,
##.43?0T0T@U,$"&"
"##,KC0LLC?0@->2M2??/2C@C(
012345167VWW 45524
J!"# X

#++!#$%$#!#
Y/025@?>@?0B@-M@5030CML0L,&!#"!*%H"N;<,#G
% "$#&#% 7+$$
"$! $
"#
#"9(<+##"++#!##"D#
*+$,ZC>02MC[[@ \"#X%,]@[52MC[[@#G
!$#+%",%^03?02-A/2[C?@C $G
#(_LA/C?0A/0@-A2[0,++#% +%
#+++$,#+$$`"(
012345167a
45524
J!"# $%$+G#"+*!#(b
$`%# #%#,$$"#"`#"!%
#$#c+*#(dJ$$ %&$
`6#!$6#+(F#"# %$#!#,
!%$$6!#,'#!#,#""eff`g+8
7+#!$` +#";Of'+8#9(J'!"&

`!%$$6!#
+$ $ %` #6#G
"+!#$(J!%$$6!#%#$$#!
"%"6H+%"eff#6$#%(
012345167h6i
5j 45524
~|q|{v
~|wt
q{twv
{w}|v|
ty|}t~wv{y
~|q|{v
!"# #" +##G

+$(k$#!#$%l@5mn[23@ABC?,& !$%
"%$$++,%oC[0A23@ABC?-mn[2?0,&
+$#(
!"# #$$%&
'#()#*+$,.

-/0123045$6% $&
#$" +7$8!+$9,&#!#
6#+#: + %$+'
#(<;" =>?23@ABC?045#% +#$D
""#!####"E:F"G
+#$(<H+%#6$6%
#+#!$#!## "%+!(
0123451679
6 45524
pqrst
uvwt
xtyyt z{|wv|}t~wv{t
vqwt
rq|
t{{|
vt{||w~vqq|t
qvyv
J$#"%%6#$%"#+G"6!#$%G
#,+ #,%##(<+
#!#
#`#!,&$###!($ $#+ ##$

#"H6!"# #!#D$"##"

&##$!%+$ $#%(
45524
053Q;R3<>=:73
9
$

%

% 5$

# KS
$
% #P
T
$

C(,03C)*DU03D

VW #
7
X 5

Y V $

M

K L MN#Z[P#
\:34]^;87>7_=à3<>=:73
b$

#
7
K
b%
+,UB4

%P

# 9
V# c
$

V d
$
V
e
f
# 7$

g01BC03+,2B4 KP

V $
#
b$

F*2.))E4 * D0(1*2.4 K L MN#hP

5
')3401.-.E+ G30E).DE+

# 9

g0*C(,)32322E4 g01BC032322E4 $ #
? KP
% %
# 9

%

O#Z i V#
?
j k,23C)*4+*/HBD.0*).E+

hZN 5# ? $

#
t
sotvtz|wxt
uxxw|~t{
9
$

$
$% #
?
$

$
@ A1BC3DB+*/C*)).-E+/
F311B).*/
GE1H-31IB1. J K L MN#MOP#
snnosotvt|v}xzt
v}xvw|
897:;<1=>=8
lmnopqrsotuvwwxyz{t|}z|~tv}t
v}|vttuxxw|~t{
pqttzxwtxtv}t
v}||x|ztu{
9

!9"# 9
$

% $
# & '()*+,-.*/01*2(3+*0.4

5

6 7#
}~w~ztxtxvzvzt
xw|}tvtv}t|wxvztt
uxxw|~t{
0123456738
89:;<=>?@ABB:>C
DEFDG;HIJKHLIMNO?:HN?K?PQIRISQTKR?@UTTNOO?@MIHL
VWXYZ[X\Y]^_àbcdefghì[j]^Xk[ègb`lXjm[^[nòpqp`rsp`tqhr`cquegfhdhv
Vwexrpqfeègbèqxsepeèqp`ypqzè{|gbegrègb`bfypqhp}ègb`rspz`cxx|~zè
uqper`yeqfprz`c`se{frerhv
DEF;HIJKHLIMN?8RKOOQTKMQI?<HKQMQIKRRL?
>NRQNO?I?8NRR?@MHUTMUHN?K?BNMKIRQO
:?BQTHIOTINO?>NNKR?8NRR?@MHUTMUHNO
Vfp`crspq`cquegfhdh}`~qceqzcrfx`xph`xcgrefg`ègb`XkY_Y^_
egb`rspzèqp`h|qqc|gbpb`{zè`xp`dpd{qegpv
Vsp`xsqcdchcdp`fh`cxerpb`fgègèqpe`xepb`rsp`j^Yk`W[_k_èqp
xfqxph`c`è~eqr`qcd`rsp`xsqcdchcdpv
V`j^[`h|qqc|gbh`dchr`~qceqzcrfx`xphègb`xcgpqh`rsp`xph`hse~p
e`h~spqfxe`jYjj_`qcbhse~pb`[jk_`cq`h~fqehse~pb`_kXk
VX[_][kk`qpypeh`bfpqpgxph`fg`xpòeèqxsfrpxr|qpv`qed
~chfrfyp`{exrpqfe`seypè`rsfx`^]kY\j[èzpqùqedgpuerfyp
{exrpqfe`seypèg`c|rpq`dpd{qegp`h|qqc|gbfgu`rsp`rsfggpq`~p~rfbcuzxeg
xpòev
V`\jYj[\`c|rhfbp`rsp`xpòe`~qcyfbphèrrexsdpgr`rc`h|qexph`cq
~qcrpxrfcg`qcd`schr`fdd|gp`hzhrpd`xphv
VWkkèqp`~qcpxrfcgh`rserèco`xph`rcèbspqp`rc`h|qexph`cq`rqeghpq`
rc`crspq`xphv
V[^[`qcrerp`rcècoè`dcrfp`xp`rc`dcyp`rcoeqb`cqèoez`qcdè
hrfd||h}è`~qcxphh`xepb`][k_
Vcdp`{exrpqfe`h|qyfyp`seqhs`xcgbfrfcgh`{z`cqdfgu`^Y_YX^_
P?BNMKIRQT?;KMKLO?BKL?PN?AONUR?Q?8RKOOQTKMQI
Vwexrpqfeègbèqxsepeèqp`dpre{cfxez`bfypqhpv`l]Y]XYm_èx|fqp
xeq{cg`qcd`fgcquegfx`hc|qxph}ègb`m^]^XY]XYm_`c{refg`xeq{cg`qcd
crspq`cquegfhdhv``mY]Y]XYm`bpqfyph`pgpquz`qcd`rsp`h|g}ègbè
jm^Y]XYmèx|fqph`pgpquz`qcd`cquegfx`cq`fgcquegfx`xspdfxehv
Vk[]^[^XY^_`qp|fqp`czupg}`[j][]k^[[^XY^_`xeg`fyp
osprspq`cq`gcr`czupg`fh`~qphpgr}ègb`Yk[]^[[^XY^_`xeggcr
|gxrfcg`fg`rsp`~qphpgxp`c`czupgv
8?BIRNTURKH?KMK?>NNKR?=IRUMQIKHL?>NRKMQIOQO
Vfxqc{fccufhrhèqp`|hfgu`dcpx|eq`bere`rc`qpxcghfbpq`rsp`rqebfrfcge
xehhftxerfcg`c`{exrpqfeègbèqxsepev
?9IHQIMKR?NN?<HKONH?8IRQTKMNO?8RKOOQTKMQI
Vwfgeqz`thhfcgàxp`bfyfhfcgn`fhè`cqd`c`^X]kj[^^]X[_^X`fg
osfxs``fh`rqeghpqqpb`rc`rsp`gprùpgpqerfcgv
Vqceqzcrph`xegèhcèx|fqp`gpo``bfqpxrz`qcd`rsp`pgyfqcgdpgr
a]X[_YX[]kYn}è`yfq|hà]X[_j]kYn}`cqègcrspq`xp`yfeè`_^k_
ajY[]kYnv``rsqppèqp`qc|rph`c`mYXkY][^^]X[_^X
DEF;HIJKHLIMNO?TRUN?<I?IKQO?QM?
=IHIUO?QNHOQML
:?IKQ?PKTMNHQK?TRUNO?BKL?KQRQKH?HIUO
Vqcrpc{exrpqfe}`xzegc{exrpqfe}`h~fqcxsprph}`tqdfx|rph}èxrfgc{exrpqfe}
egb`xsedzbfehèqpè`po`ped~ph`c`bfypqhfrzòfrsfg`bcdefg`wexrpqfev
P?BKL?PUM?IM?:RR?:HTKNK?:HN?=MHNIQRNO
Vcdefg`qxsepe`xcgrefgh`dprsegcupgh}`sec~sfph}`rspqdc~sfph}ègb
degz`cquegfhdh`rser`rsqfyp`fg`dcbpqerp`xcgbfrfcghv
DEFPKTMNHQK?K?:HTKNK?:HN?IHMKM?MI9UK?
QN
Vwexrpqfeègbèqxsepeèqp`gpeqz`pypqzospqpàX^nv
:?BQTHINO?IH?QMKR?QJO?Q?=TIOLOMNO
V`fp`bp~pgbh`cg`rsp`{exrpqfeègbèqxsepe`rser`xcgrqf{|rpùehph`rc`rsp
erdch~spqp}`qpxzxp`cquegfx`derrpq}ègb`k]XY^
263594 34656
1234561

6#$%$&*$&
&+"#
01 91234561
"

1" $!
012345619 76

-&($!$#.
'!"+$

01234561
8429
96
1 1 144

012345616
86436,435123

-&($!$#.
'!"+$
/#$*
(!"#$%&
012345616 953

!"#$%&
'&$&('$#)
"* +"!!$+
QSUHN??BQTHINO?Q?K?@NRNTMQI?I?9KQMKMO
P?PKTMNHQK?K?:HTKNK?QN??K??AO
Verscupgfx`{exrpqfeèbspqp`rc`schr`xphègb`xccgfp`rfhh|phv`fhpehp
hzd~rcdh`crpg`qph|r`qcd`rsp`fdd|gp`hzhrpdh`qpexrfcg`rc`rsp
fgpxrfcgv
Vcfgh`~qcb|xpb`{z`{exrpqfe}`~|h`rspè{ffrz`rc`h~qpeb`rc`gpo`schrh}èhc
xcgrqf{|rp`rc`bfhpehpv
8?9UKO?;UM?BKL?;HIJKHLIMNO?MI?IHJ
Vwexrpqfeègbèqxsepeèqp`|hpb`fg`rsp`deg|exr|qp`c`degz`ccbh}`bq|uh}
egb`crspq`xspdfxeh}`fg`hpoeup`rqperdpgr}ègb`fg`{fcqpdpbferfcgv
DEFNOMQSKMQS?QN?:?PKTMNHQKR?NIN?@IRNO?
<I?BLOMNHQNO
Vcpx|eq`hr|bfph`qpypepb`rser``hrqefgh`qphfhregr
rc`d|rf~pègrf{fcrfxhèqchp`fgbp~pgbpgrz`hpypqe`rfdph}èh`bfb`rschp
rser`xe|hpb`rsp`rcfx`hscx`hzgbqcdp`p~fbpdfx`c`v
BA<;=?898=?A=@<@
v`~qceqzcrfx`xp`fh`cgp`rser
evexh`v
{vseh`dpd{qegp{c|gbpb`cquegpphv
xvexhè`g|xp|hv
bvexhè`~ehde`dpd{qegpv
vsfxs`c`rsphp`fhè`bfhrfgu|fhsfgu`xseqexrpqfhrfx`{proppg`rsp`bcdefgh
wexrpqfeègb`qxsepe
evspfq`hfp
{vsp`xspdfxe`xcd~chfrfcg`c`rsp`xpòeègb`xp`dpd{qegp
xvspfqè{ffrz`rcùqcoèr`sfus`rpd~pqer|qph
bvsp`hse~p`c`rspfq`dfrcxscgbqfe
vser`per|qp`bfhrfgu|fhsphùqed~chfrfypègbùqedgpuerfyp`{exrpqfe
ev`~p~rfbcuzxeg`xpòe`fgùqed~chfrfyp`{exrpqfe
{v`~p~rfbcuzxeg`xpòe`fgùqedgpuerfyp`{exrpqfe
xv`hpxcgb`f~fb`{fezpq`fgùqed~chfrfyp`{exrpqfe
bv`hpxcgb`f~fb`{fezpq`fgùqedgpuerfyp`{exrpqfe
:;<,),-,
4568966
6 9696685668585698569685856
6986985845669898856
958969686969

699
66698885699588568966!9858 696969

6856"98896555866 #88668668$
99685858966989668589669866
86%9
988589666969668866965699&8856
9668 6966 9698686858698698
596869855 5696
=>?@A3ABCDE
FCGCHCEC@>DE
IJK@LBAMACBE
QLDC@KCL
N_@AGA?_`TLE
N_CGA?_`TLE
aCBD?@CBTE
'3<0,*8(,.-1Y,
]3**4
,(^,*
VW'/VX<(,Y*
W-3,5*4+81(*. '()*+(,-*. /012,31,4.
=>CTA3E
UA@DLBC@KCL
RGASBC@KCL
=>BAZ@CKL@@CTLE
[?>OA3?@L\CBE
N>@>CTLE
PAGC3E
NLGOAMACBE
QCD>A@CG>CBE
012
b419+4-,
'5+*6+2+,4. 781.-0+9+4-.
d@>3L3A@DE
cJHJ@>B>DE
IBTC3ALHCE
eJO@LCG>>DE
PJBK>
N_ACBAZ@CKL@@CTLE
[B>3C@E
fghijklkmkn
o66
69856995 6
6p 869 666
8566
4 q96r856
9
s5 6
6859t8569r856
66us5 6685869

89896985685699$
p 8669865
vwxyzwx 69689
58856866
023
{|}~|}||}|
02345689

!"#
"!$%!&'!"!&()*%!
!#
+&,*'!"!!!
##,!!&
-./0123451&,!*6#7#
#!!"!"
8###8*
049:;
<9
=>?
7#!!!&!
,!!7@!*(!!
!!!!&!!!
A2.B2C&!!!!*6#!!7,
!!#D,E!!!!!*
@'!!7##
8,8F*
SNZPMSVUWSZ\]^_`g`]j`hpsfopc]gfdrcà`cc`n]mqbsfgsg]hq`]flmbqshds] GHIJHKLMNMOPQPRSNQMTUVWXYNZVUM[UVVRMNQ[N\]^_`]abcbde]fg]h]_bccbi]
m_bsbgeds_`sfa]bqrhdfglg]fd]hphsfa]abllpdfsf`g]tuvwy
jhccki_bg`]ihcc]fg]ablmbg`n]bo]_pdnq`ng]bo]jfochr`cchs`n]a`ccg]tg``]fdg`s]
uvw]`lj`nn`n]fd]h]r`chsfdbpg]lhsqfxy]^_`]a`ccg]hq`]pgphcce]abddàs`n]je]

aesbmchglfa]gsqhdngz]fo]fgbchs`n{]s_`g`]a`ccg]ahddbs]q`mqbnpa`y]^_`]chqr`]
bcbdf`g]g``d]_`q`]ifcc]`|`dsphcce]q`c`hg`]s_`]glhcc]}nhpr_s`q~]abcbdf`g]
)8%'(!!# a
ifs_fd]s_`l]tuvwy
8&,"
!7*
@
8!#!!
0?>
#"
#*
7#!8"!88
&,!!!&&8
!!#!!*'
#&7#"8
7#"7#,"&
##8,!#*
IHLMNMUXSNUSNRMSRMZXVMMOQNV\M^_fg]gmàf`g]fg]h]obqhl{]h] MRSPRZMNPVN\]^_fg]hlb`jh]tw]fg]pgfdr]
rqbpm]i_bg`]l`lj`qg]_h|`]s_q`hncf`]mg`pnbmbnfh]s_hs]`xs`dn]s_qbpr_] fsgkmg`pnbmbnfh]sb]lb|`y]
mbq`g]fd]s_`]g_`cc{]bq]]tuvwy]^_`]fdg`s]v]g_big]h]obqhl]s`gs{]i_fa_]
fg]_hqn`d`n]je]ahcafpl]ahqjbdhs`y
uvnt
!"#$$ %$&
_àabcdefgehidejfkjilm_
uvwx
nopnqrst
yz{|}~z|~{}~}{~~~}z{{}}
!" 4%$43<*/++50
3545$6F%3%53$
% $ 44&8$8
50% & 4 48
44$ 3 $54506
!"7$$$ 0$
667$3 8
3 5 3 5$4@3 6
e
hejie_
uvwu
nopnqrst
|~{}~}z|{|{}|}z~}
|zz}}z|{|{}|}~}~}}
}
G HZRSHJNUJTLJHNTUNLRSJKHSZRSHSZJHJLRRSJKHVYMPHRHLQRUJ
'()*+,-./*+/+0 1 0

2$3 3&4 0$
$%5 4 $6
!"7$ &$$&
0$&%6 3$8&
$$$69
33$4+':*();<,='()*+,-./*+/+
0 $0 4$6
!"> 3 5%3$38
35 43 $?@5ABCDE$5
C 3$5$F%6
G HIJKLMNOJHKNPNQRMNSNJKHRTUHUNVVJMJTLJKHOJSWJJTHXMYSNKSKHRTUHYSZJMH
J[\RM]YSJK^HHHHHHHHHHHH
H
HHHHHHHHHH
e
ae
ee
uvw
_

"
~}01234}~}{}}}~{~}z}z}z|{|{}

"
~~}5}672}{|~{}}89
b
G HQSZY[ZHSZJ]HRMJHTYSHXZYSYK]TSZJSNL HRXNLYPXQJRTH
XRMRKNSJKHK[LZHRKHHZRJHPYUNVNJUHXQRKSNUK^HIJKLMNOJH

RHL[MMJTSHZ]XYSZJKNKHSZRSHJXQRNTKHSZNKHYOKJMRSNYT^
c
!
"
#$
ce"
nopnqrst
nopnqrst
uvw1
3~}~}}~~}~}~}|~}z{~{|}~|~{} e"
"
z}}|{}}89
892
G H3THWZRSHORKNKHUYHKYPJHK]KSJPRSNKSKHXQRLJHQRTUHXQRTSKHNTH
SZJHKRPJHK[XJMMY[XH4MLZRJXQRKSNUR5HRKHMJUHRTUHMJJTHRQRJ 6e
uvwA
nopnqrst
Bz|{}~}z|{|{}||}~}z{~}~|~}|z}
}}{}}89289
G HIJKLMNOJHRH\J]HVJRS[MJHVYMHJRLZHYVHSZJHPRNTHXMYSNKSHK[OC
MY[XKHYVHDTN\YTSR^
b
"
EF&F
G&
f
012456796

heae
j
e
_ei
""""
"
""
%""" ,--
.
&'"" ,/-
()*"&"" ,
,
&"
&""+" 0
7"( ,
"*
7'"" =
>?
"
("#"89"":;<* @"@""
@""
""
L0M--
&""&'
""F&'"
(%")&H"""
#":IJ:K<*
#@"
F@""
@"F"
sxcccc
012345689
26
308
0!"#
2$%&3'
()*+,-./-/)012)3456+7,-3/)8908)012):;8)<=0:8>?)@A:BC?);1)0:CD0=>E)F92)
<1;8C>8>)012)GCH21>2)C:)2I;=;BJ?)D;8C=C8J?)0:G);8921)810C8>)K-6LM3NOPQRSE)
()T=0>>CUI08C;:);@)<1;8C>8>)C>)I90:BC:B)0>)D;=2IA=01)G080)012)I;:>CG212GE
$32&
V%V
()W9;8;>J:8928CI)<1;8C>8>)>A<<;18)@;;G)X2Y>)0:G)12=20>2);ZJB2:?)X92120>)
<010>C8CI)<1;8C>8>)I0A>2)GC>20>2E)[;D2)<1;8C>8>)90H2)C:GA>81C0=)A>2>E)
0$31\#V5\]V1V
()^C8;I9;:G1C0)0:G)I9=;1;<=0>8>);1CBC:082G)0>)@122_=CHC:B)<1;`01J;82>)8908)
X212)2:BA=@2G)YJ)201=J)2A`01J;82>)C:)0)<1;I2>>)I0==2G)2:G;>JDYC;>C>E)
[AY>2aA2:8)>2I;:G01J)2:G;>JDYC;>C>)2H2:8>)2Z<=0C:)GC@@212:I2>)C:)
I9=;1;<=0>8>)0D;:B)892)<9;8;>J:8928CI)<1;8C>8>E)
()[;D2)<1;8C>8>)D0J)<1;HCG2)I=A2>)8;)892);1CBC:>);@)DA=8CI2==A=01C8J)0:G)8;)
892)0:I2>8;1>);@)892)<=0:8?)@A:BC?)0:G)0:CD0=)=C:20B2>E
bc
V323Vd
()F92)<9;8;>J:8928CI)<1;8C>8>)012)`:;X:)0>)6Me63Q)
2$5]#212]
()f4eM3g,.h/)012)A:CI2==A=01?)2=;:B082G)i0B2==082>E)
$jk# 2l%#0 m
()F92)h.g,n6e3MM6-3/)90H2)8X;)GC@@212:8_>Co2G)i0B2==0)08)1CB98)0:B=2>)8908)
B2:21082)0)X9C1=C:B)D;H2D2:8E)pC:;i0B2==082>)I0A>2)12G)8CG2>E
0$q2#rjr2#0
3#
()F92)e,Mh3gN6Me63)012)<9;8;>J:8928CI)YA8)I0:)I;:>AD2);8921)
DCI1;;1B0:C>D>)X92:)=CB98);1):A81C2:8)>A<<=C2>)G2I=C:2E
().6-,/)012)DCI1;>I;<CI)<9J8;<=0:`8;:)XC89)C:81CI082)>C=CI0)>92==>E
()+,gN6Me63)012)=01B2?)DA=8CI2==A=01)>20X22G>)>AI9)0>)`2=<E)
j$62#0\j%
()3hN6Me63)I;:80C:)<CBD2:8>)8908)2Z<0:G)892C1)<9;8;>J:8928CI)10:B2E
5$q2#206\3
()+33gN6Me63)>8;12)I01Y;9JG1082>)0>)>801I9)0:G)A>2)892)>0D2)<CBD2:8>)0>)
<=0:8>E)^0:J)90H2)6M-3+g6-.,gN,Ne3g3+6-.,g/Q)F92)B122:)0=B02)90H2)
GCH21>2)Y;GJ)@;1D>?)10:BC:B)@1;D)DCI1;>I;<CI)8;)DA=8CI2==A=01E)
81d3%"d
0]#
2$8
29d ]
]d ]
()*M6/,h.6MN/M.3N,Mh/)@;1D)<=0>D;GC0?)D0>>2>)I;:80C:C:B)89;A>0:G>)
;@)GC<=;CG):AI=2CE))<=0>D;GCAD)@22G>)YJ)2:BA=U:B);8921)I2==>E
():)3MM4M6+N/M.3N,Mh/)C:GCHCGA0=)I2==>)1280C:)892C1)>2<01082)I2==)
D2DY10:2>)891;AB9;A8)892)=C@2)IJI=2E
$%
2jd3
()6-3+N,Mh/)012)U=0D2:8;A>)92821;81;<9>)8908)=CH2)C:)D;C>8);1)X28)
2:HC1;:D2:8>E)[;D2)012)<089;B2:>)0:G);8921>)012)G2I;D<;>21>E
c32j\1d3
()^;>8)+,-,,6)012)92821;81;<9>?)0:G)D;>8)90H2)D;8C=2)I2==>E
2$8\# 30]j
()[2H210=)><2IC2>);@)n6e3MM6-3hN+,-,,6)>AI9)0>)012134)
892)-+76g,/,3/)0:G)564023?)I0A>2)GC>20>2)C:)9AD0:>E
$2733]d3]
()8,3L,.hN+,-,,6)D;H2)YJ)D20:>);@)9@0=>2)@228?
);1)<>2AG;<;GC0E)
F9C>)B1;A<)C:I=AG2>)0D;2Y02?),+6.g.3+6g/)0:G)+6h.,M6+.6g/Q
0$02030!0
().M.6-3/)90H2)I;D<=2Z)I2==>)XC89)IC=C0?)H0IA;=2>?)0:G)8X;)8J<2>);@):AI=2CE
stuvwx
byz{|}~}

c
c
cc
c
cc
cc
cc
cc
cc
cc
cc
c
c
ccc
c
ccc
c
;;
+,-./0123455-16
789:;<=>?@2-AB20CCB>D@EF2GBHIJKICBAC
LMNOPQRMSTUMVRWUXYTUSWMSPWMYTZ[ZOPW\]MS[[U^_MU^ZX]X_U`XMa]M[UUWRPQMZPM
\RbRPQMSPWMWUSWMZTQSPR^M`S_UTRS\c
-d2<=>?@2-AB20=eEAfID@H2,BDBAIDAIKgC2/gED2G@?BCD2<IIh20iDBA>EFFf
LMNOPQRMSTUM`ZTUM^\ZXU\]MTU\S_UWM_ZMSPR`S\XM_jSPM_ZMY\SP_Xc
LMNOPQS\M^jSTS^_UTRX_R^XMRP^\OWUMjU_UTZ_TZYj]kM^jR_RPMÛ\\MVS\\XkMSPWM
Q\]^ZQUPcMNOPQRMjSbUMaZ_jMSXUlOS\MSPWMXUlOS\MTUYTZWO^_RZPkMSPWMXZÙM
jSbUMOPRmOUMnopqrstuovMÛ\\XMVR_jM_VZMQUPU_R^S\\]MWR[[UTUP_MPO^\URc
LMwM[OPQS\MaZW]MRP^\OWUXMSMxsvyzo{xMaOR\_MZ[M_jTUSWXM^S\\UWM|s}|qy~M
VjR^jM`S]M[ZT`MSMr{ouotnsMZÙM[OPQRMZ^ÔTMaZ_jMSXM\SÙP_ZOXM
j]YjSUMSPWMSXMOPRÛ\\O\STMsyqu
LMNOPQRMTUYTZWOÛMOXRPQMSXUlOS\MSPWMXUlOS\M}try{rycM
tonoqMSTUMSXUlOS\\]MYTZWOÛWMXYZTUXc
d2<=>?EF2+FECC@HED@I>2C2/AEh@D@I>EFFf2ECBh2
I>21BKAIh=HD@B23DA=HD=ABC
LMjUMbUM`SRPMQTZOYXMZ[M[OPQRMSTUM^j]_TRWRZ`]Û_UXkM]QZ`]Û_UXkM
Q\ZÙTZ`]Û_UXkMSX^Z`]Û_UXkMSPWMaSXRWRZ`]Û_UXcM
LMZ\UÔ\STMUbRWUPÛMRPWR^S_UXM_jS_MSX^Z`]Û_UXMSPWMaSXRWRZ`]Û_UXM
STUMXRX_UTMQTZOYXc
LM
o{ryMZPMYSQUMMXO``STRUXM_jUMWRbUTXR_]MZ[M_jUM[OPQRc
7897;+gfDA@h@IJfHBDBC2.AIh=HB23@JJ@>?23KIABC
LM|suronotxsvyuyMSTUM`R^TZX^ZYR^M[OPQRM_jS_MYTZWOÛMSQU\\S_UWMÛ\\XM
R[M_jUMÛ\\XMSTUMSXUlOS\\]MYTZWOÛWkM_jU]MSTUM_UTÙWMtt}try
LMj]_TRWXMWU^Z`YZXUM`SZTMaRZ\ZQR^S\M^STaZj]WTS_UXMXO^jMSXMÛ\\O\ZXUkM
^jR_RPkMSPWMUTS_RPc
789f?IJfHBDBC2-AB2<ECD2AI@>?2E>h2.AIF@H
LMstxsvyuyMTUYTZWOÛMTSYRW\]MbRSMSXUlOS\\]MYTZWOÛWkMjSY\ZRWkM
_jRPVS\\UWMXYZTUXc
LMUlOS\MTUYTZWO^_RZPMZ^ÔTXMVjUPMj]YjSUMZ[MWR[[UTUP_M`S_RPQM_]YUXM[OXUM
_jURTMPO^\URMRP_ZMSMst}tryMjUM]QZXYZTUMOPWUTQZUXMÙRZXRXkM_jUPM
QUPUTS_UXMSMXYZTUMXS^cMYZTUMQUT`RPS_RZPM]RU\WXMjSY\ZRWMj]YjSUkM
^ZP_RPORPQM_jUM^]^\Uc
789;FIJBAIJfHBDBC2+IFI>@B2@@>?2.FE>D21IIDC
LMztxyrtxsvyuyM[ZT`Mxsvtrr|oqy~VjR^jMSTUMÒ_OS\\]MaUPU^RS\M
SXXZ^RS_RZPXMaU_VUUPM[OPQRMSPWMTZZ_XcM]^ZTTjRS\MY\SP_XMjSbUMM
Ul_TSMXOT[SÛMSTUSM[ZTMSaXZTaRPQMPO_TRUP_XkMSPWM_jUM[OPQOXMS^mORTUXM
^STaZj]WTS_UXM[TZ`MR_XMY\SP_MjZX_cM
LM\ZÙTZ`]Û_UXMjSbUMPZMPZVPMXUlOS\MX_SQUc
789;-CHIJfHBDBC2-AB2DgB23EH2<=>?@
LMvtxsvyuyMRP^\OWUMR`YZT_SP_MY\SP_MYS_jZQUPXkMaO_M_jU]MS\XZMjSbUM
`SP]MOXUXMRPMRPWOX_T]c
LM]YjSUMSTUMjSY\ZRWM[ZTM`ZX_MZ[M_jUM\R[UM^]^\UcMwXUlOS\MTUYTZWO^_RZPM
_]YR^S\\]MZ^ÔTXMbRSM^ZPRWRSc
LMPMXUlOS\MTUYTZWO^_RZPkMjSY\ZRWMj]YjSUMZRPkMYTZWO^RPQMSMaTRU[MWRST]Z_R^M
X_SQUcMw[_UTM_jUMPO^\URM[OXUkMÙRZXRXM]RU\WXMjSY\ZRWMqvt}tryMRPMSM
XS^\RUMqv{

!
671894
012345
"#$% &
&'(#

!
3 27
74
""" &
&'(#
# )'*!
$%&
<@?=AB2d2<=>?EF21BKAIh=HD@I>2-23=JJEAfd
789;EC@h@IJfHBDBC2-AB2DgB2<EJ@F@EA2+F=2<=>?@
LMqonotxsvyuyMRP^\OWUMÒXjTZZ`XMSPWMZ_jUTM[S`R\RSTM[OPQRcMZZWM
WU^S]M[OPQRMSTUMR`YZT_SP_MRPMU^ZX]X_U`XMaO_MS\XZMTZ_MaOR\WRPQM`S_UTRS\XcM
ZÙMSTUMY\SP_MYS_jZQUPXc
LMSXRWRZ`]Û_UXMSTUMWRST]Z_R^M[ZTM`ZX_MZ[M_jUM\R[UM^]^\UcMwXUlOS\M
TUYTZWO^_RZPMZ^ÔTXMa]MaOWWRPQkMa]M[TSQÙP_S_RZPkMZTMVR_jMSXUlOS\M
XYZTUXc
LMUlOS\MTUYTZWO^_RZPMZ^ÔTXMVjUPMjSY\ZRWMPO^\URMRPMqonoqMS\ZPQM_jUM
QR\\XMZ[MÒXjTZZ`XM[OXUcMjUMTUXO\_RPQM]QZ_UM_jUPMOPWUTQZUXMÙRZXRXkM
YTZWO^RPQMjSY\ZRWMqonot}tryMjZT_\]MS[_UTMXYZTUMQUT`RPS_RZPkM
j]YjSUM[OXUkMTUQUPUTS_RPQM_jUMWRST]Z_R^MX_S_Uc
789;<=>?@2>DBAEHD2@Dg2DgBA2A?E>@CJC
-d20>hIKgfDBC2@B2@>2-BA@EF2.FE>D2.EADC
LMnt}|suyMSTUM[OPQRM_jS_M^Z\ZPRUMY\SP_M\USbUXMSPWMX_U`XMVR_jZO_M
_TRQQUTRPQMWRXUSXUMX]`Y_Z`Xc
d25fHIAAg@EF2<=>?@2@B2I>2IA2@>21IIDC
LM\ZÙTZ`]Û_UXM[ZT`MSTaOXÔ\STM`]^ZTTjRSUkMVjUTUSXMSX^Z`]Û_UXM
SPWMaSXRWRZ`]Û_UXM[ZT`MU^_Z`]^ZTTjRSUc
+d23IJB2->DC2+=FD@EDB2<=>?@
LMUS[Ô__UTMSP_XMÔ\_RbS_UMaSXRWRZ`]Û_UXMZPMSMPO_TR_RZOXMYSX_UM`SWUM[TZ`M
\US[MWRXXkMSPWMaS^_UTRSMZPM_jUMSP_XMR\\MSMYSTSXR_R^MSX^Z`]Û_Uc
Gd2@HgB>C2-AB2G@CD@>HD@B2G=EF2A?E>@CJC
LMwMzov|yMRXMSM^Z`YZOPWMZTQSPRX`M_jS_M^ZPXRX_XMZ[MSM[OPQOXMRPMRP_R`S_UM
SXXZ^RS_RZPMVR_jMSM^]SPZaS^_UTRO`MZTMSMQTUUPMS\QSc
LMR^jUPXMSTUMOXU[O\MSRTMYZ\\O_RZPMRPWR^S_ZTXc
789;>BCD@?ED@>?2@B2/gB2EDDFB2IA2.IC@D@I>2
@>+EHEI2/ABB2BEBC
LMlYUTRÙP_S\MUbRWUPÛMRPWR^S_UXM_jS_MUPWZYj]_UXMYTZ_U^_M^S^SZM_TUUM
\USbUXM[TZ`MMYS_jZQUPXc

D$C76#&5$2
23884
012345678
9
1
4

()R+,+++-4.32$34
(B74$%$&4.&634-&1->74$%$7
(2
4"6&&'4,-45$1C"&614,-.
99>7884
(025&'#2&66"$173,-4&'3-8$2"314

()*+,+++-4.32$34
(-042&4.&634-$14$%3-742
4
(-043/
78-63.6&%
25$&1-2&''&1
(025&'#2&66"$173,-'&45-8$2"314
(271#-.8715-.75"&314,-56
99834,-'&6384,-'&45-#37454,-3456768869:

();++-4.32$34
(<&-43/
78-4.&634=-8763-743/
78-4.&634
(2&45-763-&>8$753-'
5
78$454-?$5"-871%-.87154
(-06>
42
876-'#2&66"$173

()@,+++-4.32$34=-.767."#835$2-6&
.
(A#&4.&634
(B872C->637%-'&8%
(-043/
78-63.6&%
25$&1-'&63-2&''&1-5"71-43/
78-63.6&%
25$&1
(D32&'.&4364-71%-.7674$534

()@,+++-4.32$34=-.767."#835$2-6&
.
(S.&634-"7T3-4$183-987388
'
(2&458#-7U
75$2
(D32&'.&4364-71%-.7674$534-&1-'71#-&671$4'4,
$128
%$1-7'."$>$714

!"#56$%$&'#2&57
A#&'#2&57
E8&'36&'#2&57
042&'#2&57
B74$%$&'#2&57
M K
G34
<&
<&
<&
<&
IJKLJ
A&&4.&634
A#&4.&634=-2&1$%$7
F763-743/
78-4.&634-&18#
042&4.&634-$1-742
4=-2&1$%$7
B74$%$&4.&634-&1->74$%$
'=-2&1$%$7
]]]]]b
VWXYZ[X\]^_`Z^\]aW\bYZ`cb
defghijklhmnojpiqrksrmimgtukivkinghihwtprnvtkjoxinohhivpprmnojnhyivk
iqvsrohz{|e{}iujmi~otjpxitmnimvvpjointiugjninx~hitqitosjkvm
jeijlnhovr
lekijkvjp
ei~pjkn
yeilgxnovy
{erksvishnikrnovhknmingotrsginghvo
jeqorvnvksityxe
lem~tohme
egx~gjhe
yeppitqinghijtwhijohiltoohlne
erksvijohinojyvnvtkjppxilpjmmvhyijmhyitkinghvo
jegjvnjne
lem~tohinx~he
eyvjoxtnvlilhppme
yehngtyitqijlrvovksihkhosxe
}egvlgi~gxpritqiqrksvivmiktniktukintigjwhijimhrjpimnjshivkivnmipvqh
lxlph
lejmvyvtxlhnhm
jegxnovyvtxlhnhm
epthotxlhnhm
yexstxlhnhm
egxivminghixstm~tohiyv~ptvy
jehljrmhivniqtomingotrsgihvtmvm
ehljrmhivniqtomiughkinutigj~ptvyikrlphviqrmh
lehljrmhivniqtomixivntmvmitqinghilt~jnvphijnvksinx~hm
yehljrmhivniqtomiqotijirpnvlhpprpjoimnjshivkinghipvqhilxlph
eiyvjoxtnvlilhppivmi~otyrlhyiughk
jenutigj~ptvyilhppmiqrmhirninghinutikrlphviohjvkimh~jojnhe
enutiyv~ptvyikrlphviqrmhe
levntmvmitllromiuvngtrnilxntvkhmvme
yehvtmvmitllromitklhijkyilxntvkhmvmitllrominuvlhe
NO K
<&
<&
<&
G34
G34
JPKMQK
0>4315
0>4315
0>4315
H634315
H634315
efghiqorvnvksityxitqijijmvyvtxlhnhivmitqnhkijirmgottiugvlg
jejhmir~itmnitqinghiwtprhitqinghiqrksrme
e~otyrlhmigj~ptvyim~tohme
levmilt~tmhyitmnpxitqiyvjoxtnvlilhppme
yetngiijkyilijohiltoohlne
efghiqhhyvksigx~gjhitqijijmvyvtxlhnhijohitmnpx
jegj~ptvye
leyvjoxtnvle
eyv~ptvye
egjnivmijipvlghk
jeinx~hitqi~gtntmxknghnvliqrksrm
eiltvkjnvtkitqijiqrksrmijkyijkijpsjitoilxjktjlnhovr
leiltvkjnvtkitqinuti~gxpjitqiqrksv
yeiltvkjnvtkitqijiqrksrmijkyijiottn
id|etuiythmijixltoogvjpiqrksrmiyvqqhoiqotijiqohhpvwvks
jmvyvtxlhnh
jenisjvkmivnmikrnovhknmiqotijipvwvksi~pjkne
enigjmiktimhrjpimnjshivkivnmipvqhilxlphe
lenivmiktnihyvphe
@@
123456789:;;37<
=>?=@4ABCDE82BFG81HBCIGJ8DHG8KLMAJ
NOPQRSQTUOVWOXYZ[\VRO]^_à_bOcTVdY\QOWVV\OeZ\OfeSYgegOWVTOVgfQTO
VT[eZYURUhOTQRVdQOijkOWTVROgfQOegRVUcfQTQhOeZ\OcTV\lmQOjknOolReZUO
TQpqOVZOcpeZgUOWVTOWVV\hOplRSQThOmpVgfYZ[hOcecQThOeZ\OReZqOVgfQTOTQUVlTmQUn
3r8sMGGC83AIBG83MG8DHG81ALEGED87GABDtFGE8Lu84ABCDE
NOvfQOeZmQUgVTOVWOpeZ\OcpeZgUOReqOfedQOTQUQRSpQ\O[TQQZOep[eQOmeppQ\O
wx_yz{x|ab}~peZgUOQRQT[Q\OVZgVOpeZ\OeSVlgOORYppYVZOqQeTUOe[VnO
NOYXQOReZqO[TQQZOep[eQhOcpeZgUOeTQORlpgYmQpplpeThOQlXeTqVgYmOelgVgTVcfUO
gfegOfedQOmQpplpVUQOmQppOeppUOeZ\OlUQOUgeTmfOeUOeOmeTSVfq\TegQOTQUQTdQnO
TQQZOep[eQOeZ\OcpeZgUOepUVOlUQOgfQOUeRQOcfVgVUqZgfQgYmOcY[RQZgUnO
ZpYXQO[TQQZOep[eQhOcpeZgUOeTQOe\ecgQ\OgVOmVZ\YgYVZUOVZOpeZ\nO
r84ABCDE83MG83JBDGJ8DL8tuG8LC8BCJ
NO\ecgegYVZUOgfegOQZeSpQOcpeZgUOgVOVSgeYZOeZ\OmVZUQTdQOTQUVlTmQUOYZmpl\QO
TVVgUhOpQedQUhOeOegQTcTVVWOwaw^bOeZ\O}az_a_~
NO_}w^_ya}}bOYUOeOgTeZUcVTgegYVZOUqUgQROYZUY\QOReZqOcpeZgUnO|^bO
gTeZUcVTgUOegQTOeZ\ORYZQTepUO{x^zbOmeTTYQUOUl[eTUnO`Ò
UgTQZ[gfQZUOqpQROmQppOeppUhOcTVdY\YZ[OcfqUYmepOUlccVTgn
NOyb~OYpplUgTegQUOgfQO_âby`_az`zb`by_az`}OYZOgfQOcpeZgOpYWQO
mqmpQnOvfQO\YcpVY\O}{zyz{x|abOcTV\lmQUOfecpVY\OUcVTQUOSqORQYVUYUOgfQO
fecpVY\O_baz{x|abOcTV\lmQUOfecpVY\OUcQTROeZ\OQ[[OmQppUOSqORYgVUYUnO
QTgYpYegYVZOTQUgVTQUOgfQO\YcpVY\OZlRSQTn
NOZOgfQOUYRcpQUgOcpeZgUhOgfQO[eRQgVcfqgQO[QZQTegYVZOYUORVUgOcTVRYZQZgOYZO
RVTQOmVRcpQOcpeZgUhOgfQOUcVTVcfqgQO\VRYZegQUOUQQO[lTQOnn
NOZO[qRZVUcQTRUOeZ\OeZ[YVUcQTRUhOTQcTV\lmgYdQOe\ecgegYVZUOYZmpl\QO
{z^^bÒeZ\O}bb}~O]z^^`_azÒ\QpYdQTUOUcQTROgVOQ[[nOvfQOTQUlpgYZ[O
33
14244231442

533

42 23 42 142
0123415789
2341579
'"(&#)#*+&#$,
4
789

79

!#&$%#%
!#&$%#%
-+!"&$./0&"
%.$($./0&"
!"#$%#%
24
!#&$%#% 79
42
23533 42142
tIMG8r83ADGMCBDtLC8Lu8sGCGMBDtLCE8389BMr
q[VgQO\QdQpVcUOYZgVOeZOQRSTqVhOfYmfOYUOcemXe[Q\OepVZ[OYgfOeOWVV\O
UlccpqOYZgVOeOUQQ\nOZ[YVUcQTRUOepUVOcTV\lmQOzby}OeZ\Oya}~
NOpeZgUOeTQOmpeUUYQ\OSqOgfQOcTQUQZmQOVTOeSUQZmQOVWOdeUmlpeTOgYUUlQhOUQQ\UhO
VQTUhOeZ\OWTlYgUn
NOyb~OVZOce[QOOUlRReTYQUOcpeZgO\YdQTUYgqn
=>?@MLHDGE83MG8DHG89tAGED84ABCDE
3r8MLHDGE8B8BEABM85tEEG
NOy|z{x|ab}OeTQOUReppO[TQQZOcpeZgUOpemXYZ[OdeUmlpeTOgYUUlQhOpQedQUhO
TVVgUhOeZ\OUgQRUnO
NOvfQOgfTQQO[TVlcUOVWOSTqVcfqgQUOeTQO^byzya}xzy`zya}OeZ\Oz}}b}~O
r8MLHDGE82BFG8B81LCEtLE8sBGDLHDG
NOZOSTqVcfqgQUhOgfQO[eRQgVcfqgQOUge[QOYUO\VRYZeZgnOPeZqOSTqVcfqgQUO
TQcTV\lmQOeUQleppqOSqOWTe[RQZgegYVZOVWOgfQO[eRQgVcfqgQnOcQTROTQlYTQO
egQTOgVOUYROgVOQ[[OmQppUn
=>?@@9GGJAGEE8BEABM84ABCDE82BFG8AG8
BCJ4HALG8D8L89GGJE
3r89GGJAGEE8BEABM84ABCDE8CAJG8GMCE8BCJ85HGtM81ALEG87GABDtFGE
NObb^b}}_}w^_y{^_à}OfedQOdeUmlpeTOgYUUlQOSlgOpemXOUQQ\UnOvfYUO[TVlcO
YZmpl\QUOw^z}}b}x}by`}xzy}ba_^}eZ\Oaybby`}~
r89GGJAGEE8BEABM84ABCDE82BFG8B81LCEtLE89LMLHDG8
BCJ9ttCI89GM
NOvfQO\YcpVY\OUcVTVcfqgQO[QZQTegYVZOYUOgfQORVUgOVSdYVlUOUge[QOVWOeOWQTZOpYWQO
mqmpQhOSlgOgfQOfecpVY\O[eRQgVcfqgQOWVTRUOeOgYZqOUQceTegQOcpeZgn
NOZOgfQOUQlepOpYWQOmqmpQOVWOWQTZUhOmVppQmgYVZUOVWOUcVTeZ[YeOeccQeTOVZOgfQO
lZ\QTUY\QUOVWOWTVZ\U~OPQYVUYUOVmmlTUOYZOgfQOUcVTeZ[YeOeZ\OqYQp\UOfecpVY\O
UcVTQUhOfYmfO[QTRYZegQOYZOUVYpOeZ\O\QdQpVcOYZgVO[eRQgVcfqgQUnOvfQO
[eRQgVcfqgQUOcTV\lmQOQ[[OmQppUOeZ\OUYRRYZ[OUcQTRn
=>?@sCLEGME83MG8BGJ89GGJ84ABCDE
3r8sCLEGME8CAJG81LCtuGME8BCJ85HMGG87GABDGJ8sMLE
NO|`z}{by}OeTQOdeUmlpeTOcpeZgUOYgfOUQQ\UOgfegOeTQOZVgOQZmpVUQ\OYZO
WTlYgUnOvfQOWVlTO[TVlcUOVWO[qRZVUcQTRUOeTQOw|w_}O`z}Owz`by}O
eZ\O`baz{x|ab}~
r81LCtuGME84MLJG84LAAGC8BCJ89GGJE8tC81LCGE
NOZOcYZQUOeOgqcQOVWOmVZYWQThOwz`b}OfVlUQOgfQOTQcTV\lmgYdQOUgTlmglTQUnO
PepQOmVZQUOTQpQeUQOcVppQZhOeZ\OWQRepQOmVZQUOcTV\lmQOQ[[OmQppUOYZUY\QO
z^b}~OVppQZO[QTRYZegYVZOqYQp\UOeOcVppQZOglSQOgfTVl[fOfYmfOeOUcQTRO
ZlmpQlUOgTedQpUOgVOgfQOQ[[OmQppnOWgQTOWQTgYpYegYVZhOgfQOTQUlpgYZ[OQRSTqVO
TQReYZUO\VTReZgOYZOeOUQQ\OlZgYpO[QTRYZegYVZn
NOZOmVZYWQTUhOgfQOUcQTRO\VOZVgOTQlYTQOegQTOgVOUYROgVOgfQOQ[[OmQppnO
ZUgQe\hORVUgO[qRZVUcQTRUOTQpqOVZOYZ\OgVOUcTQe\OcVppQZn
=>?@3CItLEGME84MLJG89GGJE8tC8MtDE
3r8;LED83CItLEGME83MG86JtLDE8LM8;LCLLDE
NO`z}{by}OeTQOdeUmlpeTOcpeZgUOgfegOcTV\lmQOVQTUOeZ\OWTlYgUnOvfQO
gVOpeT[QUgOmpe\QUOVWOeZ[YVUcQTRUOeTQObwza}OeZ\Oz`zwza}nO
r8ALGME8BCJ8MtDE83MG8:CtG8DL8DHG83CItLEGM8tuG81AG
NOpVQTUOcTV\lmQOcVppQZOeZ\OQ[[OmQppUnOWgQTOcVppYZegYVZhOgfQOVQTOceTgUO
\QdQpVcOYZgVOgfQOWTlYghOfYmfOcTVgQmgUOgfQOUQQ\U~
1r8KtCJ8BCJ83CtBAE8uDGC84BMDttBDG8tC83CItLEGM87GMLJDtLC
NOPVUgOeZ[YVUcQTRUOeTQOYZ\OVTOeZYRepcVppYZegQ\nOiVTTQUcVZ\YZ[O
e\ecgegYVZUOYZOeZYRepUOeZ\OcpeZgUOYpplUgTegQOwzbzâz`~
NOZ[YVUcQTROWTlYgUOeY\OYZOUQQ\O\YUcQTUephOlUleppqOSqOYZ\OVTOeZYRepUn
=>?@@CFGEDtIBDtCI8tuG8sGCGDt8;GEEBIGE8uML8
3CtGCD86LEEDGE
NOQUQeTmfQTUOfedQOQgTemgQ\OOWTVROcpeZgUOeZ\OeZYRepUOSlTYQ\OpVZ[O
e[VOYZOWTVQZOUQ\YRQZgUnOvfQOOQdY\QZmQOTQdQepUOmfeZ[QUOYZOgfQO
peZ\UmecQOVdQTOflZ\TQ\UOVWOgfVlUeZ\UOVWOqQeTUn
\\Z\\\a
0123
561278
+$,"
!"#$%!&./01#$&"02*!3
456789888858
49
2

7893
789181612
85 8
4:235232785

57
4;
66212366836
526
8
4<81665
66217323
12168
4=3836
5283 78
>#!&2?&*)#$&(% !"#$%!
4@AB8858
413892
89
2 8927
578
4:235232785

57
4;
662123838816636
5
2
28168
4<816623C5
662173
D#$!&2?&*)#$&!##?0#!!&E2!F,02$&"02*!
4@G69888858
46
88898 289
8716897 28
4:235232785

57
H !!#!&2?&*)#$&I$( ")(*#!&. E2!F,02$&"02*!3
4@6J9888858
40
789
2
789
888
4=5

5735238
217
57
27 7
2
R6
8123 78 !"#$%!&
27
578

2 8
+(% !"#$%!
2
8
=38
138
T 28 N##?0#!!

87168 E2!F,02$
S8 28
6
888 "02*!
Q1861 788
9
888

2
78 '$( ")(*#!
0
78
-
578
=36881861 561278
2
85 8
M2
85 8
N1%%&N"#$%
K8
K8
L
UVWXYZW[\]^_Y][\`V[aXY_ba
O2!F,02$&P!!,#
L
K8
K8
K8
cdefghfijkilfmikjnnjogpqigristuivirgwgnvxglyizmlommpinvp{i|nvplrivp{
qxmmpivnqvm}
vd~fjljryplfmrgr
zdlvxhfivrivirljxvqmikjxwijkimpmxqy
hdmnnnjrmihmnniovnnr
{dufmi|xmrmphmijkivihlghnmivp{irljwvlv
dpilfmivnlmxpvlgjpijkiqmpmxvlgjprigpi|nvplrilfmiqvwmlj|fylmigri
vp{i|xj{hmriqvwmlmrizyid
vdfv|njg{iwgljrgr
hdfv|njg{iwmgjrgr
zd{g|njg{iwgljrgr
{d{g|njg{iwmgjrgr
defvlihjp{glgjpri{g{i|nvplrikvhmiofmpilfmyiwjm{iljinvp{}
vdgxi|xjg{mrinmrri|fyrghvnir||jxlilfvpiovlmxd
zdxygpqijlizmhvwmiwjxmingmnyd
hdufmyiomxmiv{v|lm{iljiqvwmlmi{gr|mxrvnigpiovlmxd
{dnnijkilfmivzjmivxmihjxxmhld
defghfijkilfmikjnnjogpqigri|xmrmpligpivnninvp{i|nvplr}
vdegp{znjopir|mxw
zdirmm{ihjvlilfvli|xmmplrimwzxyjrikxjwi{xygpqijl
hdmrrmnrilfvlilxvpr|jxliovlmxivp{iplxgmplrilfxjqfjlilfmi|nvpl
{dsjpmijkilfmivzjmivxmi|xmrmpligpivnninvp{i|nvplrd
djoi{jmrilfmi|xmrmphmijkivrhnvxilgrrmiynmwivp{i|fnjmwivkkmhl
v|nvpl}
vdlixm{hmrilfmi|nvplri{m|mp{mphmijpiviwjgrlimpgxjpwmpld
zdlivnnjorir|mhgvngvlgjpijkixjjlrinmvmrivp{irlmwrd
hdlivnnjorikjxilfmiqxjolfijkinvxqmxi|nvplrd
defghfijkilfmikjnnjogpqilmxwrigriwjrligphnrgm}
vdjpjhjl
hdywpjr|mxw
zdmm{i|nvpl
{dpqgjr|mxw
> 00#
L
K8
K8
N##?!
L
K8
K8
D01#$!
L
K8
D$,*!
L
K8
defghfily|mijki|nvpli|xj{hmrirmm{rimphnjrm{igpikxglr}
vdxyj|fylm
hdpqgjr|mxw
zdywpjr|mxw
{duxmikmxp
dm|xj{hlgjpigpivi|gpmilxmmigrivrrjhgvlm{ioglf
vdwvnmivp{ikmwvnmihjpmrd hdlfmikjxwvlgjpijki|jnnmpilzmrd
zdogp{znjopi|jnnmpd
defvligrivimyiv{v|lvlgjpilfvligripgmiljilfmivpqgjr|mxwr}
vdjwgpvpliqvwmlj|fylmiqmpmxvlgjp
zd~jnnmpiqxvgprilfvlirmi|jnnmpilzmriljikmxlgngmimqqihmnnr
hdnjomxrivrixm|xj{hlgmirlxhlxmr
{djlfivivp{izivxmihjxxmhld
icdefvli|nvpliqxj|igrihjxxmhlnyiwvlhfm{ioglfivpiv{v|lvlgjpijkiglr
wmwzmxr}
vdyhv{rivrhnvxilgrrm hdefgrikmxprimm{r
zdgmxojxlriuxminmvmr {djpgkmxrixgl
YX[\YX\_VX
cdefvlihfvxvhlmxgrlghri{jivnninvp{i|nvplrifvmigpihjwwjp}
dpvnymilfmivnlmxpvlgjpijkiqmpmxvlgjprihjwwjpiljivnni|nvplrdikiyj
grjnvlm{ivnnijkilfmiqvwmlmrilfvlijpmiqvwmlj|fylmi|xj{hm{ivp{
vpvnym{ilfmisiojn{iyjirmmivxgvlgjpivwjpqilfmiqvwmlmr}
djoivxmilmxxmrlxgvnifvzglvlri{gkkmxmplikxjwivvlghifvzglvlr}iigrlilfm
v{v|lvlgjprilfvlimpvznmi|nvplriljijzlvgpixmrjxhmrilxvpr|jxliwvlmxgvnr
vp{ixm|xj{hmim|nvgpifjoimvhfiv{v|lvlgjpihjplxgzlmriljivi|nvplr
xm|xj{hlgmirhhmrrijpinvp{d
dgrlilfmihfvxvhlmxgrlghrilfvli{grlgpqgrfilfmikjxiwvjxiqxj|rijk
|nvplrilfmpi|xjg{mivpimvw|nmijkivi|nvplioglfgpimvhfiqxj|d
0123456478
376 7
!!"#"$%"&'"#%(')!&%*#&"%+
#&,-%).)%'%)&!&%-%)+#%$/#%&!&%!'&%+
0%), #1#)#"&#,!2"0%!234"%$%-#&%,&%)
#%2#&!/&&!0%#/"&#&&%#"&!$%&)%#&
E=9AAFG
89:;76<=6>;?6@
@;:9A;?B9:;76<=C7;
D<6>6<=C7;
-%)$%#%3!%-%)2!)&," $"/,#)%
$%)0%$#&#!$0%#%!'&%'#&&%"%$#%!'&%)
/#%&!&%3/#%&#"/##)%%%-#&%$!"/#%&!+

!)%&#&!!%"#&)%&)%%3!2!$"%%$##/+
"'"//#&!%%&%!)!&%,2#-%#!)&%&#
(&#.2&#"!-#!))!"$#%3&%)-%)2!)&, #
,0%!2,#)%#%$%#'0%#%&%)&%%/#%+
&!&%#-%#"%#'%#%"$#/%3%)%#)%#"!)%
%%!'%#'-%)2!)&&#"&#!$-%)2!)&3
sSItORKLOSI
uvSNROuvIV
WXY\aWwfY
\^àbc]bZ
5667
D;79
pqq?r:
HIJKLIMNOIPQRSTURJQLIV
WXYZ[W\\]^_YX\^àbc]bZ
HIJKLIMNOIXde]b]e[fZaXghij
k9<GFA;
lG<6>9mBnF:o
6456478
76346 7
!!"#"$%"&'"#%(')!&%)%%
,!)".)%'%)&!&%!"/,&#%)%$#%!'&%!)!&%3
&#!)!&%#"/)!2&!#0!&/3"%#-%)+
2!)&!)!!)!&%,#!)"2!)&!)!&%##%&##"$
!"&!"!'#!)#"/3%!)#"/)%%#%#&)%
!)%0&&"/!%",&#)&"/#&&%&!'&%!)"3%/#%+
&!&%,2#)%#"$#%&%),/)!2!&!)+
!"&##"$!'&%"#-%&%!)!&%#&&#%$3!)"2!)&
#)%')%%"&#!"/&%')&%%&!!!"%!%"#)%#2&
!&!#0!&)%#&!"2&"&)!/%"+'"/#"!+
0#&%)#!"&)0&%&!&%)#0&&!$!&("&)!/%"!'&%""
!)&" #)%#.3
xyXzMNLRKvJR{
[]byc]bZXdea|âd
D<6>6<=C7;
68838
4 6 7
1!/#%&!&%,2)#"/%"%/&')!%&#"
&!&!,#)%%&#"&#"!&%%3%'##)
#)%&!'!!!0%)-%!"&#"!'/#%&!&%3%
0#$%!'&%)%#-%#)%#!"!"%%&,0&!)%
!%%#-%&#&#-%)$/%!#&%$2&&%#"0%'!"$
!"&%!!"#)+#!(,0%!2.#"$&!%
)%#&-%31!!)!&%#)%&#%!"/#&%$#"$-0%&!
&%"#%$%%,2&%/&)#"/"/&!#0!&3!/
/)%%"#"$!&!"&%&2%"!"/,&%&)"&#"!)0)!2"
)%$2%")%#$&!)%%#%!)%3
sRSTNJOKL}UPKRUU}Mv~
[W^bf|WeX]dd
<6>6<=C7;
k9<GFA; D
l9?G7F>C
<A9m7?7=97
9;G?:6m7=G
D;79 7
76?B>6o
89:;76<=C7;
89:;76<=C7;
0123451678
51 01234516
>3?@3451678
51 >3?@34516
rmo
smjmsiomnktv
uv{
abcdef
pii
lnnmmt
uvy}
gdef
!
"#$#%&'"()*
+*,,*!-.
! /00-
1/!)!/
!2,2*33!- hijklmnijjk
.!2, *3)**3, opijjinqprssmmt

/,!!0*!42*!/ ! uvwxyz{v|}ww
//2) *35
*!/3*3!/*
,!-4!6/**
!2/30 !75
-1/*,/3!6
/)*3!*,5
38,!!9-:*! )/3
0!0)0/!*
//,!2!/
*,/3;*!-<*,+/
/*) !6/
3;*! *-=
0*,/3!*3
3!!!/!!3
!!3/
/600!-
mio
ijokimkt
yu
}w{uy
d
df
~}yy
w{wv}
wx}}xw
mkmkrormkovuvv|}ww
mjpo
nqot
uvywz
{
C!6)02/5 =*I/0,*5
8D!*EF-GE9-= 0/) !2!
!2!7/!2 K*/3/!!*0*
!2303)0
L*!*M03-
3!2!33!0-H03 ! 4/!20!85

!3!)0!333)*0*,!932!2/-N!
H/!/*-= /*) !!
/!/!!23 !!2!,!K*
3!0*3
/!0-1/!)2

N!3
63! !!!632! 8LO!3M9,*!/2
*2/-H!5 O!-P!0/2,
,,!300/! /0/O!),*/!
!!-4/!3*/ +/!!-Q!
K) !
!!!I!0!/0 ! 3!
def
J3B876@8
def
A7B?8
acdef
df
R5@8S A7B?8 ?T U76@V78
Q!6!/!!22*0!)
0 !608*W($XY'Z[9
23!/*,!/,*
-4/2!6*
62*!*3/2
*30/2*!3*!0

2-\ 6,/
!
00*3!-4!0+
*]["($#'"^$()3 !6
030*3!4*_!0!)
6,*2/)0!6
* !!/)!2!/

2!5!6-`/5
*) !!2!!,!K*
/ *3*33
,*!/-
Worksheet 1: Biochemistry
Name:
1.
The three types of chemistry are _____________________, ___________________ and
__________________
2. Inorganic chemistry studies molecules found in (living things / non-living things) and that (contain
/ dont contain) Carbon atoms (C).
3. Match the following definitions with their appropriate terms.
Definition
Terms
______Water is attracted to solid surfaces
A. Solvent
______Causes molecules to bond
B. Cohesion
______Dissolves substances
C. Adhesion
______Ability to spread through fine pores
D. Capillary
4. The polar nature of water causes water molecules to be (attracted / repelled) to one another. The
(positively/ negatively) charged region of one water molecule is attracted to the (positively/
negatively) charged region of another water molecule. This attraction is called a
_____________________, which is the (force/polarity) of attraction between a hydrogen molecule
with a partial (positive / negative) charge and another atom or molecule with a partial or full
negative charge.
5. Describe the characteristics that make Carbon atoms suitable for biological systems
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
6. In a covalent bond (electrons are unevenly shared / protons are unevenly shared / electrons are
evenly shared), meanwhile in an ionic bond (electrons are unevenly shared / protons are unevenly
shared / neutrons are evenly shared).
7. _____________________have multiple Carbons, while _______________________ only have
one Carbon.
8. A triglyceride is composed by 3____________________ and 1 __________________
9. Draw an amino acid molecule and label its main functional groups:
Worksheet 2: Cytology
Name:
1. Cells are __________________________________________________ and they can be both
____________________ and ___________________________.
2. An example of a unicellular organism is:
a. Polar Bear
c. Bacteria
b. Humans
d. Plants
3. An example of a multicellular organism is:

a. Bacteria
c. Archaea
b. Polar Bear
d. An eukaryotic bacteria
4. Describe the major contributions of Hooke and Leeuwenhoek to cell biology.

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. Explain how the 3 types of microscopes work and what you can see with each one of them:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
6. The three postulates of the cell theory state that:
a. _______________________________________________________________
b. _______________________________________________________________
c. _______________________________________________________________
7. Prokaryotes are (complex/simple) cells and they presumably were the (last / first) cells on Earth.
They are characterized for (having / not having) a bounded nucleus.
8. Eukaryotic cells are found in the following kingdoms: ___________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
9. Classify the following graphs as Eukaryote or Prokaryote. Then identify if they are from an animal
cell, plant cell or a bacterium. In the back of the worksheet draw each cell and label its main
parts
Worksheet 3: Molecule Transport

Name:
1. The two roles of the cell membrane in the cell is to _____________________ and
_______________________________________________________________________________
2. The cell membrane is composed by the following biochemical components:
a._________________________ and b. _____________________________.
3. Match the following definitions with their terms
Definitions
Takes in liquids
Molecules move from an area of greater
concentration to lesser concentration.
Mixtures of substances
The same
Removes particles form the cell
Transport that uses chemical energy
Water molecules move from an area of
A. Osmosis
B. Active transport
C. Endocytosis
D. ISO
E. Solutions
F. Equilibrium
G. Phagocytosis
H. HYPO
I. Diffusion
J. Pinocytosis
K. Passive transport
L. Exocytosis
greater concentration to an area of

lesser concentration
Molecules are equally spread out

Less
Transport that doesnt use chemical
energy
Takes molecules into the cell

Takes in food
4. Write the 2 most important cations that participate in active transport: _______________________
5. Draw an label the parts of the cellular membrane:
Worksheet 4: Nucleic Acids

Name:
1. DNA stands for _______________________________________________________
2. DNA was first discovered in __________________________, but its iconic shape was established
in _____________________________.
3. Nucleotides are the___________________________ of the DNA chain; they are made up of a
__________________________, __________________________, and a ___________________.
4. Describe the shape and structure of the DNA chain.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
5. Complete the following questions about nitrogenous bases:
______________________ is always connected with _________________________
_________________________ is always connected with ______________________
6. What is DNA replication?
_____________________________________________________________________
7. RNA is used for the creation of (proteins/lipids). Its called the __________________ because it
carries __________________________________________. Unlike DNA, RNA is (single /
double) strained, and instead of thymine (T), it contains _________________. The 3 types of RNA
are_______________________________.
8. Compare and contrast transcription and translation.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
9. Label the parts of the double helix of DNA in the following graph:
Worksheet 5: Cell Cycle (Spiral)

Name:
1. Cell division is the process ______________________________________________. There are
two phases involved __________________________ which accounts for the 90% of the cells life
and ________________________.
2. In the first phase
a. Cells copy
c. Cells divide
b. Cells copy DNA and prepare for
d. Chromosomes separate
division
3. In the second phase:
a. Cells copy DNA
c. Chromosomes separate into two
b. Cells prepare for division
cells
d. Cells divide
4. Cells spend more time in mitosis than in (cytokinesis/ interphase/ synthesis).
5. In First growth (G1) ______________________ copies itself, while in second growth (G2) the cell
is ________________________________________________.
6. Chromosomes are ________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
7. Which is the acronym for all the cell cycle phases?
a. PMAT
c. IMAPT
b. IPMAT
d. IMPAT
8. Nuclear division occurs in interphase (TRUE / FALSE)
9. What are checkpoints, and how are they related with apoptosis?
_____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
10. Identify the phase of cell division in which the following events happen
i.
The nuclear membrane and nucleus disappear ____________________________
ii. The spindle attaches to the kinetochore _________________________________
iii. The spindle forms __________________________________________________
iv.
The nuclear membrane and nucleus reappear _____________________________
v.
Chromatids separate and microtubules dissasembly ________________________
vi.
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell ____________________________
vii.
Chromosomes disappear and cleavage furrow forms _______________________
viii. The two new cells form ______________________________________________
11. Draw and label a diagram representing a plant cell during interphase and mitosis in the next page.
Worksheet 6: Classic Genetics

Name:
1. Who is considered the father of classic genetics? ________________________________________
2. Genetics is the study of _______________________, which is the passing of
_______________________________________________________________________________.
3. Match the following terms to their definitions
Definitions:
Terms:
A. Incomplete dominance
Mixed expression of traits________
B. Co-dominance
Weaker Trait _______
C. Dominant
Shows both traits at the same time_______
D. Recessive
Stronger trait _______
4. What are alleles? _________________________________________________________________
5. _____________________ means that the alleles are the same, while _____________________
means that the alleles are different.
6. What is genotype? ________________________________________________________________
7. Explain how biotechnology can be useful for medicine and agriculture
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
8. What is the Chi Square (2) and why is it used in genetics?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
9. For each genotype, indicate whether it is heterozygous (HE) or homozygous (HO)
AA ____
Ee ____
Bb ____
ff ____
Cc ____
GG ____
Dd ____
HH ____
10. For each of the genotypes below, determine the phenotype.
Purple flowers are dominant to white flowers
Brown eyes are dominant to blue eyes
PP _______________________
BB ________________________
Pp________________________
Bb ________________________
pp ________________________
bb ________________________
Round seeds are dominant to wrinkled
Bobtails are recessive (long tails dominant)
RR ________________________
TT ________________________
Rr _________________________
Tt _________________________
rr _________________________
tt __________________________
11. For each phenotype, list the genotypes. (Use the letter of the dominant trait)
Straight hair is dominant to curly.
Pointed heads are dominant to round heads.
____________ straight
____________ pointed
____________ straight
____________ pointed
____________ curly
____________ round
12. Set up the square for each of the crosses listed below. The trait being studied is round seeds
(dominant) and wrinkled seeds (recessive)
Rr x rr
RR x Rr
What percentage of the offspring will be

round? _______

round? ___________
Rr x Rr
RW x RW

round? _______

wrinkled? ______
13. In rabbits, grey hair is dominant to white hair. Also in rabbits, black eyes are
dominant to red eyes.
GG = gray hair
BB = black eyes
Gg = gray hair
Bb = black eyes
gg = white hair
bb = red eyes
14. What are the phenotypes (descriptions) of rabbits that have the following genotypes:
Ggbb ____________________
ggBB ____________________
ggbb ____________________
GgBb ____________________
15. A male rabbit with the genotype GGbb is crossed with a female rabbit with the
genotype ggBb The Square is set up below. Fill it out and determine the phenotypes and
proportions in the offspring.
How many out of 16 have grey fur and black eyes? _____
How many out of 16 have grey fur and red eyes? _______
How many out of 16 have white fur and black eyes? ____
How many out of 16 have white fur and red eyes? ______
16. A male rabbit with the genotype GgBb is crossed with a female rabbit with the
genotype GgBb The square is set up below. Fill it out and determine the phenotypes and
proportions in the offspring.
How many out of 16 have grey fur and black eyes? ____
How many out of 16 have grey fur and red eyes? _____
How many out of 16 have white fur and black eyes? ____
How many out of 16 have white fur and red eyes? _____
Worksheet 7: Evolution
Name:
Concept 1: Looking at the cladogram answer the following questions:
1. What is the different trait between the (primate and rabbits) and the (crocodile and birds) groups?
_______________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the different trait between (amphibians) and (primates, rabbits, crocodile and birds)?
_______________________________________________________________________________
3. What is the different trait between the (amphibians) and the (ray fined fish)?
_______________________________________________________________________________
4. And between the sharks and the fish?
_______________________________________________________________________________
5. Why do you think these types of diagrams are developed? How are molecular phylogenetic trees
similar to these diagrams?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Concept 2:
6. In your own words, what is evolution?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
7. What is a species? How do scientists determine whether two species are different?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
8. What did Darwin discover that can be the difference between life and death in species? Use an
example in your answer.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
9. What is natural selection?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Concept 3:
10. What are fossils and how are they formed?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
11. Using a specific example, explain how fossils are used to show evolution.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
12. How is DNA used to show patterns of evolution?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
13. How do Finches in the Galapagos help to show evolution in action?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Concept 4:
14. Who is Lucy? Why is she so important in the evolution discussion?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
15. Complete the following features about the Evolution of hominids
How long ago did
they live?
Physical characteristics
Australopithecines
Homo habilis
Homo erectus
Homo sapiens
16. Contrast Darwins Theory versus Lamarcks Theory of Evolution

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Worksheet 8: Taxonomy
Name:
1. Why is it necessary for scientists to use scientific names instead of just common names?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
2. Complete the order to how species are classified below
o
3. How is the scientific name formed? What are the specifics way that it must be written?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
4. What are the criteria to classify species in Kingdoms?
a. _________________________________________________________________
b. _________________________________________________________________
c. _________________________________________________________________
5. Kingdom Monera is formed by ______________________________________________________
6. What is the main difference between Kingdom Protista and Kingdom Monera?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
7. What are the main species found in Kingdom Fungae? ___________________________________
8. What are the differing characteristics found in the Kingdom Plantae?
_______________________________________________________________________________
9. What are the main characteristics of Kingdom Animalia? Give 3 examples of invertebrate animals,
3 terrestrial vertebrate animals and 3 aquatic animals.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
10. What is the scientific name of the modern human being?
Name that Kingdom:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
Worksheet 9: Microbiology
Name:
1. What are microbes? _______________________________________________________________
2. Why are microscopes necessary to study microbes?
_______________________________________________________________________________
3. Which are the three groups of microbes?
a. _______________________________________
b. _______________________________________
c. _______________________________________
4. What is the difference between solitary and colonial microbes?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
5. Compare and contrast sexual and asexual reproduction of microbes.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
6. Fungi are (eukaryotes / prokaryotes) and (autotrophs / heterotrophs)
7. Do Fungi need light to live? Describe the type of habitat that fungi need to thrive
_______________________________________________________________________________
8. Hyphae are ______________________________________________________________________
9. What do fungi use as their energy source? _____________________________________________
10. How do they break down food? _____________________________________________________
11. Describe in which ways fungi are harmful and beneficial for humans.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________.
12. Compare and contrast the domains Archaea and Prokarya
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
13. How can bacteria be helpful? What diseases do they cause?

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
14. Explain the structure of viruses and how they infect living cells
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
15. Describe the three sub groups of the Kingdom Protista.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
16. Why horizontal gen transfer is critical in the debate about GMOs?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Worksheet 10: Kingdom Plantae

Name:
1. What are the differences between gymnosperms and angiosperms?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
2. Two examples of monocots are ______________________________, meanwhile an example of
two eudicots would be __________________________________________.
3. Explain the process of plant reproduction in eudicots in your own words.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
4. The three parts of a seed are ________________________________________________________
5. What is a vascular system?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
6. Why is a vascular system more important for larger plant species?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
7. Name two types of non-vascular plants.
a. __________________________________
b. __________________________________
8. Do non-vascular plants grow very large? Why or why not?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
9. Compare thalloid versus leafy liverworts:
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
10. How do hornworts differ from mosses?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
11. Is it necessary for plants to have a vascular system to complete photosynthesis?
____________________________
12. What are the three basic components of all vascular plants?
a. _____________________________
b. _____________________________
c. _____________________________
13. Explain the job of the roots in the plant system.

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
14. The job of the stem is to transport ________________________ and ________________ and act
as a ___________________________________________________________________________.
15. The function of leaves is to ________________________________________________________.
16. What are buds? __________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________.
17. Explain how xylem transports water in plants.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
18. How is phloem involved in photosynthesis?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
19. The sporophyte is (haploid / diploid) and reproduces by (mitosis / meiosis), meanwhile the
gametophyte is (diploid / haploid) and reproduces by (meiosis / mitosis).
20. In the space below draw and label the parts an angiosperm. Be sure to include a diagram of the
flower as well as its parts
Question Bank 11: Kingdom Animalia

Name:
1. Complete the following table with the etymology of each word [5 pts]
Porifera porus = _________________ fero= ______________________
Cnidaria knide = _________________
Platyhelminthes platus = ____________________ helmins = ______________________
Rotifera rota = ____________________ fero = ___________________
Mollusca molluscus, mollis = ____________________
Annelida anelles, anulus = _____________________ oda = _______________________
Nematoda nema = ______________________
Arthropoda arthron = ____________________ podos = _________________________
Echinodermata echinos = ____________________ dermatos = ____________________
Chordata chorda = ____________________
2. (Coelomates /Acoelomates/ Pseudocoelomates) are animals without a body cavity. (Coelomates
/Acoelomates/ Pseudocoelomates) are animals whose body cavity is not completely lined by
mesoderm. (Coelomates /Acoelomates/ Pseudocoelomates) have a body cavity completely lined by
mesoderm
Most
animals
have
tissues
and
radial
or
bilateral
symmetry.
__________________symmetry is associated with cephalization. Most animals have a body cavity that
aids movement and the transport of nutrients and wastes [3pts]
3. Suppose you watch a video showing the development of an unknown animal. What clues can the
developmental pattern give you about how this organism is classified? [3pts]
4. List the evidence that biologists use to classify earthworms and snakes in different clades despite the
superficial similarities between these animals. [3pts]
5. If you found a fossil and were not sure whether it was from a reptile or a mammal, how might you
tell the difference? [3pts]
6. If all animals disappeared from the Earth (from Porifera to Mammals), what would the positive and
negative effects be on plants? [3pts]
7. Mammals are (endothermic/ exothermic). (Exothermy /Endothermy) enables mammals to occupy a
range of habitats and sustain strenuous activity, but it requires large amounts of food and oxygen.
(Placental mammals /Monotremes / Marsupials) lay eggs. (Placental mammals /Monotremes /
Marsupials) give birth to young that continue development in the mothers pouch. (Placental
mammals /Monotremes / Marsupials) typically develop the embryo within the uterus for longer
periods than marsupials do before giving birth [3pts]
8. Describe the main features about birds regarding to reproduction, circulatory system, respiratory
system and external anatomy [3pts]
9. What would happen to a coral reef if pollution or sediment caused the water around the reef to
become less clear? Explain your answer. [3pts]
10. Hookworm infections are extremely common in China, where rice is grown in paddies that are
periodically flooded. Considering what you know about how hookworms invade the human body, why
do you think hookworm infections are so common in this part of the world? [3pts]
11. Clams reproduce by releasing sperm and eggs into the water. How might this process affect the
reproductive success of these mollusks? Would you expect clams to release many sperm and eggs or
only a few? To what Phylum do they belong? [3pts]
12. Arthropods first lived on land about 400 million years ago. They have survived several time
periods in which other Phyla became extinct. What characteristics might have enabled arthropods to
survive and adapt? [3pts]
13. Describe which physical characteristics enable fish to adapt to an aquatic environment. Also
explain how the heart and gills function in fish. [3pts]
14. Some viviparous snakes and lizards live in cold climates. Why might viviparity be advantageous in
such environments? Are reptiles endothermic or exothermic organisms? [3pts]
15. In recent years, surgeons have tried transplanting baboon and pig hearts into humans. Explain why
surgeons tried these hearts rather than a large turtles heart. [3pts]
16. When tadpoles undergo metamorphosis, their bodies begin to produce an enzyme that converts
ammonia into urea. The time that a tadpole takes to produce this enzyme varies among species. In the
graph below, the rate of enzyme production is shown for a species that inhabits a desert-like
environment and a species that inhabits a forest environment. Which curve represents which frog?
Explain. [5pts]
17. In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best describes each numbered item
[5pts].
a. one-way street
______ 1. multicellularity
b. team
______2. diploid
c. reinforcement bars in concrete
d. twins
______3. tissue
e. mirror image
______4. radial symmetry
f. apartments in apartment building
g. tire pump
______5. bilateral symmetry
h. armor
______6. digestive tract
i. bicycle wheel spokes
j. electrical wire
______7. open circulatory system
______8. neuron
______9. exoskeleton
______10. endoskeleton
Worksheet 12: Biomes

Name:
Worksheet 13: Climatographs

Name:
Months of the Year

January- February
March- April
May-June
July-August
September-October
November-December
Average Day
Temperature(C)
23
25
26
28
27
24
= =
Cumulated Bimonthly
Rainfall (cm)
40
70
80
95
110
70
()=
1. Which life zone do you think is represented with the data above? ___________________________
2. Give two examples of where you could find this life zone.
a. ________________________________ b. __________________________________
3. Which months would you considered a. The rainy season _________________________________
b. The dry season_____________________________.
In the space below create a climatograph. On the X axis label the months. On the Y axis (one on each
side) label the temperature and the rainfall.
Months of the Year

January- February
March- April
May-June
July-August
September-October
November-December
Average Day
Temperature(C)
15
11
7
5
6
8
= =
Cumulated Bimonthly
Rainfall (cm)
20
35
40
45
51
33
()=
4. Which life zone do you think is represented with the data above? ___________________________
5. Give two examples of where you could find this life zone.
a. ________________________________ b. __________________________________
6. Which months would you considered a. The rainy season _________________________________
b. The dry season_____________________________.
In the space below create a climatograph. On the X axis label the months. On the Y axis (one on each
side) label the temperature and the rainfall.
Worksheet 14: Nutrient Spirals

Name:
1. What is difference between a food chain and a food web? ________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________
2. Autotrophs:
a. Create their own food
c. Are producers
b. Photosynthesize
d. All of the above
3. Heterotrophs must eat (producers / nitrogen / other organisms below in the food chain) as an
energy source.
4. Heterotrophs are producers and always are at the top of the food chain (True / False)
5. Match the term to its definition:
Definition:
Term:
______________ Only eats plants
A. Omnivores
______________ Decompose organic matter
B. Carnivores
______________ Only eat meat
C. Herbivores
______________ Eat both plants and meat
D. Saprophyte
6. In the space below draw the food chain and the corresponding ecological pyramid of a polyfarm of
maize, cucumber and beans. What possible pests and beneficial organisms would you find?
7. What is photosynthesis? What organelle is necessary for photosynthesis?

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
8. Complete the chemical reaction of photosynthesis in the spaced below:
________________ + ____________________ _____________________ + ____________
9. Compare and contrast chemosynthesis and photosynthesis.

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
10. Create your own water spiral in the space below. Be sure to label using the appropriate terms.
11. Why is the Nitrogen cycle important to farmers?

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
12. Write the seven properties of an ecosystem
12.1.
______________________________________________________________________
12.2.
______________________________________________________________________
12.3.
______________________________________________________________________
12.4.
______________________________________________________________________
12.5.
______________________________________________________________________
12.6.
______________________________________________________________________
12.7.
______________________________________________________________________

(3))
'&6

!

1236&)

!

"#$#

"#$#

2

!

%3
48&3'

!

123435673289
486

"#$#

"#$#

3'2

(93'2

!"#"

!"#"

3

3$%&

123435673289
486

!"#"

!"#"

)+5,823

#$"%

-865-8826

#$"%

!"!

&' !('
!"!

&' !('

13843

#$"%

)35*23

#$"%

123435673289
486
!"!

&' !('
!"!

&' !('

!"#"

!"#"

67762456

$9%74&

($9
)95*2(4

'(9&96&

12345677689
4742

!"#"

!"#"
!"!

&' !('
!"!

&' !('

5974
6
7

#$"%

)973*424

#$"%

, 9-67695

#$"%

+ 996

#$"%

12345677689
4742
!"!

&' !('
!"!

&' !('

76

84
976

!"!

!"!

#65$299%6

#&7&445'(7436774

12345677689
4742

!"!

!"!

Biology To Print

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Biology To Print

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

X Q}~

0 75z'{"#$% 0%50% 4719{{"|%5

0 120 160 200 240

widespread use of GM crops could lead to the development of resistance in insect

Different from Darwin

EVOLUTION THEORY: DARWIN

012345167I  4552 4

J #$$%6#!"# $%K0B?2-L252M@L," $

012345167V WW  4552 4

J!"# X 

!"# #" +##G

b$     

W-3,5*4+81(*. '()*+(,-*. /012,31,4.

'()*+,-./*+/+0   1 0  

1424423 14 42

R5@8S A7B?8 ?T U7 6@V78

The three types of chemistry are _____________________, ___________________ and

______Water is attracted to solid surfaces

______Causes molecules to bond

______Ability to spread through fine pores

3. An example of a multicellular organism is:

4. Describe the major contributions of Hooke and Leeuwenhoek to cell biology.

Worksheet 3: Molecule Transport

greater concentration to an area of

Molecules are equally spread out

Takes molecules into the cell

Worksheet 4: Nucleic Acids

Worksheet 5: Cell Cycle (Spiral)

Worksheet 6: Classic Genetics

What percentage of the offspring will be

What percentage of the offspring will be

What percentage of the offspring will be

What percentage of the offspring will be

16. Contrast Darwins Theory versus Lamarcks Theory of Evolution

Name that Kingdom:

13. How can bacteria be helpful? What diseases do they cause?

Worksheet 10: Kingdom Plantae

13. Explain the job of the roots in the plant system.

Question Bank 11: Kingdom Animalia

Worksheet 12: Biomes

Worksheet 13: Climatographs

Months of the Year

Months of the Year

Worksheet 14: Nutrient Spirals

1. What is difference between a food chain and a food web? ________________________________

7. What is photosynthesis? What organelle is necessary for photosynthesis?

9. Compare and contrast chemosynthesis and photosynthesis.

11. Why is the Nitrogen cycle important to farmers?

Вам также может понравиться

X Q}~

075z'{"#$%0%50%4719{{"|%5

0 120 160 200 240

012345167I 45524

J #$$%6#!"# $%K0B?2-L252M@L," $

012345167VWW 45524

J!"# X

!"# #" +##G

b$

W-3,54+81(. '()+(,-. /012,31,4.

'()+,-./+/+0 1 0

14244231442

R5@8S A7B?8 ?T U76@V78

The three types of chemistry are ___, _ and