Status of Hydroelectricity in Nepal Potential and Challengese2809d

Downloaded from: www.binodpandey.wordpress.
com
STATUS OF HYDROELECTRICITY IN NEPAL: POTENTIAL AND CHALLENGES
1.
INTRODUCTION
Hydro-electricity (hydel) is the most widely used form of renewable

electricity in the world. Hydel actually refers to the electricity
generated by hydropower. In other words, it is the electric power
generated by harnessing the power of moving water or gravitational
force of the falling water. Once a hydel project is completely
constructed, it will produce no more direct waste and has very less
output level of green house gas CO2 than other fossil fuel powered
plants. Moreover unlike other renewable energy resources like solar
and wind (intermittent energy sources), where sunlight and blowing
wind is not available everytime, hydel can ensure 24/7/365 supply of
energy as water always keeps on flowing. Therefore hydel is one of the
best renewable energy sources.
On the basis of different methods of generation, hydel projects may be
classified into following three types:
I.
Conventional type(storage type)(STO)

It is the most traditional and common type. It uses dams on
river to store water in a reservoir. The potential energy of the
dammed water in reservoir is responsible for driving the
water turbine and generator attached to it, producing
electricity. It can be called as storage type as water is stored
in big reservoirs. The Kulekhani I & II are the only storage
type hydel projects of Nepal at present.
II.
Pumped Storage type

These types are used for load balancing during peak demand
periods. To supply electricity during peak demands water is
moved between reservoirs at different elevations. At the time
of low electrical demand, the excess electricity generated is
used to pump water into higher reservoir. At times of higher
load demand, the stored water is released to lower reservoir
through a turbine. It therefore uses low-cost offpeak
electricity to generate electricity during periods of peak
demand (when electricity prices are highest) and helps in load
balancing. Pumped-storage types are the commercially most
Downloaded from: www.binodpandey.wordpress.com

important means of large scale grid energy storage and it

also improves the daily capacity factor of generating system.
III.
Run-of-the River type(ROR)

The ROR type depends on the natural flow of river. This type
consists of comparatively smaller reservoir making them
impossible to store water. Power stations of this type are built
on rivers with consistent and steady flow, either natural or
through the use of large reservoir at the head of river that
can provide a regulated steady flow for power stations downriver.
Most of the hydel projects in Nepal are ROR type.
On the basis of size and the production capacities of the hydel

projects, they may be classified as follows:
I.
Large hydel project

Although no official definition exists for the capacity range of
large hydel projects, their capacities may ranges from a few
hundred megawatts (MW) to 10 giga watts (GW). Only three
power plants generating over 10 GW are in operation in world
currently, namely: Three Gorges Dam(22.5GW), Itaipu
Dam(14GW), and Guri Dam(10.2GW).
II.
Small hydel project

The definition for small hydel projects (plants) may vary
according to country but projects of generating capacity up to
10MW as higher limit may be termed as small hydel projects.
III.
Micro hydel project

The term Micro hydro is used for hydro electric power
installations that produce power up to 100KW. These are
good sources of power for small communities around the
world and especially in developing countries like Nepal as
they are more economic and environment friendly.

IV.
Pico hydel project

The hydel project under 5KW capacity is termed as Pico hydel
project. It is good for very remote and small communities
that require only very small amount of electricity. This are
typically of ROR type, means no dams are used. Moreover,
pipes are used to divert some river flow towards the turbine.
2.
HISTORY
The mechanical power of falling water is an age old tool. It was used
by the Greeks to turn water wheels for grinding wheat into flour, more
than 2,000 years ago. During the Middle Ages, large wooden
waterwheels were developed with a maximum power output of about
50 hp. Modern large-scale water-power owes its development to the
British civil engineer John Smeaton, who first built large water wheels
out of cast iron. The earliest hydroelectric plant was constructed in
1880 in Cragside, Northumberland, England. The early hydroelectric
plants were direct current stations built to power arc and incandescent
lighting during the period from about 1880 to 1895. The years 1895
through 1915 saw rapid changes occur in hydroelectric design and a
wide variety of plant styles built. Hydroelectric plant design became
fairly well standardized after World War I with most development in
the 1920's and 1930's being related to thermal plants and
transmission and distribution.
The history of electricity development of Nepal has crossed 100 years
since the start of construction of Pharping Hydroelectric Plant (500
KW) in 1911. Today, Nepal has an electric power of total installed
capacity 689 MW (in 2009) in Integrated Nepal Power System (INPS).
Out of total electric power, about 91 % is contributed from
hydroelectric plants and rest of 9 % is supported from diesel plants.
The existing largest hydroelectric plant in the country is Kaligandaki-A
(144 MW). The generated electric power has been transmitted through
132 KV single and double circuit transmission line of 1562.9km, 66 KV
single circuit, double circuit of 354.72km (
includes single core
underground transmission Teku-k3). The country has a total sub
station capacity of 1415.10 MVA to date.

In 1966, i.e. 44 years ago, Dr. Hari Man Shrestha assessed the total
hydropower potential in Nepal as 83,500 MW. He did so during the
research work for his Ph.D. Thesis (1966) from Moscow Power
Institute, USSR on Cadastre of potential water power resources of
less studied high mountainous regions, with special reference to
Nepal. Dr. Shrestha is known as the pioneer Hydropower Engineer of
Nepal. Since then, no further study has, so far, been done in this field.
And, that finding seems to have been accepted as full and final to
date. Much water has flown down river Bagmati during these four
decades, and the world has seen sea changes in the fields of science
and technology. Moreover, the revolutionary changes in the fields of
computer and information technology has helped find new dimensions
in research and study approaches and many findings of the past have
been proved wrong in recent years. But, in Nepal, not much initiative
has been taken to carry out further investigations and research works
to justify the findings of Dr. Shrestha.
3.
BACKGROUND
Nepal has a huge hydropower potential. In fact, the perennial nature

of Nepali rivers and the steep gradient of the country's topography
provide ideal conditions for the development of some of the world's
largest hydroelectric projects in Nepal. The average annual
precipitation is approximately 1700 mm (80% of which occurs during
the monsoon season - June to September). The total annual average
run-off from the nation's 600 perennial rivers is over 200 billion m3
Current estimates are that Nepal has approximately 40,000 MW of
economically feasible hydropower potential. However, the present
situation is that Nepal has developed only approximately 689 MW of
hydropower. Therefore, bulk of the economically feasible generation
has not been realized yet.
Although bestowed with tremendous hydropower resources, only about
40% of Nepal's population has access to electricity through the grid
and off grid system. Most of the power plants in Nepal are run-of-river

type with energy available in excess of the in-country demand during

the monsoon season and deficit during the dry season.
The electricity demand in Nepal is increasing by about 7-9%
(approximately 80 MW at least) per year. Nepal's Tenth Five Year Plan
(2002 2007) aims to extend the electrification within country and
export to India for mutual benefit. The new Hydropower Policy 2001
seeks to promote private sector investment in the sector of
hydropower development and aims to expand the electrification within
the country and export.
The system loss is one of the major issues to be addressed to improve
the power system which accounts to be 25 % including technical and
non-technical losses like pilferage
4.
OBJECTIVES
The general objectives of preparing this report on the topic:

STATUS OF HYDEL IN NEPAL: POTENTIAL AND CHALLENGES are
mentioned hereunder:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
To know about the history of hydel in world and Nepal.

To know about the actual hydel capacity of Nepal and its current
status.
To know about the major hydel projects (also small and micro
hydel) under operation, under construction and feasible projects.
To know about legal policies for private sector participation on
different hydel projects.
To learn about basic technical aspects behind the hydel
generation.
To know about the major challenges behind the under
development of hydel in Nepal.

5.
METHODOLGY
1.
PRIMARY SOURCES OF DATA
2.
SECONDARY SOURCES OF DATA
1.
Office of Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA),

Department of Electricity Development (DOED) was
visited and various officials were interviewed to
collect necessary information and data.
Informal discussions regarding the topic with the
related officials also proved beneficial for the
project.
Telephone interviews were also made when
required with the officials of above mentioned
offices to access information.
As secondary sources of data, newsletters, annual

reports, bulletins and brouchers related to the
topics were gathered.CBS documents were also
collected for more statistical data. Also websites of
related offices were visited for more information.
DATA ANALYSIS
The data and information obtained from primary sources and

secondary sources were thoroughly studied and analyzed
qualitatively and quantitatively by using appropriate statistical
tools. The analyzed data were interpreted using charts, tables,
figures, and texts.

6.
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF HYDEL
As the primary objective of preparing this report is to deal with the

statistical data and their analysis, technical aspect of hydel
generation has been less prioritized. Basic knowledge about
technical aspects of hydel generation has been given here under:
The water required for hydel generation is received from the
catchment area which may be collected in big reservoirs (storage
type) or directly used (in ROR types).
The hydel extracted from water does not depends on the volume of
water only but also on difference of height between the source and
waters outflow. The height difference is called the Head. The
amount of potential energy in water is directly proportional to the
head.
The water is made to run from higher elevation to lower elevation
through a large tube called Penstock, technically.
When the water reaches the end of the penstock, it turns a water
wheel or "turbine" at enormous speeds. The turbine rotates, via a
connected shaft to an electrical generator, and this generator
creates electricity. It is the turbine and generator working in
combination that converts "mechanical energy" into "electric
energy

So basically the major components of a hydel projects can be listed

as:
1. An impounding structure such as a dam to store water for
creating head and for controlled utilization (for STO
type).Alternatively, a diversion structure or a weir or a
barrage for diverting the flow of water to water conductor
system (for ROR type).
2. An intake system containing thrash rack and gate to
control and regulate the flow into the water conductor
system.
3. A water conductor system containing and open channel
and/or a tunnel with a forebay tank or a surge shaft and
penstock.
4. A turbine, which is the prime mover of a hydel project
which may be:
Either, impulsive type to convert energy of water
supplied in the form of kinetic energy such as
PELTON wheel.
Or,
Reaction type to convert energy of water supplied
mostly in the of pressure energy such as FRANCIS
turbine.
5. A generator to transform mechanical energy of the
turbines to electric energy.
6. A power house for electro mechanical installations.
7. A draft tube for conveying water from turbine to the
tailrace and to recover large portion of the kinetic energy
of the flowing water.
8. A tail pool/or a tailrace tunnel or tailrace channel for
releasing the water back into flowing water body.
Inside the generator

If a magnet is inserted into a coil of conducting wire an
instantaneous current occurs in the wire which will produce a
voltage which can be observed with a voltmeter; when the magnet

is removed from the coil another instantaneous but opposing

voltage can be observed. This effect, whereby the relative motion of
a magnet and an electric coil produce a current, is known as
electromagnetic induction and was simultaneously discovered in
1831 by Michael Faraday (1791-1867, England) and Joseph Henry
(1799-1878, America). Faraday developed the first dynamo
(generator) in which the continuous rotation of a conducting copper
plate between the poles of a magnet produced a continuous
current. In a generator, mechanical energy is converted into
electrical energy via a magnetic field. In a hydroelectric power plant
the motion of water is used to move big fan like blades in a turbine
to then turn a shaft connected to a generator. The generator has a
powerful electromagnet (a rotor) which is turned inside a "'coil" of
copper bars (a stator). This produces "electromotive force," or the
process of exciting electrons to jump from atom to atom. When
electrons flow along a wire or other conductor, jumping from atom
to atom, they create an electric current, or a flow of electricity.
Generators cannot store the energy they create. Once the
mechanical energy from the flow of water is converted into
electricity it must be used immediately
Energy generated from a given amount of water falling at a
certain height is given by the relation:
P = e*H*Q*g
Where, P = Electric Power Output in kilowatts (kW)
e = Efficiency range 0.75 to 0.88 (75% to 88%)
H = Head, in meters (m)
Q = Design flow, in cubic meters/sec (m3/s)
g = acceleration of gravity, normally 9.81 m/s/s
For small-scale hydroelectric applications, if an Efficiency
value of 81% is assumed, the following equation can be used:
P (kW) = 7.95 x H (m) x Q (m3/s)

7.
STATUS OF HYDEL IN NEPAL
7.1 CURRENT POWER DEMAND AND SUPPLY

Annual peak demand in 2009: 885.28 MW
Existing capacity till 2009:
Total
Total
Total
Total
Total
Total
Total
Total
major hydro (NEA)- Grid connected

small hydro (NEA)- Isolated
hydro (NEA)
hydro (IPP)
hydro (Nepal)
thermal (NEA)
solar(NEA)
installed capacity in Nepal
472,994 kw
4,536 kw
477,530 kw
158,315 kw
635,845 kw
53,410 kw
100 kw
689,355 kw
7.2 POWER DEVELOPMENT IN NEPAL

Until 1990, hydropower development was under the domain of
government utility, Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) only. However,
with the enactment of new Hydropower Development Policy 1992, the
sector was opened to the private sector also. There are number of
projects already built by the private developers. Private power
producers contribute 158 MW of power to the Integrated Nepal

Power System'(INPS).The major hydropower plants with their

capacity are listed in the table as follows:
Power development of Nepal
Power projects
Existing
Major hydropower stations
S.N.
Hydropower stations
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Middle marsyangdi
Kaligandaki A
Maryangdi
Kulekhani 1
Kulekhani 2
Trisuli
Gandak
Modi khola
Devighat
Sunkoshi
Puwakhola
Total
Power
output
70,000 kw
144,000 kw
69,000 kw
60,000 kw
32,000 kw
24,000 kw
15,000 kw
14,800 kw
14,100 kw
10,050 kw
6,200 kw
459,159 kw
Small hydropower stations

S.N.
Hydropower stations
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Chatara
Panauti
Tatopani/myagdi (1&2)
Seti(pokhara)
Phewa(pokhara)
Tinau (butwal)
Sundarijal
Pharping***
Jomsom**
Baglung
Khandbari**
Power
output
3,200 kw
2,400 kw
2,000 kw
1,500 kw
1,000 kw
1,024 kw
640 kw
500 kw
240 kw
200 kw
250 kw

12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Phidim**
Surnaiyagadh(baitadi)
Doti
Ramechhap
Terathum**
total
Total power output
240 kw
200 kw
200 kw
150 kw
100 kw
13,844 kw
472,994kw
Small hydropower stations

Existing (isolated)
S.N.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
Note:-
Hydropower stations
Dhankuta***
Jhapra(surkhet)***
Gorkhe(illam)***
Jumla**
Dhading***
Syangja***
Helambu
Darchula 1&2**
Chame**
Taplejung**
Manang**
Chaurjhari(rukum)**
Syarpudaha(rukum)**
Bhojpur**
Bajura
Bajhang**
Arughat gorkha
Okhaldhunga**
Rupalgadh(dadeldhura)
Achham
Dolpa
Kalikot
Heldung(humla)
Total
Power output
240 kw
345 kw
64 kw
200 kw
32 kw
80 kw
50 kw
300 kw
45 kw
125 kw
80 kw
150 kw
200 kw
250 kw
200 kw
200 kw
150 kw
125 kw
100 kw
400 kw
200 kw
500 kw
500 kw
4,536 kw

* line length within Nepal
**leased to private sector
*** not in normal operation
Diesel power stations

S.N.
1.
2.
Power stations
Duhabi multifuel
Hetauda
Total
Power output
39,000 kw
14,410 kw
53,410 kw
Solar power stations

S.N.
1.
2.
Power stations
Simikot
Gamgadhi
Total
Power output
50 kw
50 kw
100 kw
7.3 UNDERGOING AND FUTURE PROJECTS

Under construction
S.N.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Power projects
Upper tamakoshi
Chamelia
Kulekhani III (storage)
Gamgadh
Total
Power output
456,000 kw
30,000 kw
14,000 kw
400 kw
500,400 kw
Planned and proposed

S.N.
1.
2.
Power projects
Upper trisuli-3A
Upper trisuli-3B
Power output
60,000 kw
37,000 kw

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Budhi gandaki
Rahughat
Upper seti(storage)
Seti trisuli(storage)
Upper modi A
Naisyagu gad(storage)
Total
600,000 kw
27,000 kw
128,000 kw
128,000 kw
42,000 kw
400,000 kw
1,422,000 kw
IPP
Projects
Connected
to INPS
S.N.
Name of Company
1.
2.
Himal Power Ltd.

Bhotekoshi Power Company
Ltd.
Chilime Hydro Power
Company Ltd.
Butwal Power Company Ltd.
National Hydro Power
Company Ltd.
Butwal Power Company Ltd.
Khudi Power Company Ltd.
Arun Valley Hydro Power
Company Ltd.
Sanima Hydro Power
Company Ltd.
Thoppal Khola Hydro Power
Co Pvt. Ltd.
Alliance power Nepal Pvt.
Ltd
Unified Hydro Power (p) ltd.
Khoranga Khola Hydro
Power Company Ltd
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Name of
Project
Khimti khola
Bhotekoshi
Khola
Chilime
Capacity
(KW)
60,000
36,000
20,000
Jhimruk Khola
Indrawati - II
12,000
7,500
Andhi Khola
Khudi Khola
Piluwa Khola
5,100
3,450
3,000
Sunkoshi
Khola
Thoppal Khola
2,500
Chaku Khola
1,500
Pati Khola
Pheme Khola
996
995
1,650

14.
Unique Hydel Co. Pvt. Ltd.
15.
Task Hydropower company

(p) Ltd.
Gautum Buddha Hydro
Power Pvt. Ltd.
Rairang Hydro Power
Development co.(p) Ltd.
Kathmandu Small Hydro
Power systems Pvt.Ltd
Syange Bidyut Company
Ltd.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Baramchi
Khola
Sati-II
980
Sisne Khola
750
Rairang Khola
500
Sali Nadi
232
Syange Khola
183
Total=
979
1,58,315
7.4 PRIVATE SECTORS IN POWER PRODUCTION
Under Construction:
1. Sunkoshi Hydro Power Co. Pvt. Ltd
2. Himal Dolkha Hydro Power
Company Ltd
3. Gandako Hydro Power Co. (P) Ltd.
4. Ridi Hydro Power Development Co.
(P) Ltd.
5. Centre for Power Dev. And
Services (p) Ltd.
6. Baneshor Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd.
Total=
Lower Indrawati
Khola
Mai Khola
4,500
Mardi Khola
Ridi Khola
3,100
2,400
Upper Hadi Khola
991
Lower Piluwa
990
16,436
4,455

PPA
Concluded
S.N.
Name of Company
Name of
Project
Madi-I Khola
Lower Madi-I
Capacity
(KW)
10,000
9,900
1.
2.
Annapurna Group Pvt. Ltd.

United Madi Hydropower
Pvt. Ltd.
Synergy Power
Development (P) Ltd.
Ankhu Khola Jalbidhut Co.
Pvt. Ltd.
The Gorkha Hydro Power
Pvt. Ltd.
L. K. Power (P) Ltd.
Mailung Khola Hydro
Sipring Khola
9,658
Ankhu-I
6,930
Daram Khola
5,000
Dapcha-Roshi
Mailung Khola
5,000
5,000
8.
Power Company Ltd.

Shivani Hydro Power
Company Ltd.
Phawa Khola
4,950
9.
10.
Nyadi Group (P) Ltd.

Bavarian Hydropower
Siuri Khola
Lower Nyadi
4,950
4,500
Bhagawati Hydropower
Dev. Co. Pvt. Ltd.
East Nepal Development
Endeavour (P) Ltd.
Barun Hydro Power
Development Co. (P) Ltd.
Nikhil Jalshakti (P) Ltd.
Laughing Buddhapower
Nepal (P) Ltd.
Nama Buddha Hydropower
(P) Ltd.
Bojini Company Private
Limited
Garjang Upatyaka
Hydropower (P) Ltd.
Joshi Hydropower
Development Company P.
Ltd.
Bijayapur-I
4,500
Upper Mai
Khola
Hewa Khola
3,100
Bhairab Kunda
Lower Chaku
1,850
1,765
Tinau Kunda
990
Jiri Khola
990
Chake Khola
990
Upper Puwa-I
985
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Nepal(Pvt.) Ltd.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
2,400

20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Gayatri Hydro Power (P)

Ltd.
Aadishakti Power
Development Company P.
Ltd.
Universal Power Co. Pvt.
Ltd.
Mansarowar Powers (P)
Ltd.
TMB Energietechnik
Multipurpose Food Industry
Co. (P) Ltd.
Charanawati
980
Tadi Khola
970
Ladku Khola
700
Golmagad
580
Narayani
Shankar
Belkhu
500
320
87,508
Total=
1.
Gitec Nepal Pvt. Ltd.
Upper Modi
Khola
14,000
Under Termination Process

7.5 IDENTIFIED POTENTIAL HYDEL PROJECTS:
S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Project
West Seti
Arun III
Kali Gandaki II
Lower Arun
Upper Arun
Karnali Chisapani
Upper Karnali
Pancheswor
Thulo dhunga
Capacity(MW)
750
402
660
308
335
10800
300
6480
25
Type
Storage
PROR
Storage
PROR
PROR
Storage
PROR
Storage
ROR

10
Tamor/Mewa
100
ROR
11
Dudh Koshi
300
Storage
12
Budhi Ganga
20
13
14
Likhu 4
Kabeli A
51
30
15
16
17
Upper Marshyangdi A
Andhikhola(Storage)
Khimti II
121
180
27
18
19
Langtang Khola (Storage)

Madi Ishaneshwor
(Storage)
Kankai (Storage)
218
86
ROR
Storage
Storage
60
Storage
20
ROR
PROR
ROR
Storage
Storage
Source: www.ippan.org.np/HPinNepal.html
7.6 TRANSMISSION LINES

Existing
132 kv transmission lines
S.N.
Transmission lines
Length(km)
Type of
Ckts

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Anarmani-Duhabi
Kusha-Katiya(india)
Duhabi-Hetauda
Hetauda-KL2P/S
Bharatpur-Marsyangdi P/S
Marsyangdi P/S- sulchatar
Sulchatar-KL2 P/S
Sulchatar-New bhaktapur
New Bhaktapur- Lamosangu
Lamosangu-Khimti P/S
Hetauda-Gandak P/S
Bharatpur-pokhara
Bardghat-butwal
Butwal-KGA P/S
KGA P/S-lekhanath
Pokhara-modikhola P/S
Butwal-tanakpur
Pathlaiyah-new parwanipur
Marsyangdi-M.marsyangdi
Total
85
19
282
8
25
84
34
26.9
48
46
154
97
43
58
48
37
407
17
44
1562.9
Single
single
Double
Single
Single
Single
Single
Single
Double
Single
Single
Single
Double
Double
Single
Single
Single
Double
Single
66kv transmission lines

S.N.
Transmission line
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Chilime P/S-devighat P/S

Trisuli P/S-Balaju
DevighatP/S-Balaju
Devighat-New chabhil
Balaju-Lainchaur
Balaju-KL1P/S
KL1 P/S-Birgunj
Sulchatar-Teku
Sulchatar-Patan
Teku-K3(underground)
Sulchatar-K3
New Patan-New Baneswor
Bhaktapur-New Chabhil
Length(km)
43.56
29
30
33
2.3
36
72
4.1
4
3.5
6.9
2.8
12
Type of
Ckts
Single
Double
Single
Single
Single
Double
Double
Single
Double
Singlecore
Single
Single
Single

14.
15.
16.
New Baneshwor-Sunkoshi P/S

Devighat-Trisuli
Indrawali-Panchkhal
Total
61
4.56
10
354.72
Single
Single
Single
72
75
147
Double
Single
28.5
129
157.5
Double
Single
Under construction
1.
2.
Hetauda-Bharatpur
Khimti-Dhalkewar
Total

1.
2.
Thankot-Chapagaon
Chameliya-Attaria
Total

S.N.
Transmission lines
1.
220KV New marsyangdimatatirtha

132KV singati-lamosangu
132KV middlemarsyangdidumre-marsyangdi
132KV kabeli-damak
132KV dumree-damauli
132KV butwal-kohalpur second
circuit
220KV bharatpur-bardghat
132KV hetauda-kulekhani-2sulchatar circl
220KV New hetaudaDhalkewar-Duhabi
220KV New hetauda-matatirtha
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Length(km)
85
Type of
Ckt
Double
40
44
Double
Double
90
18
208
283
Double
Single
D/C
tower
Double
D/C
tower
Double
45
Double
73
44

11.
12.
220KV Trisuli-thankot
132KV kohalpur-attariya second
circuit
Total
54
200
Double
D/C
tower
1,214
NEA joint venture under

Public private parternership program
Under construction
1.
400KV Dhalkewar-Muzzaffarpur
cross border line
45
double

S.N.
Transmission lines
1.
400KV duhabi-purnia border

line*
400KV new butwal-gorakhpur
cross border line*
66KV sanjen-chilime line
Total
2.
3.
Lengths(km) Type of
Ckts
22
Double
25
Double
12
59
Double
Sub-station capacity existing

S.N.
Substations
1.
2.
3.
4.
132/11 KV
132/33 KV
66/33 KV
66/11 KV
Total
Lengths(km) Type of
Ckts
186.00
MVA
470.50
MVA
248.40
MVA
485.20
MVA
1415.10
Under contruction
1.
132/11 matatirtha
22.5
MVA

Planned and proposed sub-station

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
132/33 KV syangja
132/33 KV anbukhaireni
132/33 KV damak
132/11 KV chapali
132/33 KV matatirtha
132/33 KV kusum
132 KV hapure
132 KV hetauda
132 KV pathlaiyah
New butwal switching centre
New bharatpur switching station
Total
15
15
30
30
32
30
30
30
22.5
30
30
294.5
All Sources:NEA (Nepal electricity authority) Annual Report 2009

(If otherwise not cited)
7.7 CURRENT TARIFFSTRUCTURE

Tariff Rates
MVA
MVA
MVA
MVA
MVA
MVA
MVA
MVA
MVA
MVA
MVA
MVA

(Billing Effective since September 17, 2001)

1. DOMESTIV
CONSUMERS
A
Minimum Monthly
Charge: METER
CAPACITY
Up to 5 Ampere
15 Ampere
30 Ampere
60 Ampere
Three phase supply
B
Energy Charge:
Up to 20 Units
21-250 Units
Over 250 Units
2.
TEMPLES
Energy
Charge
3.
STREET
LIGHTS
A
4.
5.
TEMPORARY
SUPPLY
Energy
Charge
COMMUNITY
WHOLESALE
CONSUMER
Minimum
Exempt
Charge (NRs.) (KWh)
80.00
299.00
644.00
1394.00
3244.00
Rs. 4.00 per

unit
Rs. 7.30 per
unit
Rs. 9.90 per
unit
Rs. 5.10 per

units
With
Energy
Meter
Without
Energy
Meter
Rs. 5.10 per

units
Rs. 1860.00 per
KVA
Rs. 13.20 per

units
20
50
100
200
400

Energy
Charge
6.
INDUSTRAL
7.
8.
Rs. 3.50 per

units
Monthly
Energy
Demand
Charge(Rs/unit)
Charge(Rs/KVA)
Low
Voltage
(400/230
Volt)
(a) Rural
and
Cottage
(b) Small
Industry
Medium
Voltage
(11 KV)
Medium
Voltage
(33 KV)
High
Voltage
(66 KV
and
above)
COMMERCIAL
A.
Low
Voltage
(400/230
volt)
B
Medium
Voltage
(11 KV)
C
Medium
Voltage
(66 KV
and
above)
NONCOMMERCIAL
45.00
5.45
90.00
6.60
190.00
5.90
190.00
5.80
175.00
4.60
225.00
7.70
216.00
7.60
216.00
7.40

Low
Voltage
(400/230
Volt)
Medium
Voltage
(11 KV)
Medium
Voltage
(33 KV)
9.
IRRIGATION
A
B
C
10. WATER SUPPLY
A
160.00
8.25
180.00
7.90
180.00
7.80
Low Voltage (400/230

Volt)
Medium Voltage ( 11 KV)
Low Voltage (400/230
Volt)
B
C
11. TRANSPORTATION
A
B
3.60
47.00
47.00
3.50
3.45
140.00
4.30
150.00
150.00
4.15
4.00
180.00
180.00
4.30
4.25
TIME OF DAY (TOD) TARIFF RATES
High
Voltage
Consumer
Category
Monthly
Demand
Supply Level
Charge
(Rs./KVA)
Energy
Charge
(Rs./unit)
Peak
Time
18:0023:00
OffPeak
23:006:00
Normal
6:0018:00

(66 KV
and
Above)
1
Industrial
Medium
Voltage
(33 KV)
1
Industrial
2
Commercial
3
Noncommercial
4
Irrigation
5
Water Supply
6
Transportation
7
Street Light
C Medium
Voltage
(11 KV)
1
Industrial
2
Commercial
3
Noncommercial
4
Irrigation
5
Water Supply
6
Transportation
7
Street Light
175.00
5.20
3.15
4.55
190.00
216.00
180.00
6.55
8.50
8.50
4.00
5.15
5.35
5.75
7.35
7.75
47.00
150.00
180.00
52.00
3.85
4.55
4.70
5.70
2.35
2.75
2.95
1.90
3.40
3.95
4.15
2.85
190.00
216.00
180.00
6.70
8.65
9.00
4.10
5.25
5.45
5.85
7.55
7.85
47.00
150.00
180.00
52.00
3.95
4.60
4.80
6.00
2.40
2.80
3.00
2.00
3.45
4.10
4.25
3.00
Note:
if demand meter reads kilowatts (KV) then KVA=KW/0.8

10% discount in the total bill amount will be given to the Government of Nepal
approved industrial District.
c. 25% discount in the total bill amount will be given to the Nepal Government Hospital
and Health Centers (except
Residential complex)
a.
b.
Source: NEA Annual Report 2009

10. MAJOR GOVERNMENT AGENCIES IN

POWER SECTOR
The following are the main agencies for development the power
sector:
Ministry of Water Resources (MOWR).
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS)planning
and policy research.
Department of Electricity Development (DOED)licensing,
facilitation, promotion, compliance monitoring, project study.
Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA)public utility for generation,
transmission and distribution of electricity.
Electricity Tariff Fixation Commission (ETFC)tariff setting.
Moreover, for the promotion of hydropower pojects, the DOED has
been designated as One window under the MOWR, with these
responsibilities:
Issuance of survey and project licenses,
Providing concessions and incentives,
Assistance in importing goods,
Assistance in obtaining land, and
Assistance in obtaining permits and approvals.
11. POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR

PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION

National water resources strategy

Realizing that the development and management of water resources
should be undertaken in an holistic and systematic manner aimed at
the sustainable use of the resources ensuring conservation and
protection of environment, Nepal has adopted the National Water
Resources Strategy. This Strategy provides the country with a
directional guideline of water resources development over the next 25
years. In order to translate the key outputs identified by the Strategy
into concrete action plans, a National Water Plan has recently been
adopted by the government. The Plan has set some targets to be
fulfilled in a stipulated time frame. The main highlights of this Plan are
summarized as follows:
Targets by 2017
Up to 2,035 MW hydropower electricity is developed to meet the

projected domestic demand at base case scenario, excluding
export;
50% of households are to be supplied with Integrated Nepal
Power System (INPS) electricity, 12% by isolated (micro and
small) hydro systems, and 3% by alternative energy; and
Per capita electricity consumption of 160 KWh will be achieved.
Targets by 2027
4,000 MW of hydropower is developed to meet the projected
domestic demand at base case scenario, excluding export,
75% of the households are to be supplied with INPS electricity,
20% by isolated (micro and small) hydro systems and 5% by
alternate energy,
Per capita electricity consumption of over 400 KWh will be
achieved, and
Nepal exporting substantial amounts of electricity to earn
national revenue.
Hydropower development policy

The Government is pursuing water resources development in Nepal
from three different approaches. Firstly, to develop small and

decentralized hydropower projects to meet the local demands in

remote and isolated regions of the country. Secondly, to develop
medium sized power projects to meet the national demand within the
national grid including surplus for export, and to develop local
capacity. Thirdly, large-scale multi purpose projects to meet the
regional demand for food, energy and flood control. With this vision,
the Government has adopted the Hydropower Development Policy
of 2001 for attracting both local and foreign investment.
The
following are the main highlights of this Policy:
Objectives
To generate electricity at low cost by utilizing the water
resources available in the country,
To link electrification with the economic activities,
to render support to the development of rural economy by
extending rural electrification, and
to develop hydro power as an exportable commodity.
Management of investment risk
No nationalization of Projects
Exchange facility (to repatriate)
Government land on lease.
Water rights.
Government may be a partner in storage project
Transfer of project
Export of electricity
Provision for internal electricity market

For private sector operated hydropower projects with capacity up to
one MW and not linked to the grid, the Independent Power
Producer (IPP) may sell and distribute the electricity by determining
the tariff rate of the electricity on its own.
Provision relating to visa

Non-tourist visa and work permit shall be provided to the investor of

hydropower project, his/her authorized representative and necessary
foreign experts, skilled manpower and their families as provided for in
the agreement until the construction and operation of the project.
Licensing procedures
The Electricity Act of 1992 has set following time limits for the
issuance of licenses:
Survey license issued within 30 days.
Period of such license up to 5 years.
Project license issued within 120 days.
Period of such license up to 35 years.
Public consultation before issuance of project license.
Application
process
generation/transmission/distribution
for
Application process for hydropower projects from

100 kW1,000 kW
For a project with capacity in this range no license is required.
However, the proponent needs to submit project related information to
the MOWR through the DOED. In addition, he/she has to submit desk
study report, (topographic map, area of distribution, number of
beneficiary, information of other water use, boundaries of survey area,
recommendation from VDC/municipality/ work schedule; Letter of
Interest for the Power Purchase Agreement, financial evidence).
License application process for hydropower
projects>1,000 kW
For the development of projects with the capacity more than 1000 kW,
the proponent has to obtain:

Survey License
To study generation, transmission, distribution survey of a

project.
Operation License
- Production License (for construction and operation of a production

facility),
- Transmission License (for construction and operation of a
transmission),
Distribution License (for construction and operation of a

distribution facility).
Supporting
documents
required
to
generation/transmission/distribution license
obtain
The proponent will be granted Generation, Transmission,

Distribution License with the submission of following documents:
or
Feasibility Study Report, including:

- Detailed description of the project,
- Description of related transmission line to evacuate power, and
- approved IEE/EIA Report from concerned Ministry.
Detail Financing Plan, including:

- Estimated cost of the project,
- Financial capability of the investors of the project,
- Commitment of the financial institutions to be involved directly in the
project,
- Percentage of liability of investor, and
- Equity and debt ratio.

Power Purchase Agreement(PPA)
Other Requirements
Certificate of registration,
Memorandum of article,
Memorandum of association,
Industrial registration certificate,
PAN (permanent account number), and
Details of technical capability.
Steps to be taken by the proponent after obtaining

generation/transmission/ distribution license
Once the proponent obtains the Generation, Transmission, or
Distribution License he would have the following obligations:
Start construction work within 1 year,
Complete financial closure within 1 year of license issued date,
Submit bi-annual progress report until construction is completed,
Testing and commissioning,
Start commercial operation,
Pay royalty (Production licensee).
Marketing electricity
For the sale of electricity, two types of markets, domestic and

export are available. In order to sell the electricity, the
proponent does it through a Power Purchase Agreement (PPA)
with the NEA. For the export of electricity, bi-lateral
arrangements exist with the neighboring India.
12.CHALLENGES IN HYDEL DEVELOPMENT

Some challenges behind the minuscule development of hydel in Nepal

are listed hereunder:
Inadequate institutional capacity for hydropower development,

planning and policy analysis.
Lack of commitment, priority and vision on hydro power
development at political level.
Political instability and poor governance.
Lack of transparency in hydropower planning and project
preparation
Manipulation
of
basic
data
and
results
of
power
development(lack of public access/participation)
13. VANTAGES OF HYDEL PROJECTS

Hydroelectricity enjoys several advantages over most other sources of
electrical power. These include:
A high level of reliability, proven technology, high efficiency,

very low operating and maintenance costs, and the ability to
easily adjust to load changes.
As many hydropower plants are located in conjunction with

reservoirs, hydropower projects often provide water, flood
control, and recreation benefits. Often large dams become site
of tourist attractions.
In addition, hydropower does not produce waste products that

contribute to air quality problems, acid rain, and greenhouse
gases. It is a renewable resource that reduces the use of other
fuels (oil, gas, and coal).

14. LIMITATIONS OF HYDEL PROJECTS

Hydel projects have very few limitations than other energy sources.
Some disadvantages are mentioned below:
high initial costs of facilities
changes in stream regimens (can affect fish, plants, and wildlife

by changing stream levels, flow patterns, and temperature)
Inundation of land and wildlife habitat (due to creation of

reservoir); and displacement of people living in the reservoir
area.
Failure of large dams may bring catastrophe killing lives and

destroying properties.
The building of large dams can cause serious geological damage.

For example, the building of the Hoover Dam in the USA
triggered a number of earth quakes and has depressed the
earths surface at its location.
15. CONCLUSION
The latest scenario of hydel generation with established projects,
undergoing projects and feasible projects are clearly shown in this
report. The theme of status of hydel in Nepal is believed to be depicted
by those data. Moreover, policy and legal framework requirement for
private sectors participation in hydel development has been explained
herein. Also challenges in hydel development in Nepal have been
listed. Furthermore, brief introduction and history of hydel is

mentioned in this report. Technical aspects regarding hydel generation

has been very briefly touched.
The annual peak demand of electricity in 2009 was recorded 885.28
MW (which was 8.96% higher than the 2008 demand of 812.5 MW)
while the total production was 689.36 MW. This shortage of about
300 MW of electricity has lead to 16 hours per day of load shedding
on that year. Fortunately by buying 60 MW of electricity from India,
the load shedding hours were reduced to 12 hrs per day on the same
year. Electricity demand in Nepal increases by at least 80 MW
annually. And no project is likely to add electricity in national grid in
coming months so the load shedding hours may soar up to 16 hrs per
day this year too.
Finally, it is hoped that this report would prove beneficial to anyone
who has got interest on hydel most especially, on hydel generation of
Nepal.
16. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.
Central Bureau of Statistics, Nepal ko tathyankiya jhalak 2066

B.S.

2.
3.
International
Energy
http://www.ieahydro.org/faq.htm
Agency
(IEA).
Nepal Journals Online, Hydro Nepal: Journal of water, Energy

and
Environment,
volume
5
(2009),
http://nepjol.info/index.php/HN
4.
Nepal Electricity Authority(NEA),NEA Annual Report 2009,

http://www.nea.org.np/
5.
Independent Power Producers

http://www.ippan.org.np
6.
http://www.electricityforum.com/hydroelectricity.html
7.
International small hydro atlas, http://www.small-hydro.com/
8.
Department of Electricity Development, Ministry of Energy.

http://www.doed.gov.np
9.
Water and Energy Commission Secretariat, http://wec.gov.np/
10.
Alternative
Energy
http://www.aepc.gov.np/
11.
Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity
12.
http://tech.nepalko.info/2010/03/nepals-total-hydropowerpotential-update-requirement/
13.
Old study reports by seniors as reference.
Association,
Promotion
Nepal(IPPAN),
Centre(AEPC),


Status of Hydroelectricity in Nepal Potential and Challengese2809d

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Status of Hydroelectricity in Nepal Potential and Challengese2809d

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Downloaded from: www.binodpandey.wordpress.

Hydro-electricity (hydel) is the most widely used form of renewable

Conventional type(storage type)(STO)

Pumped Storage type

Downloaded from: www.binodpandey.wordpress.com

important means of large scale grid energy storage and it

Run-of-the River type(ROR)

On the basis of size and the production capacities of the hydel

Large hydel project

Small hydel project

Micro hydel project

Downloaded from: www.binodpandey.wordpress.com

Pico hydel project

Downloaded from: www.binodpandey.wordpress.com

Nepal has a huge hydropower potential. In fact, the perennial nature

Downloaded from: www.binodpandey.wordpress.com

type with energy available in excess of the in-country demand during

The general objectives of preparing this report on the topic:

To know about the history of hydel in world and Nepal.

Downloaded from: www.binodpandey.wordpress.com

PRIMARY SOURCES OF DATA

SECONDARY SOURCES OF DATA

Office of Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA),

As secondary sources of data, newsletters, annual

The data and information obtained from primary sources and

Downloaded from: www.binodpandey.wordpress.com

TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF HYDEL

As the primary objective of preparing this report is to deal with the

Downloaded from: www.binodpandey.wordpress.com

So basically the major components of a hydel projects can be listed

Inside the generator

Downloaded from: www.binodpandey.wordpress.com

is removed from the coil another instantaneous but opposing

Downloaded from: www.binodpandey.wordpress.com

STATUS OF HYDEL IN NEPAL

7.1 CURRENT POWER DEMAND AND SUPPLY

major hydro (NEA)- Grid connected

7.2 POWER DEVELOPMENT IN NEPAL

Downloaded from: www.binodpandey.wordpress.com

Power System'(INPS).The major hydropower plants with their

Small hydropower stations

Downloaded from: www.binodpandey.wordpress.com

Small hydropower stations

Downloaded from: www.binodpandey.wordpress.com

Diesel power stations

Solar power stations

7.3 UNDERGOING AND FUTURE PROJECTS

Planned and proposed

Downloaded from: www.binodpandey.wordpress.com

Himal Power Ltd.

Downloaded from: www.binodpandey.wordpress.com

Unique Hydel Co. Pvt. Ltd.

Task Hydropower company

7.4 PRIVATE SECTORS IN POWER PRODUCTION

Upper Hadi Khola

Downloaded from: www.binodpandey.wordpress.com

Annapurna Group Pvt. Ltd.

Power Company Ltd.

Nyadi Group (P) Ltd.

Downloaded from: www.binodpandey.wordpress.com

Gayatri Hydro Power (P)

Gitec Nepal Pvt. Ltd.

Under Termination Process