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STATISTICS (ELECTIVE)
Out lines of tests
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Paper-A

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Paper-B

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Paper-C (Practical)

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75 marks

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75 marks

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50 marks

Total:

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200 marks

Syllabi and Courses of Reading

Paper- A
Candidates are required to attempt at least two questions from each Section.
Section- I.
Descriptive Statistics: (Weight 2/10)
Descriptive and inferential Statistics. Population and sample. Variables. Measurement scales.
Sources of Statistical data in Pakistan. Description of data by frequency tables and graphs. Stem and leaf
plots and Box and whisker plots. Measures of Central Tendency. Measures of location: A.M., H.M., G.M.,
Mode, Median, Quartiles. Properties of Mean with proofs. Weighted Arithmetic mean. Empirical Relation
between Mean, Median and Mode. Relative Merits and Demerits of various averages. Measures of
dispersion: Absolute and Relative Measures, Range, Semi-Inter Quartile Range, Mean Deviation,
Variance, Standard Deviation. Coefficient of Variation. Coefficient of Mean Deviation. Coefficient of
Quartile Deviation. Properties of Variance and Standard Deviation with proofs. Standardized Variables.
Description both for population and sample and their properties. Chebychevs Theorem and its application.
Moments, Moments Ratios, Sheppards Correction, Skewness and Kurtosis.

Method of Least Squares: (Weight 1/10)

Scatter diagram. Principle of least squares. Deduction and solution of normal equations
of general linear model. Curve fitting. Equations of approximating curves by the method of least
squares up to third degree polynomials. Fitting of exponential of the type (1) y= aebx (2) y= abx
(3) y= axb. Graphic representation of the curves. Interpolation and Extrapolation graphically.
Criteria for fitting a suitable curve.
Time Series: (Weight 1/10)
Time series. Decomposition of Time Series. Measurement of Trend, Seasonal (Additive and
multiplicative models), and cyclical variations. Seasonal indices. Deseasonalisation of data.

Index Numbers: (Weight 1/10)

Index number. Simple and composite indices. Problems in construction of index numbers.
Laspayre, Paasche, Marshall-Edgworth, Fisher ideal, Walsh and Palgraves indices. Shifting of base.
Quantity index numbers. Theoretical tests for index numbers. Consumer price index. Construction and
uses of index numbers in Pakistan. Sensitive Price Indicator.

Section - II.
Concepts of Probability: (Weight 1/10)
Operation in sets. Cartesian product set. Random experiment. Sample space and event. Rules of
counting introduction to probability and axioms of probability, emphasizing to concepts, facts,
interpretation and illustrating examples. Basic laws of probability, Conditional and marginal probabilities.
Independence of events. Bayes theorem and its application. (Proof not required).

Random Variable: (Discrete)

(Weight:

Please

see Note No. 1 below)

Random Variable, Discrete random variable. Probability function, probability distribution function.
Mathematical expectation and its properties. Joint distribution of two discrete random variables. Marginal
and conditional distributions. Mean, Variance, moments, covariance and correlation of two discrete
random variables. Moment generating function and its properties.

Discrete Probability Distributions: (Weight:

Please see Note No. 1 below)

Uniform, Bernoulli, Multinomial, Hypergeometric, poisson. Negative Binomial and Geometric

distributions with their derivations, properties, applications and their fitting to statistical data.

(Note No. 1

For Random variable (Discrete) and Discrete probability Distributions common weight is
2/10)

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Random Variable: (Continuous) (Weight 1/10)
Continuous random variable. Probability distribution of a continuous random variable. Probability
density function and probability distribution function. Joint distribution of two continuous random variables.
Marginal and conditional distributions. Mathematical expectation and its properties. Moment generating
function. Covariance and correlation of two random variables. Mean, Median, Mode, Geometric mean,
Harmonic mean, Mean deviation. Variance and moments of simple continuous functions.

Continuous Probability Distributions: (Weight 1/10)

Uniform, Exponential and Normal distributions with derivations. Their properties, applications and
fitting of statistical data. Normal approximation to the Binomial and Poisson distributions (just applications)

Paper- B
Candidates are required to attempt at least two questions from each section.
Section -I
Sampling and Sampling Distributions: (Weight 2/10)
Basic concepts. Advantages of Sampling. Probability and non-probability sampling, Sampling and
non-sampling errors. Sampling designs of simple random. Stratified, systematic, and cluster sampling.
Judgement and quota sampling. Random numbers and their use in sampling calculation of sample mean,
proportion and variance of simple random samples and stratified random samples. Sampling distribution of
a statistic and its standard error. Distributions of sample mean and difference between two sample means
with their properties. Distributions of sample proportion and difference between two sample proportions
with properties. Central limit theorem with illustrations. Sampling distribution of sample variance and
2
distribution of ratio of two sample variances. Concept of t, - and F- distributions.

Statistical Inference: (Weight 2/10)

Concept of statistical inference. Estimates and estimators. Point estimation by the methods of
moments and maximum likelihood. Properties of point estimators; unbiasedness. Consistency and
efficiency. Interval estimation.
Null and alternative hypothesis, simple and composite hypothesis. Two types of errors. Level of
significance, p-value and power of the test. Acceptance and rejection regions, one-sided and two-sided
tests. Testing of hypothesis for mean, difference between two means, proportion and difference between
two proportions; based on large samples. Interval estimation. Confidence interval and its interpretation.
Interval estimation of the mean, difference between two means, the proportions and the difference
between two proportions of populations with known and unknown variances; based on large samples.
Determination of sample size. Testing of hypothesis (based on small samples and unknown population
variance) for the mean, difference between two means for paired and unpaired observations. Testing of
hypothesis of single population variance (Large sample) and equality of two variances (Large and small
samples)
2_
Statistical inference concerning Distribution: (Weight 1/10)
Testing of hypothesis about the variance. Testing of hypothesis about the equality of more than
two variances. Pearsons test for goodness of fit. Contingency tables and tests for independence and
homogeneity. Co- efficient of mean square contingency and its maximum value. Yates correction for
continuity. Chi-Square test for the Multinomial probabilities.

Section -II
Analysis of Variance: (Weight: Please see Note No. 2 below)
Definition, importance and assumptions of Analysis of Variance. Partitioning of sum of squares
and degrees of freedom in one-way classification. Testing the equality of means for one-way classification.
Partitioning of sum of squares and degrees of freedom in two-way classification. Testing the equality of
means for two-way classification. Multiple comparison tests: Least significant difference test, Duncans
and Newman- Keuls Multiple range test.

Basic Experimental Designs: (Weight:

Please see Note No. 2 below)

Basic principle of experimental design. Completely randomised, complete block and Latin square
designs. Description, layout, statistical analysis, advantages and disadvantages of these designs. Relative
efficiency of three basic designs. Applications of these designs.

(Note No. 2

For Analysis of variance and Basic Experimental Designs common weight is 2/10)

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Regression and Correlation Analysis: (Weight 1/10)
Logic of regression and correlation. Scatter diagram. Regression models. Simple linear
regression, least square estimates and their properties. Properties of Least Square regression line,
standard error of estimate, co-efficient of determination. Multiple linear regression with two regressors, coefficient of multiple determination Partial and multiple correlation up to three variables. Linear correlation.
Correlation co-efficient and its properties. Correlation of bivariate frequency distribution. Partial and
multiple correlation for three variables. Rank correlation, Tied ranks. Testing of hypothesis about
regression and simple correlation partial and multiple correlation. Interval estimates and tests of
hypothesis about regression paramenters, mean prediction and individual prediction. Interval estimation of
regression parameters.

Non-Parametric Tests: (Weight 1/10)

Sign test, Run test. Mann-Whitney U-test, Wilcoxon Signed rank test, Wilcoxon rank sum test.

Vital Statistics: (Weight 1/10)

Definition of vital events and vital statistic. Uses and shortcomings of vital statistics. Sources of
demographic data. Vital rates and ratios: Sex and child woman ratio. Vital Index, Crude, specific and
standardized death rates. Crude, specific and standardized birth rates, general and specific fertility rate.
Reproduction rates: Gross and Net reproduction rates. Census, registration system of deaths and births in
Pakistan.

Paper- C (Practical)
Candidates are required to attempt one question from each section.
Section-I
One question from each section of Paper A should be set.
Section-II
One question from each section of Paper B should be set.
Each question of 18 marks: .i.e. 18-18 ..
Practical Note Book:
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Viva Voce: ..
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36 marks
05 marks
09 marks
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Total:

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50 marks

Books Recommended:
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Beg,M.A. and Mirza, M.D.(1997). Statistics, Theory and Methods. Vol.I&II. Carvan Book House,
Kachehry Road, Lahore.
Chaudhrey, S.M. and Kamal, S.(2002). Introduction to Statistical Theory Part-I &II. Illmi Kitab
Khana Urdu Bazar, Lahore.
Chaudhry, R.M.(1998) Polymer Modern Statistics, Polymers Urdu Bazar, Lahore.
rd
Freedman, D; Pisani, R;Parues, R and Adhikari, A (1997). Statistics 3 Edition. Norton, New
York.
Freund, J.E(1990).Modern Elementary Statistics. Prentice Hall, Inc.New Jersy.
Graybill,I and Burdick (1998).Applied Statistics: A first course in inference. Prentice Hall, New
Jersy.
Haq, Masood-ul (1983) Foundation of Probability and Statistics, Tahir Sons, Urdu Bazar,
Karachi.
Lipschutz, S and Schiller,J (1998). Introduction to Probability and Statistics.McGraw Hill, New
York.
Polland, A.H; Yousaf, F and Pollard, G,N (1981). Demographic Techniques. Second Edition.
Pergaman Press, Oxford.
rd
Speigal, M.R and Stephens, L.J (1999). Statistics 3 Edition. McGraw Hill, New York.
nd
Speigal, M.R; Schiller, J.L; Srinivban, R.L (2000). Probability and Statistics 2 Edition.
Schaums out line Series. McGraw Hill, New York.
Walpole, R.E (2001 R). Introduction to Statistics. Macmillan publishing Company.New
York/London.
Wonnacott, T.H. and Wonnacott, R.J (1990). Introductory Statistics. John Wily & Sons. New
York.