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CHOOLOFARCHI
T
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CT
UREBUI
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0318538
1003A78541
0318217
0318523
0311265
0318758
TABLE OF CONTENT
13
15
16
17
18
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
31
32
33
36
39
41
42
43
44
2.6.1 PFPS
2.6.2 AFPS
2.7 Conclusions
48
49
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Literature review
3.2.1 Supply System.
3.2.2 Extract System.
50
51
52
55
56
3.3.2.3 Ductwork
58
61
65
3.4 Conclusion
66
67
68
70
71
72
4.5.1 Blower
73
4.5.2 Evaporator
4.5.3 Filter
74
4.5.4 Fan
75
4.5.5 Damper
4.5.6 Compressor
4.6 Air-Cooled Condenser
76
77
79
4.9 Analysis
81
4.10 Conclusion
83
84
85
5.2.3 Travelators
5.3 Case Study
86
5.3.1 Elevator
5.4 Lift System
88
90
5.5.1 Controller
5.5.2 Emergency Lift Supervisory Panel
91
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
108
109
111
112
5.9 Conclusion
115
116
CHAPT
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R1.
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s
.
1
Figure 2.4.1.2 : Emergency exit signage located above the entrance doors
Based on the figure above, the emergency exit sign is located above the fire doors and the
entrance/exit doors that been directing the occupants approach to the fire escape staircase
or assembling area without any surroundings disturbance which means stand-alone sign.
Fire rated door is a part of compartmentalized to delay the spread of fire from one
are to another. Fire door have two important functions during fire emergency, it could close
act as a barrier to stop the spread of fire and when opened they provide a means of escape.
A fire door is also required to provide resistance to the fire with intumescent seals to enclose
the gap between the door and its frame.
Figure 2.4.2.1: Double fire emergency door location on ground floor plan
Figure 2.4.3.1: Ground floor plan which indicate the fire emergency staircase
Figure 2.4.3.2: Right elevation which indicate the fire emergency staircase
The figure below shows the dimension of the thread and riser of the fire emergency
staircase. For the riser, the dimension is 175mm, the thread dimension is 275mm and the
railing dimension is 910mm. According to standard, the riser maximum should be 180mm
and the thread should be 255mm.
Figure 2.4.3.5: One of the fire emergency staircase shown in the ground floor plan
According to the UBBL, it state that the door swing shouldnt be in intersect with the
outside path of the travel in stair because it might block the occupant to evacuate smoothly.
Firemen Staircase
Figure 2.4.3.8: Firemen staircase connect from first floor plan to second floor plan
This was a special staircase for the firemen to use and it was design in spiral form to
shorten the distance instead of L-shape staircase. Because during there is fire event or any
emergency event happen, the occupant need to use the fire emergency staircase which may
block the firemen approach to upper level. To avoid this, the building required a firemen
staircase with spiral to allow firemen to save the fire on upper level.
12
The figure above shown that there road was one entrance and one exist to allow
vehicle and fire truck to get in. Hence, the road is quite linear with slight angle of sweep
circle on corner turn.
Figure 2.4.4.2: The entrance and exist of the fire appliances access
13
Figure 2.4.4.3: The relationship between building and the access road
According to UBBL, the access roadway should be positioned with its nearest edge a
maximum of 2 meters from the face of the building and with the furthest edge a minimum
of 7.5meters from the building which can be shown in figure 2.4.3.3. Hence, the hard
standing for hydraulic platforms should be as level as possible, and should not exceed a
gradient of 1/12.
2.4.4.2 Turning and Sweep Circles
Figure 2.4.4.4: The turning and sweep circles with the fire track on it
According to UBBL, the width of roadway required for 6m to allow the fire truck to
turning a curve corner. The turning circle must be 20.12m and the sweep circle should be
24.5m due to the long dimension of the fire track. Additional turning space should be
provided where corners have to be negotiated, and sweep circles should not be obstruct red
above kerb height.
14
Figure 2.3.5.1: Fire emergency access and emergency stairs location on ground floor plan
15
16
17
From the figure below, the fireman intercom system had divide into two categories which
are hardwired version and addressable version. The hardwired version is used in small to
medium size projects with up to 60 to 70 handsets compare to the addressable version is
used in bigger projects where cabling cost and cabling space.
Figure 2.5.1.1.5: The left is hardwired version and the right was addressable version of fireman intercom
system
18
Figure 2.5.1.1.6: Remote handset station at staircase area on LG1 and LG2
This telephone handset is permanently installed through a building which allow fire fighter
to easy communication with the main control panel during the fire emergency. The remote
handset stations are located each level of staircase with provide a locked door. The
firefighters telephone must be indicated in Malay TELEFON BOMBA API by using large
white lettering for easy identification. To open this remote handset stations, it can open by
using key or direct break the glass.
19
Smoke Detector
Smoke alarms that are properly installed and maintained play a vital role in reducing fire
deaths and injuries. A smoke detector is a device that senses smoke as an indicator of fire.
The smoke detectors used in Glad Tidings Church work by optical detection (photoelectric).
Photoelectric smoke alarms are more responsive to fires that begin with a long period of
smoldering. Photoelectric type aims a light source into a sensing chamber at an angle away
from the sensor. When smoke enters the chamber, light is reflected onto the light sensor,
triggering the alarm.
Figure 2.5.1.2.1:
Smoke detectors
located on the
ceiling of the
Glad
Tidings
Church
20
Figure 2.5.1.2.2: High sensitivity infrared detector in the main hall in Glad Tidings.
21
Figure 2.5.1.3.1: Fire alarm bell together with fire break glass and hose reel at first basement
22
Horn Loudspeaker
Working together with the fire alarm bell, the loudspeaker is used upon the confirmation of
fire situation. These loudspeakers are often placed at the basement and parking lots.
Theyre used because they are very efficient and able to produce 10 times more sound
power compared to that of a regular speaker. Therefore it is widely used for announcement
and fire alarm signaling to notify and warn occupants in case of fire.
23
In Glad Tidings Church, the common pendant sprinkler head is used. With the water
reflector at the bottom, pendant sprinkler head spreads water in circular pattern and with
higher water flow rate as the water reflector is below the sprinkler orifice compared to the
other types of sprinkler heads.
24
25
Figure 2.5.2.1.4 and Figure 2.5.2.1.5: Pump room at first level basement in Glad Tidings
Figure 2.5.2.1.6: Flow switch connected to sprinkles and wet riser pipe
26
Figure 2.5.2.1.7: Water sprinkle control in pump room at first level basement, Glad Tidings
27
28
Figure 2.5.2.1.10: Floor plan indicating fire pump room and reinforced concrete water tank for water sprinkler
system
29
30
Figure 2.5.2.2.3: Shutter stored in a barrel with the motor exposed in Glad Tidings
31
32
According to Fire Extinguisher Malaysia (2012), the most common type of fire extinguishers
in Malaysia are the ABC Dry Powder Extinguisher and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Extinguisher.
These two types of fire extinguishers are used in Glad Tidings Church.
33
A very simple acronym is taught on how to use the fire extinguisher to the public. By simply
remembering the PASS word with each letter is arranged in such a way are steps to
properly use a fire extinguisher. There are only two types of fire extinguishers used in Glad
Tidings making it easier for using with lesser complexity.
34
The water hydrant at Glad Tidings belongs to the 2 way fire hydrant. The body of the water
hydrant is made of cast iron with copper alloy outlet and is able to withstand up to 30bar
even though the working pressure is only 20bar. They are positioned at corners and spots
that are visible yet least obstructed.
Figure 2.5.3.2.2 and Figure 2.5.3.2.3: Two-way water hydrant located at the corner within the compound of
Glad Tidings Church
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
The emergency staircase in Glad tiding Church has fulfilled the requirement of UBBL, using
swing window along the staircase. During the fire emergency, it also allows the smoke as
natural smoke absorber and to ensure the occupant of the building doesnt fainted and
exhausted during the evacuation.
Standard of Escape Stair
VS
Figure 2.6.2: The recommended standard of escape stair on the left, the right was one of the emergency
staircases on the church
The emergency staircase in Glad Tiding Church had managed to achieve the
requirement of the standard of escape stair by comparing the figure above. To fulfill this
requirement, the door swing needs to be outside the path of travel in stair. Because to
ensure the occupant can be smoothly evacuate instead block by the door swing.
42
Figure 2.6.3: Double fire emergency door location on ground floor plan toward basement
Based on UBBL section of 162, 163 and 164, The fire door must in a compartment
walls and separating walls to act as barrier to stop the spread of fire and opened for means
of escape. There were double fire emergency door connect to basement to provide
resistance to the fire with intumescent seals to enclose the gap between the door and its frame.
The fire rated door had provide double protection for the occupant to evacuate safely.
Based on UBBL section of 173, all exit doors shall be open-able from the inside
without the use of a key or any special knowledge or effort. Exit doors shall close
automatically when released and all door devices including magnetic door holders, shall
release the doors upon power failure or actuation of the fire alarm. In this church, it provide
emergency door release for occupant to break it so that allow the occupant to leave instead
been stuck in between double door.
The overall active fire protection system is satisfactory and well maintained. However, there
are certain criteria that were not fully obeyed by contractor.
43
Figure 2.6.5 Water tank for hose reel system not painted red
Pump Room
Next, the pumps in the pump room for water sprinkler system were not labeled accordingly.
These may cause trouble in the future during identification. The irresponsibility of the
management is further proved by stating that every individual that travels into the pump
room should be able to identify and differentiate every pump as worst case scenario was
not taken into consideration.
44
45
2.7 Conclusion
Glad Tidings Church fulfilled most of the regulations according to the Uniform Building ByLaw (UBBL). The fire protection systems in the building are fully equipped. All the equipment
and machines are maintained and tested to ensure they work accordingly when there is a
fire breakdown. Fire protection devices are still new as this block of Glad Tidings Church is
still new. Appropriate fire protection system can be seen in most of the places in Glad
Tidings. This ensures wide coverage of protection of people and property against fire.
As a result, both active and passive fire protection system play very important roles to
protect the building in case of emergency during fire breakdown. The role of fire protection
system is to protect lives, assets and properties. Without it, a building will be in great risk
and danger.
46
49
Figure 3.2
Source: http://energy.gov/energysaver/whole-houseventilation
Figure 3.4
Source:http://www.greenspec.co.uk/buildingdesign/whole-house-ventilation/
Source: http://energy.gov/energysaver/wholehouse-ventilation
50
51
Figure 3.6 Exhaust Fan located outside the toilet of Glad Tiding Church
Components of system:
52
Operation of system:
Exhaust fans operate by electricity. The overall procedure involves an electric current which
passes through the system to make the motor operate and in turn this causes the fans
blades to move. As the fans motor runs the blades will start to turn. The rotation of the
blades causes the hot air in the room to be pulled towards the fan and sort of absorbed.
This hot air is released outside and in turn cooler and fresher air will start to fill the room.
This flow of current will also reduce stagnation of air and is especially important and useful
in rooms or areas which lack appropriate ventilation
Figure 3.8: An exhaust ventilation system uses fans to exhaust air from the
building, creating an inside negative pressure that draws fresh air in
through carefully-placed inlets.
Source: https://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/ae/ae-96.html
53
Figure 3.9: The placement of Exhaust fans at wet area such as the kitchen and the bathroom.
54
Figure 3.10: The fresh air supply located at ground floor car park, Glad tiding.
55
Figure 3.11: The location of Air Handling Unit in Glad Tiding, Church. Easily accessible and placed accordingly to
the system.
56
Figure 3.11: Air Handler Unit supply one and exhaust fan located at the 2nd floor of Glad Tiding Church.
Filters: The main function of filters in AHU is to keep all the downstream
components clean.
Heating and/ or cooling elements: The function is to change the supply air
temperature and humidity on the location and the application.
Mixing Chamber: The function is to mix the right amount of cooler outside air with
warmer return air which can be used to approach the desired supply air
temperature. The mixing chamber used dampers to control the ratio between the
return, outside and exhaust air.
Blower/ Fan: Basically the main function is to move the air which is driven by an AC
induction electric motor.
57
Vibration isolators: It is inserted into the duct to isolate the transmission of the noise
and vibration form the blowers that create substantial vibration. The rubberized
canvas-like material allows the air handler to vibrate without transmitting much
vibration to the attached ducts.
Take offs: It is the downstream of the air handler, providing many individual air
outlets such as diffusers and grilles. The system is designed with a main duct
branching into many subsidiary branch ducts, to allow small portion of the flow in
the main duct to be diverted into each branch duct.
Volume Control Dampers: its main function is to adjust the volume of air flowing to
various part of the system, in which both supply and exhaust dampers are to be
open to minimum position because they would block some flow if they were to be
open 100%. Only when in fire, the dampers will be open 100%.
Turning vanes: they are installed inside the ductwork to minimize the turbulence and
resistance of the air flow. The vanes functioned to guide the air so it can follow the
change of direction more easily.
58
Plenums: They are the central distribution and collection units. The return plenum
carries the air from large return grilles to central air handler.
Air terminals: They are they supply air outlets and return or exhaust air inlets. Glad
Tiding church mostly used grilles rather than diffusers.
Figure 3.12: The grilles placed at the main ceremony hall and praying tower in Glad Tiding Church
59
Figure 3.13: Diffusers supplying fresh air and Return air Grilles in the multipurpose hall.
Operation of system:
Figure 3.14: The overview operation system of air filtering and distribution.
Source: http://www.ivtnetwork.com/article/hvac-process%E2%80%94filtering-and-distributing-air
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Fans: The fan is on and supplying air during normal occupied times, when in event of
a fire, the fan goes to the reverse air flow direction exhaust mode.
Dampers: In event of fire, the damper will act differently according to the floors and
fire location.
A) At Fire floor, the supply damper will be closed so that the smoke is not pushed
into other areas. The exhaust damper will opens up 100% to remove smoke.
B) At floors immediately adjacent to fire floor, the supply damper will opens up
100% to pressurize and restrict smoke entry. The exhaust dampers closes 100%.
C) At all other floors, the dampers will remain in normal operation.
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Figure 3.16: The smoke control system components in Glad Tiding Church
Operation of System:
-
Smoke Extraction
In corridors there are jurisdictions and individual projects where corridor damper and fan
systems are required to clear the corridor of smoke and prevent spread to adjacent floors.
Since ventilation is also required, the two functions must be coordinated. This can be
achieved with dedicated or common (non-dedicated) equipment.
The smoke extraction used in Glad Tiding Church is a building pressurization system
approach, in which the corridors on the fire floor are negative with the fan pulling smoke
out of the floor. All other floors operate normally. They are under a positive pressure with
ventilation air. Since the fire floor is very negative, the difference in pressure is large enough
to prevent smoke spread to the non-fire floors.
62
Figure 3.17 The Smoke extraction system in section of Glad Tiding Church
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64
65
3.4 Conclusion
Based our findings, analysis and observation, the architects and engineers in charge of Glad
Tiding Church have taken adequate action to ensure the efficiency of the mechanical
ventilation inside the building. The placement of components for each system and number
of units are appropriate to serve specific areas so that maximum comfort level can be
sustained for the occupants whilst the building is in operation. The number of grilles and
diffuser placed in each spaces are sufficient and therefore fulfills the thermal comfort inside
the spaces. The zoning of each floor allow the ductwork to reach every corner of the
building proficiently. They also emphasis the secure for fire protection and therefore the
smoke control of the building. The Mechanical Ventilation system in Glad Tiding has
achieved the optimum usage and regular maintenance has been carried out for the system
to keep the building a healthy operational system. The Building by Law and ASHRAE
requirements has been fulfilled for the ventilation system of the buildings and carefully
thought of.
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67
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Inside an air conditioner, refrigerant cycle happens with the use of refrigerant liquid.
Process of continuous circulating, evaporating and condensation of refrigerant happen in an
air conditioning system through pressure applied in indoor unit. Evaporation occurs at low
temperature and low pressure while condensation occurs at high temperature and high
pressure which this state of matter changing contribute in heat loss to the surrounding and
heat gain from the warm air inside the building. Evaporation happens in an outdoor unit
while condensation happens at indoor unit. The compressor will pump the gas from the
evaporator and increase pressure on the air and send it to the condenser. Heat in the
condenser is removed from high pressure gas which result gas to condense and become
high pressure liquid.
When high pressure liquid refrigerant reach evaporator, the liquid refrigerant
lowered its pressure by suction of compressor. A drop of pressure in refrigerant enable it to
be evaporate, loses heat and change into gas state cooling the air. The cooled air is blown
out from evaporator and distribute into the building with ductwork system.
69
70
(Source: http://energy.gov/articles/energy-saver-101infographic-home-cooling)
(Source:
http://www.insulation.org/io/article.cfm?id=IO14100
2&print=yes)
In Glad Tidings Church, centralized air conditioning system is used due to its large
volume of confined space in the building that requires constant supply of air and ventilation.
Clean and fresh air is being suck from outdoor and cooled down by the compressor that
both located at the car park and rooftop. The cooled air first flows to the indoor unit; the
air-handling unit (AHU) to be filtered to remove unnecessary substance and dust before
being distributed to the building through ductwork system. The warmer air flow back to airhandling unit (AHU) through return duct that is hidden from visibility to be cool down again
before return back to the building. This cycle of cooling, distributing conditioned air and
returning of warmer air repeat until the building is not in used; after operating hours.
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4.5.2 Evaporator the place where heat are exchange that transfer heat in order to cool
down the air. Large surface area of evaporator coil allow more heat to be extract out
efficiently. Liquid from condenser drop on its pressure and evaporate into gas.
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4.5.3 Filter used to provide clean dust-free of air to the building. Filter is placed inside
AHUs, after the blower and all the air substance and dust will be filtered out and prevent
them from flowing into the building creating a good indoor air quality.
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4.5.4 Fan used to help in process of extracting heat with evaporator. Wind is generated
from turning of fan and blown on the evaporator to speed up heat loss. Various type of fan
are available.
4.5.5 Damper used to control the rate of air flow by controlling the opening of the damper
that allow air to pass through. Damper are able to stop circulating the air to unused room.
4.5.6 Compressor is used to circulate the refrigerant inside the system under pressure to
concentrates the heat for easier to be extract out. This component changes low pressure
gas to high pressure gas. Valves are present in compressor to control the entrance and exit
of refrigerant gas during pumping operation in evaporator.
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There are several split unit air conditioning found in Glad Tidings Church as there
might have occupants after operating hours at a certain space. It is mandatory to have air
ventilation in an occupied space even at off hours. Split unit air conditioning are located at
those room that volumes are smaller than commercial buildings main spaces such as
control room, offices and cafeteria.
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Split Unit Air Conditioning system can be control by thermostat or remote control at
will to achieve thermal comfort as it is separated from centralized air conditioning system.
Compressor is located within a distance outdoor near to where Split Unit Air Conditioner is
installed. The reason why a compressor is located at outdoor is to release heat result from
refrigeration process. The advantages from using split unit air conditioning is it has the
flexibility in controlling and to distribute conditioned air at zone that needed air
conditioning.
Figure 4.19
Figure 4.20
Split Unit Air Conditioning compressor (Outdoor Unit) located at back of faade (Figure 4.18) and
basement car park (Figure 4.19)
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Figure 4.22: Location of Fan Coil Unit (FCU) on Ground Floor Plan
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4.9 Analysis
Uniform Building By-Laws (UBBL) THIRD SCHEDULE (By-law 41)
2. Windowless rooms
(1)
Habitable rooms with no external walls and other enclosures shall be provided with
mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning having a minimum fresh air change at the rate of
0.28 cmm per person, but in no case less than that specified in ASHRAE Standard Code 62-73.
(2)
Isolation wards and other such areas for infectious, contagious or other dangerous
diseases shall be provided with mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning having a minimum
fresh air change at the rate 0.42 cmm per person.
Confined room in Glad Tidings Church has continuously exchange of conditioned air with
centralized air conditioning system with supply and return ductwork system and registers.
MS 1525
8.4
Controls
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9.6
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4.10 Conclusion
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84
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5.3.1 Elevator
There is only two units of elevators, placed side by side and they are located at the
bottom corner of the new building.
During the site visit, it is mentioned that the elevators do not have any control room
nor machine room therefore it is confirm that these elevators are Machine-room-less
traction electric lift. Machine-Room-Less elevators are typically traction elevators that do
not have a dedicated machine room above the elevator shaft. The machine sits right on top
of the shaft and the controls sit beside the doors at the highest floor unit. Machine-roomless elevators are becoming more common; however, many maintenance departments do
not like them due to the hassle of working on a ladder as opposed to within a room. The
elevator extends from second lower ground floor to the second floor, totaled to 5 story
range of vertical transportation.
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87
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Figure 5.4.1.3 Evolution of Machine-Roomless Elevators Diagrammatic comparison of Ordinary Machine room
and Machine-Roomless Elevators
Source: http://g03.s.alicdn.com/kf/HTB1S1EW
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Architects are free to use the extra space, which can be as large as 9.2 square meter
per elevator, to support their design vision in this case, the system saved as much as 18.4
square meter to accommodate the futuristic organic roof designed for Glad Tidings without
the need of an extra control room and machine room above the highest floor. This also
enables developers and owners to manage the building more economically as well as
benefit from lower building costs.
Because an elevator machine room is not just four walls, but a space that requires a
complex system of lights, fire protection, and HVAC equipment, eliminating the room
altogether results in reduced construction costs and time, materials, and coordination issues
on the jobsite. With fewer moving parts, installation can be simpler than for conventional
elevator systems, with decreased requirements for interfaces and roof penetrations.
5.5 Elevator Components
5.5.1 Controller
The true MRL gearless traction model has been made possible by two main factors:
the compact controller innovation and the inspection/test panel. In these true MRL models,
compact controllers fit inside the wall of the top elevator landing, and most necessary test
and maintenance features can be concealed behind a panel in the elevator entrance to give
building personnel, elevator mechanics, and city or state inspectors access to the critical
items they need. This inspection and test panel typically includes a mainline disconnect
accessible to building personnel who may need to cut power to the elevator. There is also a
separate lockable panel which houses the service port for elevator mechanics and access to
the safety circuits in case of emergency or troubleshooting.
The controller is simplified and advanced version of an entire control room. It
contains various of technical parameters to control the elevator such as elevator speed,
power range, power supply, frequency inverter, landing method and landing accuracy(up to
less than 3mm). It also has machine room temperature which will send signal to the monitor
system immediately when it exceed the temperature limit. It also contains the connection
system that transmit data to the monitoring system in the utility room.
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The lift supervisory panel is located in the utility room which is important during
service or emergency. There are a display screen for the exact position of each lift as well as
an intercom system to communicate with passenger who are stranded in the car in case of
emergency. There are also red buttons to trigger signals for alarm indication, firemode
indicator, out of service as well as system on gen-set supply, if there is any false alarm
there are also two sets of green buttons for lift in operation or system on normal
supplty. There are also keyholes for service or reset purposes.
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Figure 5.5.3.1 Dedicated elevator display computer terminals are part of the extensive control and
communication equipment installed at the control room
Figure 5.5.3.2 Location of Utility room which house the LMS and Lift Supervisory Penal
UBBL 154. Emergency mode of operation in the event of main power failure.
1) On failure of main power of lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor,
commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls and park with
door open.
2) After all lifts are parked the lifts on emergency power shall resume normal operation.
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Gearless machine are normally used in high rise applications whereby the drive
motor and drive sheave are connected in line on a common shaft, without any mechanical
speed reduction unit located between the drive motor and drive sheave. They are usually
used for high speed lifts between (2.5m/s) to 10 m/s and they can be also used for lower
speeds for special applications. The components include the electrical motor, traction
sheave or drum, direct current armature (DC motor), rotor (AC motor), brake, machine
bedplate, supporting bearings and deflector or double wrap sheave:
A) Electrical
Motor
B) Brake
C) Machine
Bedplate
Electrical Motor is used to raise and lower the elevator cab, the
direction of motor rotation and speed (revolutions per minute) are
directed and supervised by devices located within the elevator
controller, The motor component of the elevator machine can be
either a DC motor or an AC motor
Traction and drum machines are provided with a mechanical brake,
designed to stop and safely hold an elevator. A centrifugal force
governor is provided on most elevators to guard against
overspeeding (when a car travels in excess of 20% of top speed, the
governor will activate a safety stop device). Safeties are installed at
the bottom of an elevator car and occasionally on counterweights to
provide positive emergency stopping when activated by the
governor.
The gear box, motor and brake may be assembled on a common
bedplate. This fabricated steel structure serves to keep all parts in
accurate alignment and allows one-piece shipment.
Some machines have the motor and brake as an integral part of the
gear case, removing the need for a separate bedplate.
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D) Traction
(Drive)
Sheave
E) Deflector
Sheave
d. Car Door
e. Car Operator
f. Guide Shoes
g. Entrance-protection system
Stiles are two vertical channels running parallel to the rails. The stiles are
connected to the crosshead and the safety plank. They provide a
connecting point for one end of the brace rods. The length of the stiles
depends on the cab height.
b) Safety
Plank
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c) CrossHead
d) Brace
Rods
There are generally four brace rods. One end attaches midway up each
stile and the other end attaches to a corner of the platform. Brace rods
provide stability for the elevator car. Besides that, they ensure that the
platform is level.
e) Strike
Plates
Two strike plates are mounted to the underside of the safety planks. The
strike plates are the contact points between the buffer springs and car
sling if the elevator car travels too far below the lowest terminal landing.
f) Sling
Hitch
The car hitch plate is used to secure the ropes to the cross-head. The
ropes are secured in the center of the cross-head
Table 5.7.1.1 Car Sling Components
The elevator cabinet is the interior of the car where passengers stand while being
transported. The cabinets are completely enclosed with openings being only the car door,
an emergency trap door as well as ventilation apertures. An elevator cabinet has many
choices for the finished interior materials such as stainless steel, cold rolled steel, bronze
and plastic laminate.
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The double banked car operating panel is advisable for a higher number of floors,
because the single banked version would be too long. As the length of the faceplate with a
double banked panel is smaller than a single banked panel, the buttons are accessible by all.
A further advantage of the double banked arrangement is the possibility to insert name
plates alongside the buttons.
5.7.1.3.1 Car Interior Components
Other aesthetic features that are included to enchace the experience incudes the
Mirror, handrails and lightings:
1) Mirrors
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2) Handrails
3) Lighting
A selection of different lighting options lets
you add the right atmosphere to your
elevator from warm spot light to ambient
indirect lighting. You can either choose
from one of the lighting solutions that
comes with our interior designs or you can
opt for a custom solution.
Table 5.7.1.3 Car Interior Components
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A door operator is a motor-driven device mounted on the elevator car that opens
and closes the car doors. (Electrical KnowHow, 2009)
5.7.1.6 Guide Shoes
Elevator car doors contain guide shoes which are devices used to guide both car and
counterweight along the path of the guide rails. In addition they also make sure that the
lateral motion of the car and counterweight is kept at a bare minimum while it is travelling
along the guide rails. The guide shoes used in the elevators of Glad Tidings are roller guides.
Roller Guides are guide shoes which use rollers that rotate on guide rails (A set of
three wheels that roll against the guide rails) rather than sliding on the rails.
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Figure 5.7.1.7.1: Elevator car door with infrared sensor installation for safety purpose
Source: http://www.mitsubishielectric.in/news-detail.php?id=36
Figure 5.7.1.7.2: Elevator car door with infrared sensor installation for safety purpose
Source: http://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/elevator-parts-elevator-infrared-photocellPhotoelectric_1402131683.html
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101
102
103
Counterweight hitch plate is the attachment point for the other end of the ropes.
The ropes are attached to the counterweight frame by a hitch plate similar to the car hitch
plate. The car hangs on one end of the ropes and the counterweights hang on the other
end.
A Counterweight guard is located in the pit area. It is designed to protect individuals
working in the pit from being struck by the counterweights as they come down.
5.7.2.3 Suspension Cables
Elevator cables are used to suspend and bear the weight of the elevator car and
counterweight. They are generally made from thick steel wire ropes. They are used on
traction elevators, and are usually attached to the crosshead and extending up into the
motor while looping over the sheave on the motor and then down to the counter weights.
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From our observation, the passenger use roping system b, with roping of 1 to 1 full
double wrap high speed elevator.
105
Landing Indicator is used to show the specific location and direction of the selected
elevator.
Call Button is used to summon elevator to your current floor level. All elevators must
have a call button installed beside them.
106
During emergency situation, the firemans lift switch is toggled to over -ride the
calling system returning all the lifts to the ground floor where the switch is located. The lifts
will remain on the ground floor with door open for evacuation purpose until the switch is
toggled back again.
The hoist way door locking mechanism is used to lock each landing door
mechanically. They are also interconnected electrically to prevent operation of the elevator
if any of the elevators hoist way doors are open. If a landing door is forced open, the
interlock circuit will break and the elevator will stop immediately.
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Hoist way Emergency Door Keys are used to unlock the hoist way door interlock
during emergency.
UBBL 152. Openings in lift shafts.
5) Provision shall be made for the opening of all landing door by means of an emergency key
irrespective of the position of the lift car.
5.7.2.5 Buffers in the Pit
Buffer is a device designed to stop a descending car or counterweight beyond its
limit and to soften the force with which the elevator runs into the pit during an emergency.
They may be of polyurethane or oil type in respect of the rated speed.
There are two principal types of buffers:
1) Energy accumulation: accumulate the kinetic energy of the car or counterweight.
2) Energy dissipation: dissipate the kinetic energy of the car or counterweight.
A Spring Buffer is generally used on hydraulic elevators. These devices are used to
cushion the elevator and are mostly located in the elevator pit.
An Oil Buffer is another type of buffer more commonly found on traction elevators
with speeds higher than 200 feet per minute. This type of buffer uses a combination of oil
and springs to cushion a descending car or counterweight. They are commonly located in
the elevator pit.
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5.8 Analysis
5.8.1 Planning of Elevators
There are only a pair of elevator in the entire premise of the 5 storey high Glad
Tidings. Infront the staircase is a space of approximately 5 times 7 meters is given to ensure
ease for the elevator users to travel in and out if the elevators.
The minimal number of elevators in this premises and position of them in the far
back corner of the building significantly decrease the effectivity and efficiency of the
elevators. This leads to minimal usage during non-peak hours due to its non-strategic
positioning as well as inefficient usage due to prolonged waiting time during peak hours
which the church can easily accommodate up to thousands of users.
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The lift lobby of Glad Tiding is installed with a smoke detector as well as several
sprinkles around the compound. Therefore, the elevators are well prepared for any fire
emergency.
UBBL 154. Emergency mode of operation in the event of main power failure.
1) On failure of main power of lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor,
commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls and park with
door open.
2) After all lifts are parked the lifts on emergency power shall resume normal operation.
The elevators in Glad Tidings are incorporated with a system that during emergency
or power failure, the elevators are directed to the lobby automatically. unless the firemen is
in need of the usage of the elevators which can be activated through the lift supervisory
penal in the utility room. The elevator can resume normal operation using emergency
power generated from the emergency electrical room at the basement floor level. Therefore
fulfilling the mentioned by-laws
UBBL 152. Opening in lift shafts.
1) Every opening in a lift shaft or lift entrance shall open into a protected lobby unless other
suitable means of protection to the opening to the satisfaction of the local authority is
provided. These requirements shall not apply to open type industrial and other special
buildings as may be approved by D.G.F.S.
All the elevator openings of Glad Tidings will only open when they reach a protected
lobby. This is for safety purpose as people might get caught between the gap of the lobby
and elevator shaft.
2) No glass shall be used for in landing doors except for vision in which case any vision panel
shall or be glazed with wired safety glass, and shall not be more than 0.0161 square metre
and the total area of one of more vision panels in any landing door shall be not more than
0.0156 square meter.
The elevators of Glad Tidings do not use any glass material as construction as the
cabin compartments are totally covered from the outside.
UBBL 243. Fire lifts.
4) Fire lifts shall be provided at the rate of one lift in every group of lifts which discharge into
the same protected enclosure or smoke lobby containing the rising main, provided that the
fire lifts are located not more than 61 metres travel distance from the furthermost point of
the floor.
From the Ground floor plan analysis of the 60 meters radius of the lift, it is very
obvious that the blue area is out of the required range for fire rescue purposes. Therefore,
110
additional elevators, especially fire elevators are needed to cope with the evacuation traffic
during emergency.
5.8.3 Location
Location of lifts should be sited in the central area and take into account the proximity of
entrances to the building and staircases. If the entrances to a building are not in a central
position, there is still a strong case for centralizing the lifts, since their use during the day
may outweigh the inconvenience of reaching the lifts at church service time and end time.
111
Therefore it is suggested to propose a lift shaft beside the foyer so that user that
enter the premise is able to travel vertically without having to walk all the way to the
existing lefts located at the back.
5.8.4 Escalator Proposal
Another proposal is to have escalator in the premise of Glad Tidings as the lifts are
only able to accommodate certain amount of people at that certain time. The continuous
operation of elevation and able to accommodate much more user at the certain time is
perfect for the use in the large scale church especially during festive events like Christmas,
Good Friday or New Year.
112
The proposed escalator is to replace the single flight staircase at the end of the new
building. The reason is being the staircase is catered to the largest Multipurpose Hall of the
church which can house a basketball court and 4 badminton courts at once and used for
dinner events that can accommodate up to hundreds of table for events. To allow smooth
traffic flow and minimal waiting time, the escalator is the greatest solution to this issue.
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Escalators are continuous conveyors designed for moving large numbers of people quickly
and efficiently from one floor to another. Unlike a normal lift installation it requires no waiting timed
and in order to achieve a similar service a large number of lifts occupying more floor space would be
required. However, an escalator can be used in conjunction with a lift, for example, between
basement and ground floor where traffic is light, to avoid the need for the lift to travel to the lower
floor when the demand on the upper floor is heavy. Escalators have the advantage of being
reversible to suit the main flow of traffic during peak times and, unlike lifts, they may be used when
stationary.
Operating System
Escalator Landing
Platform
An escalator landing platform is the two platforms on the top and lower
level of the escalator which houses the curved section of the tracks, as
well as the gears and motors which drive the escalators. The top platform
houses the motor sprocket assembly and main drive gear while the lower
platform contains the step return idler sprockets. The platforms allows
passenger to stand on it before stepping onto the steps.
An escalator truss is the structural frame of an escalator consisting of the
lower section, incline section, and upper section. It is made of a hollow
metal structure that bridges the lower and upper landings composed of
two side sections joined together with cross braces across the bottom
and just below the top.
The escalator track system is built into the truss to guide the step chain,
which continuously pulls the steps from the bottom of the platform
towards the upper level in an endless loop. The relative positions of these
tracks form a staircase as they move out from under the comb plate. The
tracks are at their maximum distance apart when along the straight
section of the truss.
Escalator steps are solid aluminum or steel linked by a continuous metal
chain that forms a closed loop. The edge of each step is connected to two
wheels attached to the tracks, to enable the control of the orientation of
the steps by the tracks.
Escalator Truss
Escalator Tracks
Escalator Steps
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5.10 Conclusion
Vertical transportation is the medium of catalyst that allow user to mobilize in the building
be it vertically or horizontally effectively and efficiently. They are the factor that enhance
the user experience through circulation and transitions within the premise. Architect who
are will design the vertical transportation in a way that they are able to accommodate
human traffic at all time especially emergency. The elevator in Glad Tiding are able to
provide fundamental convenience to user although many aspect still can be improved after
doing this analysis report especially to carter to the disabled and rescue process by the
firemen by following the UBBL requirements.
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t
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i
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ooki
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a
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es
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ei
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v
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a
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eg
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ul
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na
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he
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t
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ount
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hef
ut
ur
ede
s
i
g
n.
116
CHAPTER 7 References
CHAPTER 2.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
References
1. Fire Extinguisher Malaysia (2012). Fire Extinguisher Helps Save Life.
Retrieved November 18,
2015 from
http://www.fireextinguishermalaysia.com/
2. Fire Protection System Contractor Malaysia (2015). Dry Rise Systems.
Retrieved November 17,
2015 from
http://www.firefightingprotectionsystem.com.my/dryrisersystems/#.VlIImXYrKUl
3. Grundfos (n.d.). Fire Systems. Retrieved November 20, 2015 from
http://www.grundfos.com/products/find-product/fire-systems.html
4. Shutters, HVP (2015). Understanding Fire Shutters. Retrieved November
13, 2015 from
http://www.hvpshutters.co.uk/fire-shutters.php
5. Solutions, G (2010). Hydrant System Equipment. Retrieved November 17,
2015 from
http://www.kumpulanprotection.com/catalog/fire-hydrant-p-42.html
http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Mechanical_ventilation_of_buildi
ngs
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5. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL FOR CONFINEMENT LIVESTOCK HOUSING. (n.d.).
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7. Housing Retrofit: Whole house ventilation. (n.d.). Retrieved November 22,
2015, from http://www.greenspec.co.uk/building-design/whole-houseventilation/
8. Info-611: Balanced Ventilation Systems (HRVs and ERVs). (n.d.). Retrieved
November 22, 2015, from
http://buildingscience.com/documents/information-sheets/info-611balanced-ventilation-systems
9. Smoke Control - KMC Controls. (n.d.). Retrieved November 22, 2015, from
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10. Whole-House Ventilation. (n.d.). Retrieved November 22, 2015, from
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3. Basic Elevator Components - Part Two. (n.d.). Retrieved May 10, 2015, from
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4. Escalators Basic Components - Part One. (n.d.). Retrieved May 10, 2015, from
http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/escalators-basic-componentspart-one.html
5. Jain, P. (2012, August 4). Escalators. Retrieved May 10, 2015, from
http://www.engineersgarage.com/articles/escalators#
6. Escalators Basic Components - Part One. (n.d.). Retrieved May 10, 2015, from
http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/04/escalators-basic-componentspart-one.html 7) Elevator Types. (n.d.). Retrieved May 10, 2015, from
http://www.archtoolbox.com/materials-systems/verticalcirculation/elevatortypes.html