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0.0125 0.800
mol s1 = 0.00219 mol s1 [1] (The negative sign means a
(6 0) 60
Amount of A (mol)
Time (min)
Correct labelling of axes [1]
Correct plot of graph [1]
(c)
0.800 0.0125
mol s1 = 0.00219 mol s1 [1]
(6 0) 60
Amount of A (mol)
Time (min)
Initial rate =
0.50 0.80
mol s1 = 0.0125 mol s1 [1]
(0.4 0) 60
Amount of A (mol)
(d)
Time (min)
Instantaneous rate =
0.030 0.16
mol s1 = 0.00120 mol s1 [1]
(4.0 2.2) 60
(b) (i)
48.0
cm3 s1 = 4.80 cm3 s1 [1]
10
2.0
M s1 = 0.200 M s1 [1]
10
10.0
1000 mol s1 = 2.00 103 mol s1 [1]
10
2.0
2.0 10 3
mol s1 = 1.0 103 mol s1.
2
[1]
3
3.5
mol = 0.0417 mol
23.0 1.0 12.0 16.0 3
25.0
mol = 0.0750 mol [1]
1000
3.5
g s1 = 0.0194 g s1 [1]
180
(c) From the equation, the mole ratio of sodium hydrogencarbonate to sulphuric acid is 2 : 1.
Number of moles of H 2 SO 4 reacted =
Change in concentration of H 2 SO 4 =
0.0417
mol = 0.0209 mol
2
0.0209
M = 0.836 M [1]
25.0
1000
0.836
M s1 = 4.64 103 M s1 [1]
180
(d) From the equation, the mole ratio of sodium hydrogencarbonate to carbon dioxide is 1 : 1.
Number of moles of CO 2 produced = Number of moles of NaHCO 3 reacted = 0.0417 mol [1]
Change in mass of CO 2 = 0.0417 (12.0 + 16.0 2) g = 1.83 g
Average rate of production of CO 2 =
1.83
g s1 = 0.0102 g s1 [1]
180
25.0
mol = 6.25 103 mol
1000
25.0
mol = 0.0125 mol [1]
1000
0.250
M s1 = 6.25 103 M s1 [1]
40
(c) From the chemical equation, the mole ratio of Cr 2 O 7 2(aq) to I(aq) is 1 : 6.
6 rate of decrease of Cr 2 O 7 2 concentration = rate of decrease of I [1]
Average rate of decrease of Cr 2 O 7
6.25 10 3
(aq) concentration =
M s1 = 1.04 103 M s1
6
[1]
(d) From the chemical equation, the mole ratio of I(aq) to I 2 (aq) is 2 : 1.
rate of decrease of I concentration = 2 rate of increase of I 2 concentration [1]
Average rate of increase of I 2 (aq) concentration =
6.25 10 3
M s1 = 3.13 103 M s1 [1]
2
(0.0125 0.8)mol
[1]
(6 0)min
Amount of A (mol)
Time (min)
For correct labelling of axes [1]
For correct plot of graph [1]
Amount of A (mol)
(c)
Time (min)
(0.38 0.8)mol
[1] = 0.42 mol min1 [1]
(1 0)min
Amount of A (mol)
Time (min)
Instantaneous rate of reaction at the third minute =
(0.04 0.17)mol
[1]
(4 2)min
Concentration of a product
W
V
Y Z Time
(a) The change in concentration of Br 2 (aq) can be monitored by colorimetry. [1] Initially, the colour of
Br 2 (aq) is brown. [1] When the reaction proceeds, the brown colour fades out. [1] The colour
intensity measured by the colorimeter is proportional to the concentration of Br 2 (aq). [1]
Colour intensity
(b)
Time
Correct sketching [1]
Correct labelling of x-axis and y-axis [1]
8
suction flask
dilute
hydrochloric
acid
baking soda
to data-logger
interface and
computer
30
mol= 0.060 mol [1]
1000
5.0
No. of moles of NaHCO 3 =
mol = 0.0595 mol [1]
23.1 1.0 12.0 16.0 3
From the equation, the mole ratio between HCl and NaHCO 3 is 1 : 1.
No. of moles of NaHCO 3 < no. of moles of HCl [1]
NaHCO 3 is the limiting reactant. [1]
1.2 1.0
(ii) Average rate of the reaction =
atm s1 = 1.67 103 atm s1 [1]
2 60
9
gas syringe
magnesium ribbon
Time
Correct graph trend [1]
Correct axes labels [1]
10
11
0.30 0.027
g s1 = 0.0137 g s1 [2]
20 0
(b) Rate =
0.0137
mol s1 = 5.64 104 mol s1 [2]
24.3
Mass of Mg (g)
Time (s)
(f)
Volume of hydrogen
(g)
Time
OR
Time
Correct sketching [1]
Correct labelling of axes [1]
12
(a) Pour the sodium thiosulphate solution into the beaker. Then place the beaker over a black cross
marked on the white tile. [1] Pour the hydrochloric acid quickly into the thiosulphate solution and
start the stopwatch at the same time. [1] Stir the mixture gently and observe the cross vertically
down through the solution. Record the time taken for the blot out of the cross. [1]
beaker
sodium thiosulphate solution +
hydrochloric acid
cross
Correct diagram [1]
Correct labelling [1]
(b) S 2 O 3 2(aq) + 2H+(aq) H 2 O(l) + SO 2 (g) + S(s) [1]
(c) Sulphur dioxide/SO 2 [1]
(d) (i)
rate
1
[1]
time taken for the ' blot out' of the cross
OR
The time for blot out is inversely proportional to the average rate of reaction. [1]
(ii) Rate =
1
s1= 0.00400 s1 [1]
250
(e) (i)
Since sulphur dioxide is formed as a gaseous product in the reaction, [1] the volume of
sulphur dioxide collected can be measured by a gas syringe at different instants. [1]
(ii) The creamy yellow precipitate of sulphur makes the solution cloudy and affects the
transmittance of light through the solution, which is easily to be observed. [1] Since sulphur
dioxide is quite soluble in water, the volume of SO 2 (g) collected is not accurate. [1]
13
14
(a) Adding excess HCl immediately removes all NaOH in the reaction mixture [1] to quench the
reaction. [1]
(b) Titrate the mixture containing excess HCl against standard NaOH. [1] Number of moles of NaOH
present in the reaction mixture equals the difference between number of moles of excess HCl
added and that of NaOH required to neutralize the remained acid. [1]
(c) (i) Pour the small portion of reaction mixture into ice-cold distilled water. [1]
(ii) The reaction does not stop as both reactants are still present in the mixture. [1]
15
Leakage of gas might occur through connections between any two apparatus.
Heat change of the reaction heats up the gas and expands it.
(Accept other reasonable answers)
(d) Measure the change of pressure in the container with a pressure sensor connected to a data-logger
in a closed system. [1] Hydrogen gas is the only gas among the reactants and products, the
pressure in the container increases as the reaction proceeds. [1]
OR
Measure the change in mass of the reaction mixture in an open system. [1] Hydrogen gas produced
can escape from the reaction mixture, so the mass of the reaction mixture decreases during the
reaction. [1]
(e) Yes. [1] There was no further increase in volume of gas after t = 5 min. [1]
(f)
Time (min)
Correct labelling of axes [1]
Correct plot of graph [1]
(g)
Time (min)
Correct labelling of axes [1]
Correct sketching [1]
16
(a) As the reaction proceeds, the solution changes from deep purple to pale pink (or colourless). [1]
(b) He is incorrect. The colour change from purple to pale pink (or colourless) is mainly due to the
formation of Mn2+ from MnO 4 . [1] The amount of water formed has a negligible volume in this
reaction. [1]
[Remarks:
Suppose 20 cm3 of solution is inside the test tube and the initial concentrations of MnO 4 and
C 2 O 4 2 are 0.20 M and 0.50 M respectively.
Number of moles of MnO 4 present = 0.20
20
mol = 0.00400 mol
1000
20
mol = 0.0100 mol
1000
18.0 0.0160
cm3 = 0.288 cm3, which is insignificant when
1.0
Concentration of MnO 4
(c)
Time
Correct labelling of axes [1]
Correct sketching [1]
17
(a) Use a colorimeter to follow the change in colour intensity [1] since MnO 4 is purple in colour,
while other species in the reaction is colourless. [1]
(b) Hydrochloric acid. [1] HCl is a much stronger acid than ethanoic acid, so it can provide more H+
ions in aqueous medium, [1] which can better fulfil the high H+ ion concentration requirement of
MnO 4 (ratio of MnO 4 to H+ is 1 : 8). [1]
(c) The method is not suitable. [1] The main problem of this method is that the change in colour at the
end point is not obvious enough [1] since the colour of MnO 4 is much more intense than that of
phenolphthalein. [1]
18
(a) Collect the oxygen formed by gas syringe, [1] and record the volume collected at regular time
intervals. [1]
19
Time (min)
Correct labelling of axes [1]
Correct points [1]
Correct curve [1]
(d) Connect a gas syringe to the set-up [1] to measure the change in volume of gas with time. [1]
OR
Connect a pressure sensor with a data-logger to the set-up [1] to measure the change of pressure
inside the container with time. [1]
20
(a) Adding excess HCl immediately removes all NaOH in the reaction mixture [1]. Since one of the
reactants is removed, the reaction can be quenched. [1]
(b) The reaction mixture can be poured into ice-cold distilled water to slow down the reaction
progress. [1]
(c) The reaction is not completely stopped by pouring the reaction mixture into an ice-cold distilled
water. [1]
(d) Titrate the mixture with excess HCl against standard NaOH solution. [1] The number of moles of
NaOH present in the reaction mixture before quenching is the difference between the number of
moles of excess HCl added and the number of moles of NaOH required to neutralize the excess
acid. [1]
(a) Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl 2 (aq) + H 2 (g) [1]
(b) X is hydrogen gas. [1] It burns with a pop sound when it is tested with a burning splint. [1]
(c) Friction between the plunger and the gas syringe slightly compresses the gas inside. [1]/There may
be leakage of gas through junctions between any two apparatus. [1]/Heat given out by the reaction
heats up the gas and expands it. [1]
(d) Yes. With a pressure gauge, the gas produced will not be allowed to expand but rather builds up a
pressure inside the flask. [1] The increase in pressure is directly proportional to the amount of gas
present. [1]
(e) Yes. Since there is no further increase in volume of gas X after the sixth minute, we can deduce
that the reaction has completed. [1]
(f)
22
Time (min)
For correct labelling of axes [1]
(g)
Time (min)
(a) As the reaction is going on, the solution turns gradually from purple to pale pink (or colourless).
[1] There is effervescence due to the formation of carbon dioxide gas. [1]
(b) No. The colour change of the solution from purple to pale pink (or colourless) is mainly due to
formation of Mn2+(aq) ions from MnO 4 (aq) ions instead. [1] The volume of water formed in this
reaction is too small to give an observable dilution effect. [1]
Further explanation
Suppose the test tube contains 20 cm3 of solution, with initial [MnO 4 (aq)]
and [C 2 O 4 2(aq)] of 0.2 M and 0.5 M respectively.
20
dm3 = 0.01 mol
Number of moles of C 2 O 4 2 present = 0.5 mol dm3
1000
20
Number of moles of MnO 4 present = 0.2 mol dm3
dm3 = 0.004
1000
mol
Consider the mole ratio of MnO 4 to C 2 O 4 2, the amount of C 2 O 4 2 is just
enough for reacting with all MnO 4 .
Hence, no. of moles of H 2 O produced = 0.016 mol
Since molecular mass of H 2 O = 1.0 2 + 16.0 g mol1 = 18.0 g mol1, and
density of water = 1 g cm3; therefore the volume of H 2 O formed =
18.0 g mol 1 0.016 mol
= 0.288 cm3 which is insignificant with respect to
3
1 g cm
the total volume of the reaction mixture.
(c)
Time (min)
For correct sketch of graph [1]
For correct labelling of axes [1]
24
(a)
rubber connecting tubing
cotton
thread
magnesium
ribbon
gas collected
plunger
gas syringe
stopwatch
Volume of H 2 (g)
II
Time
(f)
25
1 1
(s )
t
0.0278
0.0208
0.0175
0.0147
0.00826
0.00633
[2]
(c)
1/t (s1)
1
also increases. [1] The relationship between rate of reaction and [HCl]
t
1
rate of reaction . [1]
t
(e) An increase in [HCl] will increase the frequency of effective collisions, [1] so the reaction rate will
be higher. [1]
(a) CaCO 3 (s) + 2H+(aq) Ca2+(aq) + H 2 O(l) + CO 2 (g) [1]
(b) The rate decreases with time. [1]
The concentration of the reactants decreases with time so the number of effective collisions
decreases. [1]
Draw a tangent to the curve at time t.
Rate of reaction at time t = slope of the tangent [1]
(c)
Volume of CO 2
26
original
(ii)
(i)
Time
Correct sketching of curve (i) [1]
Correct sketching of curve (ii) [1]
(i) Volume of CO 2 produced is smaller as the amount of HCl is halved. [1]
The curve is less steep since the concentration of HCl is lower. [1]
(ii) Equal volume of CO 2 is produced since amount of HCl is unchanged. [1]
The curve is less steep since the concentration of HCl is lower. [1]
27
(a) It is incorrect. [1] When the pressure inside the container is higher than 1 atm, the temperature of
boiling water exceeds 100C. [1]
(b) The boiling point of water is raised (>100C) when the the pressure inside the container is higher
than atmopheric pressure. [1] An increase in temperature raises the average kinetic energy of the
reactant particles. [1] The higher chance of collisions increases the number of effective collisons
and hence the reaction rate. [1] Thus the cooking time is shortened.
(c) At a higher temperature, a larger portion of viruses and bacteria can be killed. [1]
28
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
MnO 2
(e)
wool
MnO 2
H 2 O 2 (aq)
electronic balance
(f)
29
Reaction rate
Temperature
Correct sketching [1]
Correct labelling of axes [1]
(ii) It is an exponential curve. [1]
This is because the reaction goes much faster at higher temperature. [1]
30
(a) (i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(b) (i)
(ii)
(a) CaCO 3 (s) + 2CH 3 COOH(aq) (CH 3 COO) 2 Ca(aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) [1]
(b)
Decrease in mass
31
3
2
1
Time
Correct curves [3]
(c) (i)
Experiment 2 gives a higher initial rate than experiment 1. [1] The powder provides a larger
surface area than the fragments. [1] The higher chance of collision increases the number of
effective collisions and hence the reaction rate. [1]
(ii) Experiment 3 gives a higher initial rate than experiment 2. [1] The increase in temperature
raises the average kinetic energy of the reactant particles. [1] They have more energy and
move faster. [1] The higher chance of collision increases the number of effective collisions
and hence the reaction rate. [1]
32
33
Time (min)
(Correct labelling of axes [1] Correct curve A [1] Correct curve B [1])
Experiment A [1]
(c) (i) The surface area of aluminium dust is much larger, [1] so it is much easier to react with air to
form the corresponding oxide, by which enormous heat is given out in a short time. [1]
(ii) Twigs have larger surface area than logs. [1]
Volume of CO 2
Time
pH
Time
[1]
Measure mass of the chemicals/apparatus. [1]
Mass
34
Time
[1]
(b) Any TWO of the following:
Use powdered MgCO 3 . [1]
Surface area of MgCO 3 is increased. [1]
[1]
30
23.0 2 32.1 2 16.0 3
250
mol = 0.125 mol [1]
1000
36
5
2
Time
Correct assignment of five curves [5]
(c) (i) Powdered slaked lime has a much larger surface area, [1] so it can neutralize acid soils much
faster. [1]
(ii) The surface area of the ingredients increases, [1] so the cooking process can be faster. [1]
(iii) The temperature inside the refrigerator is low, [1] so the reactions that lead to deterioration of
food proceed slower. [1]
37
(a) The initial rate is lower since the concentration of acid is lower. [1] Half the amount of hydrogen is
formed since half the amount of acid is used. [1]
(b) The initial rate is higher as the temperature of acid is raised. [1] Equal amount of hydrogen is
produced since the amount of acid is unchanged. [1]
(c) The initial rate is higher as copper(II) ions act as a catalyst to the reaction. [1] Equal amount of
hydrogen is formed since the amount of acid is unchanged. [1]
[Remarks: The addition of copper(II) sulphate promotes the release of electrons from zinc. Zn(s)
Zn2+(aq) + 2e]
(d) The initial rate is lower since the surface area of zinc decreases. [1] Equal amount of hydrogen is
produced since the amount of acid is unchanged. [1]
38
New condition
Change in
rate, if any
reaction
Reason
Using 5 g of powdered
zinc
Increased [1]
Using 3 g of zinc
granules
[Remarks: Assume that
the size of granules
remains unchanged.]
Decreased [1]
Decreased [1]
Increased [1]
Increase in temperature
will speed up the reaction.
[1]
Increased [1]
39
(a)
Amount of X (mol)
Time (min)
Correct labelling of axes [1]
Correct curve [1]
0 0.010
Initial rate =
mol s1 = 6.94 105 mol s1 (The negative sign means a decrease
(2.4 0) 60
in the amount of X) [1]
Amount of X (mol)
(b)
Time (min)
Correct sketching [1]
The reaction rate is higher when a catalyst is used, so the new curve is steeper initially and
becomes horizontal earlier. [1] The amount of X remained is unchanged since a catalyst has no
effect on the yield of the product. [1]
(c) Use powdered catalyst [1] to increase the surface area of the catalyst [1] and hence the reaction
rate.
40
(a) Colorimetry. [1] Since the reaction mixture changes from colourless to brown as the reaction
proceeds, [1] there is a change in colour intensity. [1] A colorimeter can be used to follow the
progress of the reaction.
OR
Titrimetric analysis. [1] A small portion of the reaction mixture can be extracted and quenched by
ice-cold distilled water at regular time intervals. [1] Then the amount of iodine in it can be found
out by titration against standard S 2 O 3 2. [1]
(b) Increase the concentration of S 2 O 8 2(aq)/Increase the concentration of I(aq)/Increase the
temperature of the reaction mixture (Any TWO [2])
(c) (i) It is because the reaction involves collisions of ions of the same charge. [1]
(ii) 2Fe3+(aq) + 2I(aq) 2Fe2+(aq) + I 2 (aq) [1]
(iii) Peroxodisulphate ions are reduced by Fe(II) ions. [1]
2Fe2+(aq) + S 2 O 8 2(aq) 2Fe3+(aq) + 2SO 4 2(aq) [1]
(iv) It can increase the reaction rate. [1]
It remains chemically unchanged at the end of a reaction. [1]
(d) (i) Zymase [1]
(ii) Vanadium(V) oxide/V 2 O 5 [1]
(iii) Manganese(IV) oxide/MnO 2 [1]
(a) The rate of production of oxygen gas can be monitored by measuring the change in mass of H 2 O 2 (aq) with time when it undergoes decomposition./by measuring the change in volume of oxygen
gas collected with time. [1]
(b) Any TWO of the following:
Increase the concentration of the H 2 O 2 (aq) solution. [1]
Increase the temperature of the H 2 O 2 (aq) solution. [1]
Add a catalyst (MnO 2 ) to the reaction mixture. [1]
(c)
Volume of oxygen gas
41
c
original
Time
Correct sketching [1]
(d) The biological catalyst involved in the decomposition is called enzyme. [1] Initially, the activity of
enzyme increases with temperature. [1] Its activity is the highest at 37C. After 37C, its activity
decreases with further increase in temperature. [1] At a high temperature of 80C, the enzyme is
denatured and its activity becomes zero. [1]
42
(c) The rate of reaction is proportional to the number of effective collisions per unit time [1] between
reactant particles.
(d) Reactant particles carry different kinetic energies/are moving at different speeds. [1] Lowering the
minimum energy barrier would allow larger proportion of particles carrying enough kinetic energy
to cause effective collisions. [1] This increases the number of effective collisions per unit time and
hence the reaction rate. [1]
(e) He is partly correct. [1]
A catalyst can increase the rate of reaction so time can be saved and cost of production can be
reduced. [1] However, a catalyst has no effect on the yield of a reaction. [1]
43
(a) Catalyst is a substance that changes (usually increases) the reaction rate, [1] but itself remains
chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction. [1]
(b) To increase the surface area of the catalyst [1] and hence the reaction rate. [1]
(c) Vanadium(V) oxide/V 2 O 5 [1]
Oxidation state = +5 [1]
(d) The student is partly correct. [1]
The presence of enzymes can cause browning of some fruits and vegetables. [1] However, the
enzymes only speed up the chemical reactions which lead to the formation of a brown substance in
fruits and vegetables. [1]
(e) Manufacture of beer/wine/cheese/soy sauce/yogurt. [2] (Any TWO)
44
MV
mol. [1]
2
MV
volume of HCl needed = 2 cm3 = V cm3 [1]
M
2
(ii) Higher temperature of HCl/Mg with larger surface area/Higher concentration of HCl but
using less volume to keep the number of moles of HCl halved (Any TWO) [2]
45
(a) (i)
Decomposition is a process in which a compound breaks down into two or more substances,
usually as a result of heating. [1]
(ii) It should be regenerated at the end of the reaction [1] and it is used in only trace amount. [1]
(iii)
gas syringe
oxygen gas
manganese(IV)
oxide
H 2 O 2 (aq)
100
2.0 mol = 0.200 mol [1]
1000
0.200
mol = 0.100 mol [1]
2
(iii) Volume of oxygen produced = 0.100 24.0 dm3 = 2.40 dm3 [1]
46
47
5x
cm3 = 2.5x cm3 [1]
2
Volume of O 2 (g) reacted with C 2 H 4 (g) = 3 (10.0 x) cm3 = 30.0 3x cm3 [1]
Therefore, 30.0 2.5x (30.0 3x) = 2.0 [1]
x = 4.0 [1]
3
Volume of C 2 H 2 (g) = 4.0 cm
Volume of C 2 H 4 (g) = 6.0 cm3
48
C x H y (g) + (x +
y
y
)O 2 (g) xCO 2 (g) +
H 2 O(l) [1]
4
2
Therefore, x = 4 [1]
Volume of O 2 reacted = 150 30.0 cm3 = 120 cm3
Mole ratio of O 2 to CO 2 = volume ratio of O 2 to CO 2
y
4 = 120
4
80.0
4.80 103
mol = 200 mol [1]
(a) Number of moles of H 2 present =
24.0
(b) 2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2H 2 O(l) [1]
(c) From the equation, mole ratio of H 2 : O 2 = 2 : 1
By Avogadros Law, volume ratio of H 2 : O 2 = 2 : 1
Volume of oxygen consumed =
4.80 103
dm3 = 2.40 103 dm3 [1]
2
Mole ratio of H 2 : H 2 O = 1 : 1
Number of moles of water formed = 200 mol
Mass of water formed = 200 (1.0 2 + 16.0) g = 3600 g [1]
Volume of water formed =
3600
cm3 = 3600 cm3 [1]
1.0
2.40 103
(d) Volume of air required =
dm3 = 11 429 dm3 [1]
21%
50
(c)
10
4.17 6.25
15
7.5
20
25
30
35
[2]
Time (s)
Correct labelling of axes [1]
Correct plot of graph [1]
51
52
53
0 12
cm3 min1 = 13.3 cm3 min1 (The negative sign means the rate of
0.9 0
Mole ratio of H 2 O : O 2 is 2 : 1.
Volume of H 2 O formed = 2 10.6 cm3 = 21.2 cm3 [1]
total volume of gases = 21.2 + 1.41 + 2.80 cm3 = 25.4 cm3 [1]
25.4 24.0 12.0
(ii) Percentage change of volume =
100% = 29.4% [1]
24.0 12.0
54
(a) Collect the oxygen formed using a gas syringe [1] and record the volume collected at regular time
intervals. [1] A graph of volume of oxygen collected against time is plotted. [1]
OR
At regular time intervals, pipette a small portion of the reaction mixture to a conical flask and
quench the small portion with ice-cold distilled water. [1] Then titrate it with standard potassium
permanganate solution. [1] A graph of concentration of hydrogen peroxide against time is plotted.
[1]
(b) Number of moles of H 2 O 2 = 1.0
100
mol = 0.100 mol
1000
Mole ratio of H 2 O 2 : O 2 = 2 : 1
theoretical yield of oxygen =
0.100
mol = 0.0500 mol [1]
2
1600
mol = 66.7 mol [1]
24.0
Number of moles of CaCO 3 (s) = Number of moles of SO 2 (g) = 66.7 mol [1]
Mass of CaCO 3 (s) = 66.7 (40.1 + 12.0 + 16.0 3) g = 6680 g [1]
56
(a) (i)
0.226
mol = 0.113 mol [1]
2
5.20 10 4
mol = 2.17 mol [1]
24 000
2.17 2
mol = 1.45 mol [1]
3
58
(f)
(i)
x
5.00) + (40.0 x 10.0) + 10.0 = 51.0 [1]
2
x = 16.0 [1]
volume of H 2 = 16.0 cm3
Method 2:
Decrease in volume caused by H 2 = 24.0 cm3
Since water existed as liquid, this volume was contributed by H 2 and O 2 only.
Mole ratio of H 2 to O 2 = 2 : 1
Volume ratio of H 2 to O 2 = 2 : 1 [1]
volume of H 2 = 16.0 cm3 [1]
(ii) Volume of N 2 = 40.0 16.0 10.0 cm3 = 14.0 cm3 [1]
(a)
gas syringe
hydrogen gas
water
calcium ribbon
Correct diagram [1]
Correct labelling [1]
(b)
59
Time (min)
Correct labelling of axes [1]
Correct curve [1]
(c) The concentration of H+ ions is the highest and the surface area of calcium is the largest, [1] so the
reaction rate is the highest [1] and the curve is the steepest.
(d) The limiting reactant, Ca, was used up [1] and the reaction rate became zero. [1]
(e) 1.1 min. [1]
(f)
(i)
(ii)
Time (min)
Correct curve (i) [1]
Correct curve (ii) [1]
(g) Ca(s) + 2H 2 O(l) Ca(OH) 2 (aq) + H 2 (g)
60
Number of moles of hydrogen gas =
mol = 0.00250 mol [1]
24 000
Since the mole ratio of Ca(s) : H 2 (g) = 1 : 1,
Number of moles of Ca(s) = 0.00250 mol
Mass of Ca(s) = 0.00250 40.1 g = 0.100 g [1]
60
2.00
mol = 0.667 mol [1]
3
1.33
dm3 = 0.665 dm3 [1]
2.0
62
0.0120
dm3 = 0.0240 dm3 = 24.0 cm3 [1]
0.5
(b) From the given equation, the mole ratio of the alloy to sodium hydroxide is 1 : 1, so 0.0120 mole
of sodium exists in the alloy. [1]
Mass of sodium = 0.0120 23.0 g = 0.276 g [1]
(c) Percentage by mass of lead =
63
3.00 0.276
100% = 90.8% [1]
3.00
(a) The mass of sulphur burnt each day = 25 000 0.6 % = 150 tonnes [1]
(b) S(s) + O 2 (g) SO 2 (g) [1]
(c) (i) Mass of Sulphur = 150 1 106 g = 1.5 108 g [1]
1.5 108
mol = 4.7 106 mol
32.1
From the equation, mole ratio of S : SO 2 = 1 : 1
No. of moles of SO 2 = 4.7 106 mol
No. of moles of sulphur =
Mass of SO 2 produced = 4.7 106 mol 64.1 g mol1 = 301.3 tonnes [1]
(ii) Volume of SO 2 produced = 4.7 106 mol 24.0 dm3 mol1 [1]
= 1.13 108 dm3 [1]
64
100 75%
12.0 8 1.0 18
100 25%
12.0 2 1.0 6 16.0
1
]
2
1
]
2
Mole ratio of C 8 H 18 : O 2 = 2 : 25
Number of moles of oxygen required to burn octane = 0.658
25
1
mol = 8.23 mol [ ]
2
2
Mole ratio of C 2 H 5 OH : O 2 = 1 : 3
1
Number of moles of oxygen required to burn ethanol = 0.543 3 mol = 1.63 mol [ ]
2
Total number of moles of oxygen required to completely burn 100 g of the fuel = 8.23 + 1.63 mol
= 9.86 mol [
1
]
2
Volume of oxygen needed to completely burn 100 g of the fuel = 9.86 24.0 dm3 = 237 dm3 [
65
72.0
mol = 3.00 103 mol [1]
24 000
3.00 10 3
Number of moles of N 2 (g) used =
mol = 1.00 103 mol [1]
3
(b) Mole ratio of NH 3 (g) to N 2 (g) is 2 : 1.
Number of moles of NH 3 (g) = 2 1.00 103 mol = 2.00 103 mol [1]
Volume of NH 3 (g) produced = 2.00 103 24.0 dm3 = 0.0480 dm3 [1]
(c) No. [1]
The reaction is reversible. [1]
66
(a) Effervescence occurred./The metal dissolved./Gas bubbles were evolved. (Any ONE) [1]
(b) Mg(s) + H 2 SO 4 (aq) MgSO 4 (aq) + H 2 (g) [1]
(c) He is incorrect. [1]
Mole ratio of Mg to H 2 is 1 : 1.
Number of moles of Mg =
0.70
mol = 0.0288 mol
24.3
1.5
mol = 0.750 mol [1]
1.0 2
0.100
mol = 0.0500 mol [1]
2
1
]
2
(c) (i)
Mole ratio of Fe 2 O 3 : H 2 = 1 : 3
Number of moles of H 2 required = 0.627 3 mol = 1.88 mol [1]
Volume of H 2 needed = 1.88 24.0 dm3 = 45.1 dm3 [1]
(iii) Volume of town gas needed =
68
45.1
dm3 = 92.0 dm3 [1]
49%
69
100
mol = 1.57 mol
63.5
Mole ratio of Cu to NO is 3 : 2.
Number of moles of NO =
1.57 2
mol = 1.05 mol [1]
3
500
cm3 = 250 cm3 [1]
2
250
cm3 = 1250 cm3 [1]
20%
1.75 10 23
mol = 0.291 mol [1]
6.02 10 23
15.0
dm3 = 7.50 dm3
2
7.50
mol = 0.313 mol [1]
24.0
By mole ratio, number of moles of water formed = 0.313 3 mol = 0.939 mol [1]
(iii) There is no ethane remained as it is the limiting reagent.
Volume of oxygen remained = 53.0 52.5 dm3 = 0.5 dm3 [1]
From the equation, volume ratio of carbon dioxide : ethane = 2 : 1
Volume of carbon dioxide formed = 15.0 2 dm3 = 30.0 dm3 [1]
Total volume of gases = 30.0 + 0.5 dm3 = 30.5 dm3 [1]
Total number of moles of gases =
71
30.5
mol = 1.27 mol [1]
24.0
0.557
mol = 0.279 mol [1]
2
67.0
3 mol
24.0
36.0
5 mol
24.0
(a) CaCO 3 (s) + 2CH 3 COOH(aq) (CH 3 COO) 2 Ca(aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) [1]
(b) The decrease in mass was caused by the escape of CO 2 (g).
9.59
mol = 0.218 mol [1]
Number of moles of CO 2 (g) =
12.0 16.0 2
Volume of CO 2 (g) evolved = 0.218 24.0 dm3 = 5.23 dm3 [1]
(c) Mole ratio of CaCO 3 (s) : CO 2 (g) = 1 : 1
Number of moles of CaCO 3 (s) reacted = 0.218 mol
Mass of CaCO 3 (s) reacted = 0.218 (40.1 + 12.0 + 16.0 3) g = 21.8 g [1]
Percentage of purity =
21.8
100% = 87.2% [1]
25
(d) Aluminium forms a thin oxide layer (Al 2 O 3 ) [1] when exposed to oxygen in air. This layer is quite
resistant to vinegar. [1]
73
102
mol = 3.00 mol
1.0 2 16.0 2
Mole ratio of H 2 O 2 : O 2 = 2 : 1
Number of moles of gas collected =
3.00
mol = 1.50 mol [1]
2
54.0
cm3 = 54.0 cm3 [1]
1.0
OR
Mass of O 2 produced = 1.50 16.0 2 g = 48.0 g
By conservation of mass,
Mass of H 2 O = 102 48.0 g = 54.0 g [1]
Volume of H 2 O =
54.0
cm3 = 54.0 cm3 [1]
1.0
(d) Total number of moles of O 2 and H 2 O = 1.50 + 3.00 mol = 4.50 mol [1]
Total number of molecules = 4.50 6.02 1023 = 2.71 1024 [1]