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PAPER SERIES
2013-36-0335
E
2013-36-0335
Quintiliano, Bibiana
MAN Latin America
Dias, Rogrio
MAN Latin America
Copyright 2013 SAE International
ABSTRACT
Evaluation of vehicle performance is one of the most
important phases of the new vehicle development. Start Ability
and Top Speed are factors that are noticed by users, therefore
are very important to the final product. Vehicle performance
evaluation has been largely benefited from the use of
simulation tools. In fact, MAN Latin America (ML) employs
simulation programs to evaluate the performance of its
vehicles (trucks and buses) achieving good results. However,
those programs are normally closed codes which makes
difficult the physical comprehension of results. Altogether,
this article presents Vehicle Dynamics, a macro developed by
ML engineering team. The aim of this macro is the automatic
calculation of Start Ability, Grade Ability, Top Speed, among
other performance parameters. In order to make Vehicle
Dynamics faster and more elegant the macros interface was
created in commercial graphical language since it allows the
use of tools like Add, Replace and Select, among
others. Those options allow it to be faster and help adding data
as well as registering several gear boxes, rear axle ratios and
tires that are used by ML. Hence, Vehicle Dynamics enables
immediate and reliable evaluation of new products and as a
consequence, the choice of the best powertrain configuration.
Furthermore, Vehicle Dynamics was also designed in order to
be easy and didactic for users who want to have a deeper
understanding of vehicle behavior.
INTRODUCTION
Vehicle performance evaluation consists in studying in an
analytical, numerical or experimental way the performance of
a given vehicle. In other words, to establish what the
maximum velocity that the vehicle will achieve is or the
maximum slope the vehicle will be able to negotiate, among
Page 1 of 7
LONGITUDINAL VEHICLE
DYNAMICS
According to Gillespie [1], determining the axle loading on a
vehicles under arbitrary conditions is a first simple
application of Newtons Second Law:
(1)
Where:
Fx Forces in the x-direction,
Mveic Vehicle mass,
Acceleration at x direction
Resistances
As mentioned before, the others forces showed on figure 1 act
against movement and, for that reason, they are called
Resistances. Those forces will be presented from now on.
(3)
Where:
Rolling resistance force, N.
Vehicle mass, kg.
Surface coeficient, non-dimensional.
Tire static coeficient, non-dimensional
Tire dynamic coeficient, non-dimensional.
Gravity acceleration, m/s2
Slope,
Where:
Mv Vehicle mass
Vehicle weight, acting upon front wheels,
Vehicle weight, acting upon rear wheels
Faer Force due to aerodynamic resistance
Ftrat Tractive force
Rxf, Rxr rolling resistances acting at frontal and rear
wheels.
Tractive force
Engine torque is multiplied by gear box and rear axle ratio to
generate the propulsive force. According to Newtons Third
Law, a reaction to this force, that is called Tractive Force, will
appear:
(2)
Where:
Tractive force, N.
Torque generated by engine, Nm.
Gear box ratio, non-dimensional.
Rear axle ratio, non-dimensional.
Tire dynamic radius, m.
Page 2 of 7
Movement equation
Power Speed
(1)
(6)
(10)
(
Where:
(7)
VEHICLE
CALCULATION
PERFORMANCE
Top Speed
It is the maximum velocity that a given vehicle can achieve at
a plane road, after having overcome all vehicle resistances.
Again, it is considered that vehicle acceleration is zero and, by
definition, that slope angle is zero. Altogether, equation (7)
becomes:
(
Start Ability
Star Ability is defined as the maximum slope that a vehicle is
able to negotiate, once it starts from rest. By definition, Start
Ability is calculated at 1000 rpm. Besides, the acceleration is
considered to be zero. In doing so, equation (7) becomes:
( )
(10)
(8)
Where:
T1000 Available engine torque at 1000 rpm.
Grade Ability
Grade Ability is defined as the maximum slope that a vehicle
is able to negotiate, once it starts with a velocity different from
zero. Unlike Start Ability, which is calculated at 1000 rpm,
Grade Ability can be calculated over the entire engine range.
However, in general it is calculated at maximum torque rpm as
well as maximum power rpm. Applying the suitable boundary
condition, equation (7) becomes:
( )
)
(9)
Page 3 of 7
Data Insertion
The first sheet of Dynamics, which will be called data-sheet,
is used to insert all necessary data to carry out vehicle
performance evaluation. The data-sheet consists of three
tables, which will be presented in the following.
AUTOMCATIC CALCULATIONS
(10)
RESULTS PRESENTATION
The last sheet of Dynamics is the one where all results are
presented in a clear and self-understanding way. This sheet,
named Results, is showed on figure 10. The presented results
are Start Ability, Grade Ability, Top Speed, Power Speed,
besides the rpms to achieve the velocities of 60, 70, 80 e 90
km/h. Results sheet is very useful for the user that wants only
to have fast and reliable results, not needing to understand the
physics behind them.
EVALUATION
OF
DYNAMICS RESULTS
VEHICLE
Performance
Dynamics
Performance
Dynamics
Performance
Dynamics
Performance
Dynamics
Bus
Start Ability
Grade Ability Top Speed
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0005
1,0000
1,0005
Light Truck
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0006
0,9998
0,9988
Medium Truck
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0004
1,0020
1,0050
Heavy Truck
1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
1,0007
0,9998
1,0006
CONCLUSION
Numerical/analytical evaluation of vehicle performance is
based on several equations originated from statics and vehicle
dynamics. In some cases, those equations are virtually huge
besides taking in account several data like vehicle mass, front
area, engine torque, etc. On the other hand, the choice of the
best powertrain configuration requires the repetitive
evaluation of several gear boxes, rear axle and tires.
Altogether, it is evident that creating a macro able to calculate
all performance parameters in an automatic way is more than
desirable. Consequently, MAN Latin America engineering
team developed Vehicle Dynamics, a macro where parameters
like Start Ability, Grade Ability, Top Speed and Power Speed
are automatically calculated. Vehicle Dynamics was validated
based on analytical results, presenting excellent agreement
with them. For this reason, Vehicle Dynamics is being used
successfully by MAN Latin America engineering team.
Page 7 of 7
REFERENCES
1.
2.
CONTACT INFORMATION
Ana Cristina Cosme Soares
Engenheiro Alan da Costa Batista, 100
Pedra Selada, CPI 4227
Cep 27511-970 Resende, RJ
Telefone: 5524-33811421
e-mail: ana.soares@volkswagen.com.br
Bibiana Quintiliano
e-mail: bibianaquintiliano@hotmail.com
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Authors would like to acknowledge engineer Geraldo
Azevedo Junior, for support with Performance macro and
engineer Frederico Braz e Silva for technical support. Finally,
authors acknowledge MAN Latin America for general
support.
DEFINITIONS, ACRONYMS,
ABBREVIATIONS
Ftrat
Tmotor
ig
Id
Rdyn
Frol
Mveic
RCest
RCdyn
g
Faer
Cw
v
Fgrad
GVW
RAR
Tractive Force
Engine Torque
Gear box ratio
Rear axle ratio
Tire dynamics radius
Rolling reistance force
Vehicle mass
Tire rolling resistance, static
Tire rossling resistance, dynamic
Gravity acceleration
Slope angle
Aerodynamic force
Aerodynamic drag coefficient
Air density
Vehicle velocity
Grade force
Gross Vehicle Weight
Rear Axle Ratio
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