Monoclonal

antibody

POLYCLONAL ANTIBODY
Reagent Ab are usually prepared in animals,
such as rabbits or goats, by the repeated
exposure of the animal to foreign substances.
A group of B lymphocytes is stimulated to
respond by producing antibodies.
Specific areas of the molecules, or epitopes, of
the immunizing material are major antigenic
determinants of the Ag molecule and stimulate
the production of the largest amount of
antibodies.
Feldkamp CS. 2003

POLYCLONAL ANTIBODY
Minor determinants also stimulate antibody
production.
Because there are many different Ab
attributable to the expansion of many clones of
antibody-producing cells, the antiserum thus
produced is termed polyclonal reagent anti
serum.

Feldkamp CS. 2003

MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY
Monoclonal Ab are formed by a technology
that hybridizes individual antibody-producing
cells (plasma cells) with immortal cell line.
After screening many hundreds of these
hybrids, each selected cell line produces a
unique Ab.
Monoclonal Ab have a single homogenous
primary structure and a unique antigen-binding
site.
Feldkamp CS. 2003

MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY
These Ab provide a reproducible reagent of
known specificity and affinity.
Monoclonal Ab are used in competitive and
non-competitive binding assays and in tissue
assays to identify specific antigens.

Feldkamp CS. 2003

History of Mab development

1890 Von Behring and Kitasato discovered the serum of vaccinated persons
contained certain substances, termed antibodies

1900 Ehrlich proposed the side-chain theory

1955 Jerne postulated natural selection theory. Frank Macfarlane Burnet

expended.

Almost the same time, Porter isolated fragment of antigen binding (Fab) and
fragment crystalline (Fc) from rabbit y-globulin.

1964 Littlefield developed a way to isolate hybrid cells from 2 parent cell lines
using the hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine (HAT) selection media.

1975 Kohler and Milstein provided the most outstanding proof of the clonal
selection theory by fusion of normal and malignant cells. This resulted in the
first monoclonal antibodies, for which they received the Nobel Prize in 1984.

Producing Monoclonal Antibodies

1. Inject a mouse with a specific antigen to
stimulate its immune system to produce
necessary antibodies.
2. Extract mouse spleen cells (containing Blymphocytes) and culture them in the lab.
3. Extract mouse tumour cells, which grow
continuously, and culture them in the lab.
4. Mix spleen cells and tumour cells on the
same plate and culture.
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Producing Monoclonal Antibodies

5. Add polyethylene glycol this causes some
B-lymphocytes to fuse with tumour cells to
produce a hybrid cell called a hybridoma.
6. Grow the cells under conditions that allow
only hybridoma cells to survive.
7. Extract the cells, culture them separately
and test the medium around each cell for the
specific antibody of interest.
8. Culture the cells making the desired
antibody and use as needed.
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Monoclonal Antibody.mp4

MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY PRODUCTION

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Conventional production of mAbs

The hybridoma technology:
Spleen cells from immunized mice are fused with the murine myeloma
cells. The several process had been developed at large scale.
According to the different cell culture methods, it can claisifed into four
fields
1.Robottle cell culture process.
2.Membrane binded cell culture process
3.Microcarrier cell culture process
4.Suspended cell culture process

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 Antibodies are used in several diagnostic tests to

detect small amounts of drugs, toxins or
hormones, e.g. monoclonal antibodies to human
chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) are used in
pregnancy test kits .
Another diagnostic uses of antibodies is the
diagnosis of AIDS by the ELISA test.
Antibodies are used in the radioimmunodetection
and radioimmunotherapy of cancer, and some
new methods can even target only the cell
membranes of cancerous cells
A new cancer drug based on monoclonal
antibody technology is Ritoxin, approved by the
FDA in November 1997
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 Monoclonal antibodies can be used to treat viral

diseases, traditionally considered "untreatable". In fact,
there is some evidence to suggest that antibodies may
lead to a cure for AIDS
Monoclonal antibodies can be used to classify strains of
a single pathogen, e.g. Neisseria gonorrhoeae can be
typed using monoclonal antibodies .
Researchers use monoclonal antibodies to identify and
to trace specific cells or molecules in an organism, e.g.
developmental biologists at tyhe University of Oregon
use monoclonal antibodies to find out which proteins are
responsible for cell differentiation in the respiratory
system .
OKT3, an antibody to the T3 antigen of T cells, is used
to alleviate the problem of organ rejection in patients
who have had organ transplants .

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Evolution of Therapeutic
Antibodies

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Terima Kasih

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