Tutorial 8

SC-116 Algebraic Structures Autumn 2015

(Linear transformations)

(1) Which of the following from R2 to R2 is a linear transformation

(a)T (x1 , x2 ) = (1 + x1 , x2 )
(b)T (x1 , x2 ) = (x2 , x1 )
(c)T (x1 , x2 ) = (x21 , x2 )
(d)T (x1 , x2 ) = (sin(x1 ), x2 )
(e)T (x1 , x2 ) = (x1 x1 , 0)
Only b and e are linear transformation.
(2) Let T be a linear transformation on R3 defined by
T (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (3x1 , x1 x2 , 2x1 + x2 + x3 )
Is T invertible ? If so find a rule for T 1 .
Solution : First check that T is a bijection. Then,
T (y1 , y2, y3 ) = ( y31 , y31 y2 , y1 + y2 + y3 ).
We solved it directly by looking at T 1 T (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = T 1 (y1 , y2 , y3 ) = (x1 , x2 , x3 ).
1

(3) Let T be a linear transformation from R3 to R2 defined by

T (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (x1 + x2 , 2x3 x1 )
(a) What is the matrix of T relative to the standard ordered basis in R3 and R2
respectively.


1 1 0
[T ] =
1 0 2
(b) What is the matrix of T relative to the ordered basis in B = {u1 , u2, u3 } in R3
and B = {v1 , v2 } in R3 where
u1 = (1, 0, 1), u2 = (1, 1, 1), u3 = (1, 0, 0) and v1 = (0, 1), v2 = (1, 0).
Here, irrespective of whether basis vector is a column matrix or a row matrix, we
will represent coordinates of a vector as a column matrix.
T u1 = (1, 3) = 3v1 + 1v2
T u2 = (2, 1) = v1 + 2v2
T u3 = (1, 1) = v1 + v2 .


3 1 1

So, B [T ]B =
1 2 1
If you want to represent coordinates of a vector as a row then just take transpose of
this matrix. So, what we got here is
1

 x1


3 1 1
3x1 + x2 x3
x2 =
1 2 1
x1 + 2x2 + x3
x3

Be careful, the vector represented by v = (x1 , x2 , x3 )T is coordinates of v with respect

to B and not the standard basis e1 , e2 ,e3 . The samevector v with respect to the
x1 + x2 + x3

x2
standard basis will have the coordinate
x1 + x2
So, while we work with linear transformation T we work with vectors directly. But,
when we work with its matrix representation, say A, then first we fix basis in both
domain and codomain( particularly range of T) and then we compute coordinates of
each vector with respect to the basis and then apply the matrix A on it.

(4) Let T bea linear operator

on R3 the matrix representation in the standard ordered

1 2 1

0 1 1. Find the basis for the range of T and the null space of T .
basis is
1 3 4
Solution
:

1 2
= { 0 1
1 3

3
Range(T
) = {T v : v R }
1
x1
1 x2 = x1 T1 + x2 T2 + x3 T3 : xi R, i = 1, 2, 3}
4
x3

where Ti , i = 1, 2, 3 are column vectors.

So, Range(T ) = span{T1 , T2 , T3 } = span{T1 , T2 } = span{T1 , T3 } = span{T2 , T3 }.

Check the rest part.
So, rank(T ) = 2.
Next, Null(T ) = {v R3 : T v = 0}. Solving, we get x1 = x3 = x2 . So, we can
chose x1 R arbitrarily and generate the whole space. Clearly, nullity(T ) = 1 since
Null(T ) = span{(1, 1, 1)T }.
Hence, satisfying the rank-nullity theorem, i.e
rank(T) + nullity(T) = dim(V)
(5) Let T be the linear operator on the space of 2 2 complex matrices such that
T (A) = At . Find a matrix representation of T with respect the basis Eij where Eij
are matrices that have the (i, j)th element 1 and 0 elsewhere.
Solution : Again be careful that we are going to work with matrix representation
of T which is 4 4 matrix (not 2 2 matrix). Secondly, we can not apply this matrix
over 2 2 matrix which is a vector here. So, we need to compute the coordinates of
each vector which will be 4 1 column matrix.

Now, T E11 = 1E11 + 0E12 + 0E21 + 0E22

T E12 = 0E11 + 0E12 + 1E21 + 0E22
T E21 = 0E11 + 1E12 + 0E21 + 0E22
T E22 = 0E11 + 0E12 + 0E21 + 1E22

1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0

Thus we get [T ] =
0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1

We calculated coordinates of basis vectors only because any other vectors are just
linear combination of these vectors.
(6) Check if the following system of equations has a solution. If yes find the solution(s)
2x1 + 4x2 + 6x3
x1 + 2x2 + 3x3
x1 + x3
2x1 + 4x2

=
=
=
=

2
1
3
8

(7) Check if the following system of equations has a solution. If yes find the solution(s)
x1 + 2x2 + 2x3 + 3x4 = 4
2x1 + 4x2 + x3 + 3x4 = 5
3x1 + 6x2 + x3 + 4x4 = 7