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Chapter 3B - Vectors

AA PowerPoint
PowerPoint Presentation
Presentation by
by
Paul
Paul E.
E. Tippens,
Tippens, Professor
Professor of
of Physics
Physics
Southern
Southern Polytechnic
Polytechnic State
State University
University

2007

Vectors

Surveyors use accurate measures of


magnitudes and directions to create
scaled maps of large regions.

Objectives: After completing this


module, you should be able to:
Demonstrate that you meet mathematics
expectations
expectations:: unit analysis, algebra, scientific
notation, and right
-triangle trigonometry.
right-triangle
Define and give examples of scalar and vector
quantities.
Determine the components of a given vector.
Find the resultant of two or more vectors.

Expectations
You must be able convert units of
measure for physical quantities.
Convert 40 m/s into kilometers per hour.
m
1 km
3600 s
40--- x ---------- x -------- = 144 km/h
s 1000 m
1h

Expectations (Continued):
College algebra and simple formula
manipulation are assumed.
Example:

v0 v f
x
2

v0

v f t 2x
t

Solve for vo

Expectations (Continued)
You must be able to work in scientific
notation.
Evaluate the following:
(6.67 x 10-11)(4 x 10-3)(2)
F = -------- = ------------3)2
2
(8.77
x
10
r

Gmm

-9
FF == 6.94
x
10
6.94 x 10-9 NN =
= 6.94
6.94 nN
nN

Expectations (Continued)
You must be familiar with SI prefixes
The meter (m)

1 m = 1 x 100 m

1 Gm = 1 x 109 m

1 nm = 1 x 10-9 m

1 Mm = 1 x 106 m

1 m = 1 x 10-6 m

1 km = 1 x 103 m

1 mm = 1 x 10-3 m

Expectations (Continued)
You must have mastered right-triangle
trigonometry.

y
sin
R
x
cos
R
y
tan
x

yy =
= RR sin
sin
xx =
= RR cos
cos
RR22 =
= xx22 +
+ yy22

Mathematics Review
If you feel you need to
brush up on your
mathematics skills, try
the tutorial from Chap.
2 on Mathematics. Trig
is reviewed along with
vectors in this module.
Select
Select Chap.
Chap. 22 from
from the
the On-Line
On-Line Learning
Learning
Center
Center in
in TippensStudent
TippensStudent Edition
Edition

Physics is the Science of


Measurement

Length

Weight

Time

We
We begin
begin with
with the
the measurement
measurement of
of length:
length:
its
its magnitude
magnitude and
and its
its direction.
direction.

Distance: A Scalar Quantity


Distance
Distance isis the
the length
length of
of the
the actual
actual path
path
taken
taken by
by an
an object.
object.
s = 20 m
A

A scalar quantity:
Contains magnitude
only and consists of a
number and a unit.
(20 m, 40 mi/h, 10 gal)

DisplacementA Vector Quantity


Displacement
-line
Displacement isis the
the straight
straight-line
separation
separation of
of two
two points
points in
in aa specified
specified
direction.
direction.
D = 12 m, 20o
A

A vector quantity:
Contains magnitude
AND direction, a
number, unit & angle.
(12 m, 300; 8 km/h, N)

Distance and Displacement


Displacement
Displacement isis the
the xx or
or yy coordinate
coordinate of
of
position.
position. Consider
Consider aa car
car that
that travels
travels 44
m,
m, EE then
then 66 m,
m, W.
W.
D

Net displacement:
4 m,E

x = -2

x = +4
6 m,W

D = 2 m, W
What is the distance
traveled?
10 m !!

Identifying Direction
AA common
common way
way of
of identifying
identifying direction
direction
isis by
by reference
reference to
to East,
East, North,
North, West,
West,
and
and South.
South. (Locate
(Locate points
points below.)
below.)
Length = 40 m

40 m, 50o N of E
W

60o
60o

50o
60o

40 m, 60o N of W
40 m, 60o W of S

40 m, 60o S of E

Identifying Direction
Write
Write the
the angles
angles shown
shown below
below by
by using
using
references
references to
to east,
east, south,
south, west,
west, north.
north.
N
W

45o

E
50o

N
E

00 S of
00 W. of
50
Click
to
E
see
the
Answers
45
.. ..NN
50
S of
45 W.of
Click
to Esee the Answers

Vectors and Polar Coordinates


Polar
R,) are
Polar coordinates
coordinates ((R,)
are an
an excellent
excellent
way
way to
to express
express vectors.
vectors. Consider
Consider the
the
00N of E, for example.
vector
40
m,
50
vector 40 m, 50 N of E, for example.

90o
180o
270o

90o

40 m

180o

50o

0o

270o

0o

R is the magnitude and is the direction.

Vectors and Polar Coordinates


Polar
R,) are
Polar coordinates
coordinates ((R,)
are given
given for
for each
each
of
of four
four possible
possible quadrants:
quadrants:
90o

(R,) = 40 m, 50o

120o
210o

180o

60o
60o

50o
60o

3000

270o

0o

(R,) = 40 m, 120o
(R,) = 40 m, 210o
(R,) = 40 m, 300o

Rectangular Coordinates
y

(-2, +3)

(+3, +2)

(-1, -3)

Reference is made to
x and y axes, with +
and - numbers to
indicate position in
space.

Right, up = (+,+)

Left, down = (-,-)


(+4, -3)

(x,y) = (?, ?)

Trigonometry Review
Application of Trigonometry to Vectors
Trigonometry

y
sin
R
x
cos
R
y
tan
x

yy == RR sin
sin
xx == RR cos
cos
RR22 == xx22 ++ yy22

Example 1: Find the height of a building


if it casts a shadow 90 m long and the
indicated angle is 30o.
The height h is opposite 300 and
the known adjacent side is 90 m.

opp
h
tan 30

adj 90 m
0

h
300

h = (90 m) tan 30o

90 m

hh == 57.7
57.7 m
m

Finding Components of Vectors


A component is the effect of a vector along
other directions. The x and y components of
the vector (R, are illustrated below.

x = R cos
R

y = R sin
Finding components:

Polar to Rectangular Conversions

Example 2: A person walks 400 m in a


direction of 30o N of E. How far is the
displacement east and how far north?
N

N
R

400 m

y=?

x=?

The x-component (E) is ADJ:

x = R cos

The y-component (N) is OPP:

y = R sin

Example 2 (Cont.): A 400-m walk in a


direction of 30o N of E. How far is the
displacement east and how far north?
N

Note: x is the side

400 m

y=?

x=?

x = (400 m) cos 30o


= +346 m, E

adjacent to angle 300


ADJ = HYP x Cos 300

x = R cos
The x-component is:

Rx = +346 m

Example 2 (Cont.): A 400-m walk in a


direction of 30o N of E. How far is the
displacement east and how far north?
N

Note: y is the side

400 m

y=?

x=?

y = (400 m) sin 30o


= + 200 m, N

opposite to angle 300


OPP = HYP x Sin 300

y = R sin
The y-component is:

Ry = +200 m

Example 2 (Cont.): A 400-m walk in a


direction of 30o N of E. How far is the
displacement east and how far north?
N
400 m

Rx =

Ry =

+200 m
E

The x- and ycomponents are


each + in the
first quadrant

+346 m
Solution: The person is displaced 346 m east
and 200 m north of the original position.

Signs for Rectangular Coordinates


90o

First Quadrant:
R is positive (+)
R

0o > < 90o


0o

x = +; y = +
x = R cos
y = R sin

Signs for Rectangular Coordinates


90o

180o

Second Quadrant:
R is positive (+)

90o > < 180o

x=-;

y=+

x = R cos
y = R sin

Signs for Rectangular Coordinates


Third Quadrant:
R is positive (+)
180o

180o > < 270o

x=-

R
270o

y=-

x = R cos
y = R sin

Signs for Rectangular Coordinates


Fourth Quadrant:
R is positive (+)

+ 360o
R
270o

270o > < 360o

x=+

y=-

x = R cos
y = R sin

Resultant of Perpendicular Vectors


Finding resultant of two perpendicular vectors is
like changing from rectangular to polar coord.
R

R x y
2

y
tan
x

R is always positive; is from + x axis

Example 3: A 30-lb southward force


and a 40-lb eastward force act on a
donkey at the same time. What is the
NET or resultant force on the donkey?
Draw a rough sketch.

Choose rough scale:

Ex: 1 cm = 10 lb
Note:
just
Note: Force
Force has
has
direction
just like
like length
length
40direction
lb
40
lb
does.
does. We
We can
can treat
treat force
force vectors
vectors just
just as
as we
we
have
have length
length vectors
vectors to
to find
find the
the resultant
resultant
force.
force. The
The procedure
procedure isis the
the same!
same!
4 cm = 40 lb
30 lb

30 lb

3 cm = 30 lb

Finding Resultant: (Cont.)


Finding (R,) from given (x,y) = (+40, -30)
40 lb

Rx

R=
tan =

Ry
R

30 lb
x2 + y2
-30
40

R=

40 lb

30 lb

(40)2 + (30)2 = 50 lb

= -36.9o

oo
=
323.1
= 323.1

Ry

40 lb

R = 50 lb

Rx

40 lb Rx

30 lb

Ry

Rx 40 lb

Rx

Ry

30 lb

30 lb

Four Quadrants: (Cont.)

R = 50 lb

40 lb

Ry
R

30 lb

oo; = 36.9oo; 143.1oo; 216.9oo; 323.1oo


=
36.9
= 36.9 ; = 36.9 ; 143.1 ; 216.9 ; 323.1

Unit vector notation (i,j,k)


y
j
k
z

Consider 3D axes (x, y, z)


i

Define unit vectors, i, j, k


Examples of Use:

40 m, E = 40 i

40 m, W = -40 i

30 m, N = 30 j

30 m, S = -30 j

20 m, out = 20 k 20 m, in = -20 k

Example 4: A woman walks 30 m, W;


then 40 m, N. Write her displacement
in i,j notation and in R, notation.
In i,j notation, we have:
+40 m

-30 m

R = Rxi + Ry j
Rx = - 30 m

Ry = + 40 m

RR =
= -30
-30 ii +
+ 40
40 jj

Displacement
Displacement isis 30
30 m
m west
west and
and 40
40 m
m
north
north of
of the
the starting
starting position.
position.

Example 4 (Cont.): Next we find her


displacement in R, notation.
+40
m

40
0
tan
; = 59.1
30

= 1800 59.10

-30 m

oo
=
126.9
= 126.9

R (30) (40)
2

RR =
= 50
50 m
m

oo)
(R,)
=
(50
m,
126.9
(R,) = (50 m, 126.9 )

Example 6: Town A is 35 km south and 46 km


west of Town B. Find length and direction of
highway between towns.
46 km

R = -46 i 35 j

R (46 km) 2 (35 km) 2 35

km

RR == 57.8
57.8 km
km

46 km
tan
35 km
00 S. of W.
=
52.7
= 52.7 S. of W.

R=?
A

= 1800 + 52.70
00
=
232.7
= 232.7

Example 7. Find the components of the 240-N


force exerted by the boy on the girl if his arm
makes an angle of 280 with the ground.
F = 240 N

Fy

F
280

Fy

Fx

Fx = -|(240 N) cos 280| = -212 N


Fy = +|(240 N) sin 280| = +113 N

Or in i,j notation:
F = -(212 N)i + (113 N)j

Example 8. Find the components of a 300-N


force acting along the handle of a lawnmower. The angle with the ground is 320.
F = 300 N

Fx

32o
32o

Fx = -|(300 N) cos 320| = -254 N


Fy = -|(300 N) sin 320| = -159 N

Fy

320

Fy

Or in i,j notation:
F = -(254 N)i - (159 N)j

Component Method
1. Start at origin. Draw each vector to scale
with tip of 1st to tail of 2nd, tip of 2nd to
tail 3rd, and so on for others.
2. Draw resultant from origin to tip of last
vector, noting the quadrant of the resultant.
3. Write each vector in i,j notation.
4. Add vectors algebraically to get resultant in
i,j notation. Then convert to (R,).

Example 9. A boat moves 2.0 km east then


4.0 km north, then 3.0 km west, and finally
2.0 km south. Find resultant displacement.
1. Start at origin.
Draw each vector to
scale with tip of 1st
to tail of 2nd, tip of
2nd to tail 3rd, and
so on for others.

D
2 km, S

3 km, W

4 km, N

A
2 km, E

2. Draw resultant from origin to tip of last


vector, noting the quadrant of the resultant.

Note: The scale is approximate, but it is still


clear that the resultant is in the fourth quadrant.

Example 9 (Cont.) Find resultant displacement.


3. Write each vector
in i,j notation:

A = +2 i
B=
+4j
C = -3 i
D=

-2j

D
2 km, S

3 km, W

4 km, N

A
2 km, E

R = -1 i + 2 j

4. Add vectors A,B,C,D


algebraically to get
resultant in i,j notation.

11 km,
km, west
west and
and 22
km
.
km north
north of
of origin
origin.

5. Convert to R, notation
See next page.

Example 9 (Cont.) Find resultant displacement.


Resultant Sum is:
R = -1 i + 2 j

D
2 km, S

3 km, W

Now, We Find R,
R (1) (2) 5
2

4 km, N

A
2 km, E

R = 2.24 km

2 km
tan
1 km
= 63.40 N or W

Rx = -1 km

Ry= +2
km

Reminder of Significant Units:


For convenience, we
follow the practice of
assuming three (3)
significant figures for
all data in problems.

D
2 km

3 km

A
2 km

4 km

In the previous example, we assume that the


distances are 2.00 km, 4.00 km, and 3.00 km.
Thus, the answer must be reported as:
00 N of W
RR =
2.24
km,
63.4
= 2.24 km, 63.4 N of W

Significant Digits for Angles


Since a tenth of a
degree can often be
significant, sometimes a
fourth digit is needed.

oo; 323.1oo
=
36.9
= 36.9 ; 323.1

Rule:
Rule: Write
Write angles
angles to
to
the
the nearest
nearest tenth
tenth of
of
aa degree.
degree. See
See the
the
two
two examples
examples below:
below:

30 lb

Ry

Rx

Rx

40 lb
40 lb
Ry

30 lb

Example 10: Find R, for the three vector


displacements below:
A = 5 m, 00
B = 2.1 m, 200
C = 0.5 m, 900

A=5m

C=
0.5 m
200

B = 2.1 m

1. First draw vectors A, B, and C to approximate


scale and indicate angles. (Rough drawing)
2. Draw resultant from origin to tip of last vector;
noting the quadrant of the resultant. (R,)
3. Write each vector in i,j notation. (Continued ...)

Example 10: Find R, for the three vector


displacements below: (A table may help.)
For i,j notation
find x,y components of each
vector A, B, C.
Vector
A=5 m

00

A=5m

C=
0.5 m
200

B = 2.1 m

X-component (i)
+5m

Y-component (j)
0

B=2.1m 200 +(2.1 m) cos 200


C=.5 m 900
0
Rx = Ax+Bx+Cx

+(2.1 m) sin 200


+ 0.5 m
Ry = Ay+By+Cy

Example 10 (Cont.): Find i,j for three


vectors: A = 5 m,00; B = 2.1 m, 200; C = 0.5 m,

900.

X-component (i)

Y-component (j)

Ax = + 5.00 m

Ay = 0

Bx = +1.97 m

By = +0.718 m

Cx = 0

Cy = + 0.50 m

4. Add vectors to
get resultant R
in i,j notation.

A = 5.00 i +
0j
B = 1.97 i + 0.718 j
C=
0 i + 0.50 j
R = 6.97 i + 1.22 j

Example 10 (Cont.): Find i,j for three vectors:


A = 5 m,00; B = 2.1 m, 200; C = 0.5 m, 900.

R = 6.97 i + 1.22 j
5. Determine R, from x,y:

R (6.97 m) (1.22 m)
2

RR == 7.08
7.08 m
m

1.22 m
tan
6.97 m

Diagram for
finding R,
R

Ry
1.22 m

Rx= 6.97 m

00 N. of E.
== 9.93
9.93 N. of E.

Example 11: A bike travels 20 m, E then 40 m


at 60o N of W, and finally 30 m at 210o. What
is the resultant displacement graphically?
C = 30 m

B=
40 m

30o

Graphically, we use
ruler and protractor
to draw components,
then measure the
Resultant R,

60o
A = 20 m, E

Let 1 cm = 10 m

o)
o
R
=
(32.6
m,
143.0
R = (32.6 m, 143.0 )

A Graphical Understanding of the Components


and of the Resultant is given below:
Cy

By

Note: Rx = Ax + Bx + Cx
30o

Ry

Ry = Ay + By + Cy

60o A

Rx
Cx

Ax
Bx

Example 11 (Cont.) Using the Component


Method to solve for the Resultant.
Cy B
y

Ry

Write each vector


in i,j notation.

30o

C
R

Rx

Cx

Bx

60

Ax = 20 m, Ay = 0
A

A = 20 i

Bx = -40 cos 60o = -20 m

By = 40 sin 60o = +34.6 m

Cx = -30 cos 30o = -26 m


Cy = -30 sin 60o = -15 m

B = -20 i + 34.6 j
C = -26 i - 15 j

Example 11 (Cont.) The Component Method


Cy B
y

Ry

+19.6

30o

C
R

Add algebraically:
A = 20 i

B = -20 i + 34.6 j

60

Rx

Cx

Bx

-26

C = -26 i - 15 j

R=

R = -26 i + 19.6 j
(-26)2 + (19.6)2 = 32.6 m

tan =

19.6
-26

=
= 143
143oo

Example 11 (Cont.) Find the Resultant.

R = -26 i + 19.6 j

Cy B
y
30o
B

C
Ry

Rx

Cx

60

+19.6

A
Bx

-26

The Resultant Displacement of the bike is best


given by its polar coordinates R and .
00
RR == 32.6
m;

=
143
32.6 m; = 143

Example 12. Find A + B + C for Vectors


Shown below.
B
Cx
A = 5 m, 900
C
y
A
B = 12 m, 00
C

0
C = 20 m, -35

Ax = 0; Ay = +5 m
Cx = (20 m) cos 350

A=
0 i + 5.00 j
B = 12 i +
0j
C = 16.4 i 11.5 j

Cy = -(20 m) sin -350

R = 28.4 i - 6.47 j

Bx = +12 m; By = 0

Example 12 (Continued). Find A + B + C


B

Rx = 28.4 m

Ry = -6.47 m

R (28.4 m) (6.47 m)
2

6.47 m
tan
28.4 m

RR == 29.1
29.1 m
m

00 S. of E.
== 12.8
12.8 S. of E.

Vector Difference
For vectors, signs are indicators of direction.
Thus, when a vector is subtracted, the sign
(direction) must be changed before adding.
First Consider A + B Graphically:
B

R=A+B

R
A

Vector Difference
For vectors, signs are indicators of direction.
Thus, when a vector is subtracted, the sign
(direction) must be changed before adding.
Now A B: First change sign (direction)
of B, then add the negative vector.
B
A
-B
R
A

-B

Addition and Subtraction


Subtraction results in a significant difference
both in the magnitude and the direction of
the resultant vector. |(A B)| = |A| - |B|
Comparison of addition and subtraction of B
B

R=A+B

R
A

R = A - B
A
R

-B

Example 13. Given A = 2.4 km, N and


B = 7.8 km, N: find A B and B A.
A B;
B-A

A-B
+A
-B
R

A
B
2.43 N 7.74 N

B-A
+B

-A
R

(2.43 N 7.74 S)

(7.74 N 2.43 S)

5.31 km, S

5.31 km, N

Summary for Vectors


A scalar quantity is completely specified
by its magnitude only. (40 m, 10 gal)
A vector quantity is completely specified by
its magnitude and direction. (40 m, 300)
Components of R:

Rx = R cos
Ry = R sin

Rx

Ry

Summary Continued:
Finding the resultant of two perpendicular
vectors is like converting from polar (R, )
to the rectangular (Rx, Ry) coordinates.
Resultant of Vectors:

R x y
2

y
tan
x

Rx

Ry

Component Method for Vectors


Start at origin and draw each vector in
succession forming a labeled polygon.
Draw resultant from origin to tip of last
vector, noting the quadrant of resultant.
Write each vector in i,j notation (Rx,Ry).
Add vectors algebraically to get resultant
in i,j notation. Then convert to (R

Vector Difference
For vectors, signs are indicators of direction.
Thus, when a vector is subtracted, the sign
(direction) must be changed before adding.
Now A B: First change sign (direction)
of B, then add the negative vector.
B
A
-B
R
A

-B

Conclusion of Chapter 3B - Vectors

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