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AA PowerPoint
PowerPoint Presentation
Presentation by
by
Paul
Paul E.
E. Tippens,
Tippens, Professor
Professor of
of Physics
Physics
Southern
Southern Polytechnic
Polytechnic State
State University
University
2007
Vectors
Expectations
You must be able convert units of
measure for physical quantities.
Convert 40 m/s into kilometers per hour.
m
1 km
3600 s
40--- x ---------- x -------- = 144 km/h
s 1000 m
1h
Expectations (Continued):
College algebra and simple formula
manipulation are assumed.
Example:
v0 v f
x
2
v0
v f t 2x
t
Solve for vo
Expectations (Continued)
You must be able to work in scientific
notation.
Evaluate the following:
(6.67 x 10-11)(4 x 10-3)(2)
F = -------- = ------------3)2
2
(8.77
x
10
r
Gmm
-9
FF == 6.94
x
10
6.94 x 10-9 NN =
= 6.94
6.94 nN
nN
Expectations (Continued)
You must be familiar with SI prefixes
The meter (m)
1 m = 1 x 100 m
1 Gm = 1 x 109 m
1 nm = 1 x 10-9 m
1 Mm = 1 x 106 m
1 m = 1 x 10-6 m
1 km = 1 x 103 m
1 mm = 1 x 10-3 m
Expectations (Continued)
You must have mastered right-triangle
trigonometry.
y
sin
R
x
cos
R
y
tan
x
yy =
= RR sin
sin
xx =
= RR cos
cos
RR22 =
= xx22 +
+ yy22
Mathematics Review
If you feel you need to
brush up on your
mathematics skills, try
the tutorial from Chap.
2 on Mathematics. Trig
is reviewed along with
vectors in this module.
Select
Select Chap.
Chap. 22 from
from the
the On-Line
On-Line Learning
Learning
Center
Center in
in TippensStudent
TippensStudent Edition
Edition
Length
Weight
Time
We
We begin
begin with
with the
the measurement
measurement of
of length:
length:
its
its magnitude
magnitude and
and its
its direction.
direction.
A scalar quantity:
Contains magnitude
only and consists of a
number and a unit.
(20 m, 40 mi/h, 10 gal)
A vector quantity:
Contains magnitude
AND direction, a
number, unit & angle.
(12 m, 300; 8 km/h, N)
Net displacement:
4 m,E
x = -2
x = +4
6 m,W
D = 2 m, W
What is the distance
traveled?
10 m !!
Identifying Direction
AA common
common way
way of
of identifying
identifying direction
direction
isis by
by reference
reference to
to East,
East, North,
North, West,
West,
and
and South.
South. (Locate
(Locate points
points below.)
below.)
Length = 40 m
40 m, 50o N of E
W
60o
60o
50o
60o
40 m, 60o N of W
40 m, 60o W of S
40 m, 60o S of E
Identifying Direction
Write
Write the
the angles
angles shown
shown below
below by
by using
using
references
references to
to east,
east, south,
south, west,
west, north.
north.
N
W
45o
E
50o
N
E
00 S of
00 W. of
50
Click
to
E
see
the
Answers
45
.. ..NN
50
S of
45 W.of
Click
to Esee the Answers
90o
180o
270o
90o
40 m
180o
50o
0o
270o
0o
(R,) = 40 m, 50o
120o
210o
180o
60o
60o
50o
60o
3000
270o
0o
(R,) = 40 m, 120o
(R,) = 40 m, 210o
(R,) = 40 m, 300o
Rectangular Coordinates
y
(-2, +3)
(+3, +2)
(-1, -3)
Reference is made to
x and y axes, with +
and - numbers to
indicate position in
space.
Right, up = (+,+)
(x,y) = (?, ?)
Trigonometry Review
Application of Trigonometry to Vectors
Trigonometry
y
sin
R
x
cos
R
y
tan
x
yy == RR sin
sin
xx == RR cos
cos
RR22 == xx22 ++ yy22
opp
h
tan 30
adj 90 m
0
h
300
90 m
hh == 57.7
57.7 m
m
x = R cos
R
y = R sin
Finding components:
N
R
400 m
y=?
x=?
x = R cos
y = R sin
400 m
y=?
x=?
x = R cos
The x-component is:
Rx = +346 m
400 m
y=?
x=?
y = R sin
The y-component is:
Ry = +200 m
Rx =
Ry =
+200 m
E
+346 m
Solution: The person is displaced 346 m east
and 200 m north of the original position.
First Quadrant:
R is positive (+)
R
x = +; y = +
x = R cos
y = R sin
180o
Second Quadrant:
R is positive (+)
x=-;
y=+
x = R cos
y = R sin
x=-
R
270o
y=-
x = R cos
y = R sin
+ 360o
R
270o
x=+
y=-
x = R cos
y = R sin
R x y
2
y
tan
x
Ex: 1 cm = 10 lb
Note:
just
Note: Force
Force has
has
direction
just like
like length
length
40direction
lb
40
lb
does.
does. We
We can
can treat
treat force
force vectors
vectors just
just as
as we
we
have
have length
length vectors
vectors to
to find
find the
the resultant
resultant
force.
force. The
The procedure
procedure isis the
the same!
same!
4 cm = 40 lb
30 lb
30 lb
3 cm = 30 lb
Rx
R=
tan =
Ry
R
30 lb
x2 + y2
-30
40
R=
40 lb
30 lb
(40)2 + (30)2 = 50 lb
= -36.9o
oo
=
323.1
= 323.1
Ry
40 lb
R = 50 lb
Rx
40 lb Rx
30 lb
Ry
Rx 40 lb
Rx
Ry
30 lb
30 lb
R = 50 lb
40 lb
Ry
R
30 lb
40 m, E = 40 i
40 m, W = -40 i
30 m, N = 30 j
30 m, S = -30 j
20 m, out = 20 k 20 m, in = -20 k
-30 m
R = Rxi + Ry j
Rx = - 30 m
Ry = + 40 m
RR =
= -30
-30 ii +
+ 40
40 jj
Displacement
Displacement isis 30
30 m
m west
west and
and 40
40 m
m
north
north of
of the
the starting
starting position.
position.
40
0
tan
; = 59.1
30
= 1800 59.10
-30 m
oo
=
126.9
= 126.9
R (30) (40)
2
RR =
= 50
50 m
m
oo)
(R,)
=
(50
m,
126.9
(R,) = (50 m, 126.9 )
R = -46 i 35 j
km
RR == 57.8
57.8 km
km
46 km
tan
35 km
00 S. of W.
=
52.7
= 52.7 S. of W.
R=?
A
= 1800 + 52.70
00
=
232.7
= 232.7
Fy
F
280
Fy
Fx
Or in i,j notation:
F = -(212 N)i + (113 N)j
Fx
32o
32o
Fy
320
Fy
Or in i,j notation:
F = -(254 N)i - (159 N)j
Component Method
1. Start at origin. Draw each vector to scale
with tip of 1st to tail of 2nd, tip of 2nd to
tail 3rd, and so on for others.
2. Draw resultant from origin to tip of last
vector, noting the quadrant of the resultant.
3. Write each vector in i,j notation.
4. Add vectors algebraically to get resultant in
i,j notation. Then convert to (R,).
D
2 km, S
3 km, W
4 km, N
A
2 km, E
A = +2 i
B=
+4j
C = -3 i
D=
-2j
D
2 km, S
3 km, W
4 km, N
A
2 km, E
R = -1 i + 2 j
11 km,
km, west
west and
and 22
km
.
km north
north of
of origin
origin.
5. Convert to R, notation
See next page.
D
2 km, S
3 km, W
Now, We Find R,
R (1) (2) 5
2
4 km, N
A
2 km, E
R = 2.24 km
2 km
tan
1 km
= 63.40 N or W
Rx = -1 km
Ry= +2
km
D
2 km
3 km
A
2 km
4 km
oo; 323.1oo
=
36.9
= 36.9 ; 323.1
Rule:
Rule: Write
Write angles
angles to
to
the
the nearest
nearest tenth
tenth of
of
aa degree.
degree. See
See the
the
two
two examples
examples below:
below:
30 lb
Ry
Rx
Rx
40 lb
40 lb
Ry
30 lb
A=5m
C=
0.5 m
200
B = 2.1 m
00
A=5m
C=
0.5 m
200
B = 2.1 m
X-component (i)
+5m
Y-component (j)
0
900.
X-component (i)
Y-component (j)
Ax = + 5.00 m
Ay = 0
Bx = +1.97 m
By = +0.718 m
Cx = 0
Cy = + 0.50 m
4. Add vectors to
get resultant R
in i,j notation.
A = 5.00 i +
0j
B = 1.97 i + 0.718 j
C=
0 i + 0.50 j
R = 6.97 i + 1.22 j
R = 6.97 i + 1.22 j
5. Determine R, from x,y:
R (6.97 m) (1.22 m)
2
RR == 7.08
7.08 m
m
1.22 m
tan
6.97 m
Diagram for
finding R,
R
Ry
1.22 m
Rx= 6.97 m
00 N. of E.
== 9.93
9.93 N. of E.
B=
40 m
30o
Graphically, we use
ruler and protractor
to draw components,
then measure the
Resultant R,
60o
A = 20 m, E
Let 1 cm = 10 m
o)
o
R
=
(32.6
m,
143.0
R = (32.6 m, 143.0 )
By
Note: Rx = Ax + Bx + Cx
30o
Ry
Ry = Ay + By + Cy
60o A
Rx
Cx
Ax
Bx
Ry
30o
C
R
Rx
Cx
Bx
60
Ax = 20 m, Ay = 0
A
A = 20 i
B = -20 i + 34.6 j
C = -26 i - 15 j
Ry
+19.6
30o
C
R
Add algebraically:
A = 20 i
B = -20 i + 34.6 j
60
Rx
Cx
Bx
-26
C = -26 i - 15 j
R=
R = -26 i + 19.6 j
(-26)2 + (19.6)2 = 32.6 m
tan =
19.6
-26
=
= 143
143oo
R = -26 i + 19.6 j
Cy B
y
30o
B
C
Ry
Rx
Cx
60
+19.6
A
Bx
-26
=
143
32.6 m; = 143
0
C = 20 m, -35
Ax = 0; Ay = +5 m
Cx = (20 m) cos 350
A=
0 i + 5.00 j
B = 12 i +
0j
C = 16.4 i 11.5 j
R = 28.4 i - 6.47 j
Bx = +12 m; By = 0
Rx = 28.4 m
Ry = -6.47 m
R (28.4 m) (6.47 m)
2
6.47 m
tan
28.4 m
RR == 29.1
29.1 m
m
00 S. of E.
== 12.8
12.8 S. of E.
Vector Difference
For vectors, signs are indicators of direction.
Thus, when a vector is subtracted, the sign
(direction) must be changed before adding.
First Consider A + B Graphically:
B
R=A+B
R
A
Vector Difference
For vectors, signs are indicators of direction.
Thus, when a vector is subtracted, the sign
(direction) must be changed before adding.
Now A B: First change sign (direction)
of B, then add the negative vector.
B
A
-B
R
A
-B
R=A+B
R
A
R = A - B
A
R
-B
A-B
+A
-B
R
A
B
2.43 N 7.74 N
B-A
+B
-A
R
(2.43 N 7.74 S)
(7.74 N 2.43 S)
5.31 km, S
5.31 km, N
Rx = R cos
Ry = R sin
Rx
Ry
Summary Continued:
Finding the resultant of two perpendicular
vectors is like converting from polar (R, )
to the rectangular (Rx, Ry) coordinates.
Resultant of Vectors:
R x y
2
y
tan
x
Rx
Ry
Vector Difference
For vectors, signs are indicators of direction.
Thus, when a vector is subtracted, the sign
(direction) must be changed before adding.
Now A B: First change sign (direction)
of B, then add the negative vector.
B
A
-B
R
A
-B