Bidirectional Transducer

-converts physical phenomena to electrical signals and also convert electrical signals
into physical phenomena.

Physical Phenomena
- a natural phenomenon involving the physical properties of matter and energy.

Examples:
1. Gravity-Without gravity, it would be impossible to walk, or jump, or go skiing,
or sky diving.
2. Air pressure-If we had no air pressure, our internal blood pressure would
actually cause our human bodies to explode.
3. Light as a wave-Light is a wave, thus it undergoes diffraction (scattering),
reflection and refraction. Diffraction is what makes beautiful rainbows; reflection
is what allows us to see ourselves in the mirror dailly; refraction is what allows us
to look through magnifying glasses, microscopes and telescopes to discover the
wonders of the world much smaller or much further from us.
4. Sound-Sound is a wave that is carried through air and other materials.
Without sound, we would not have such beautiful music nor would we be able to
communicate by talking to each other.
5. Energy conservation- It is a simple principle that allows us to predict how
much energy we can obtain out of a machine.

Applications of Bidirectional Transducers

Electromagnetic:

Antenna converts propagating electromagnetic waves to and from

conducted electrical signals

Magnetic cartridge converts relative physical motion to and from

electrical signals

Tape head, Disk read-and-write head converts magnetic fields on

a magnetic medium to and from electrical signals

Hall effect sensor converts a magnetic field level into an electrical signal

Electrochemical:

pH probes

Electro-galvanic fuel cell

Hydrogen sensor

Electromechanical (electromechanical output devices are generically called actuators):

Accelerometer

Air flow sensor

Electroactive polymers

Rotary motor, linear motor

Galvanometer

Linear variable differential transformer or Rotary variable differential

transformer

Load cell converts force to mV/V electrical signal using strain

gauge

Microelectromechanical systems

Potentiometer (when used for measuring position)

Pressure sensor

Strain gauge

String potentiometer

Tactile sensor

Vibration powered generator

Loudspeaker, earphone converts electrical signals into sound

(amplified signal magnetic field motion air pressure)

Microphone converts sound into an electrical signal (air pressure

motion of conductor/coil magnetic field electrical signal)

Pickup (music technology) converts motion of metal strings into

an electrical signal (magnetism electrical signal)

Tactile transducer converts electrical signal into vibration

( electrical signal vibration)

Piezoelectric crystal converts deformations of solid-state crystals

(vibrations) to and from electrical signals

Geophone converts a ground movement (displacement) into

voltage (vibrations motion of conductor/coil magnetic field
signal)

Gramophone pickup (air pressure motion magnetic field

electrical signal)

Electroacoustic:

Hydrophone converts changes in water pressure into an electrical

signal

Sonar transponder (water pressure motion of conductor/coil

magnetic field electrical signal)

Ultrasonic transceiver, transmitting ultrasound (transduced from

electricity) as well as receiving it after sound reflection from target
objects, availing for imaging of those objects.

Electro-optical (Photoelectric):

Fluorescent lamp converts electrical power into incoherent light

Incandescent lamp converts electrical power into incoherent light

Light-emitting diode converts electrical power into incoherent light

Laser Diode converts electrical power into coherent light

Photodiode, photoresistor, phototransistor, photomultiplier

converts changing light levels into electrical signals

Photodetector or photoresistor or light dependent resistor (LDR)

converts changes in light levels into changes in electrical resistance

Cathode ray tube (CRT) converts electrical signals into visual

signals