Design:

It is a process of formulating plan for achieving a product.Mechanical

engineering design involves the application of principles of science and
technology in the creation of a product,and the considerations of various factors
that effects its product and use.
Design Factors:

The following factors are to be considered while designing a machine

element.
1.Loads.
2.Mechanism.
3.Selection Of Materials.
4.Manufacturing Process.
5.Shape,Size And Quantity.
6.Effect Of Environment.
7.Durability And Reliability.
8.Cost.
9.Life.
10.Saftey.
Classifications Of Machine Design:
The machine design may be classified as follows:
1.Adaptive design:This type of design needs no special skill or knowledge .The
designer only makes minor alternation or modification in the existing design part.
2.Development design:This type of design needs scientific training an design ability
in order to modify the existing designs into a new idea by adopting a new material
or different method of manufacture.
3.New design: This type of design needs lot of research,technical ability and creative

thinking.
Explanation about design factors:
1.Loads:
Any external force acting on a component is called Load. When a load acts
on a body the internal resistive force (strength) resist the deformation. The load
on a machine component may act in several ways due to which the internal
stresses are set up.
2.Mechanisms:
A mechanism describes the way in which a machine work. All machines
consists of at least one type of mechanism. The design process involves
the selection of the most suitable mechanism.

3.Selection Of

Materials:
Selection of proper materials depends upon the following factors.
Suitability of materials for service conditions.
Size and shape of the part
Conditions of loading to which the part is subjected.
Manufacturing requirements.
Availability of materials.
Cost.
4.Mechanical Properties:
Mechanical properties are associated with behaviour of materials
subjected to mechanical load.
The most important mechanical properties are:

a. Strength.
b. Modulus Of Elasticity.
c. Ductility.
d. Malleability.
e. Brittleness
f. Hardness.
g. Resilience.
h. Toughness.
i. Fatigue Strength.
j. Creep.
Strength:It is defined as the capacity to resist external loads under given
conditions.
Modulus Of Elasticity:The ratio of stress to strain with in the elastic
limit is called modulus of elasticity.Metals with high modulus of
elasticity possess high stiffness i.e minimum deflection under load.
Ductility:It is the ability of a material to deform under tensile loads.
Malleability:It is the ability of a material to deform under compressive
loads.
Brittleness:It is the ability of a material to fracture with very little
deformation i.e,the brittle materials have very low percentage of
elongation
Hardness:It is the ability of a material to resist abrasion,scratching or
indentation.This is desirable property for parts subjected to wear.

Resilience:It is the ability of a material to store energy with in the

elastic limit.It is desirable property for parets subjected to impact
loads.
Toughness:It is the ability of a material to absorb energy before
fraction is called toughness.
Creep:The slow and progressive deformation of material with time at
constanst stress is called creep.

5.Shape,Size And Quantity

The shape,size and the number of parts to be produced determine the
economical manufacturing process. large quantity of parts having simple
shape with minimum posibie size will reduce the cost of production.
6.Effect Of Envinorment
To avoid damage due to atmospheric corrosion,the two disimilar metals
should be separated with a non metalic washer or gasket and the
exterior design should be such that it will not accumulate dirt.
7.Durability And Reliability
The ability to resist the adverse effects of envinorment, use and
maintenance with the progress of time is called durability.

Reliability is the ability of a product to perform required function

under given condition for a specified period of time.

8.Cost
While estimating the cost of a product, it is necessary to consider the

quality of the product . The cost and quality are inter related. The aim
of designer should be to design a product of acceptable quality at
minimum cost.
9.Life
It is uneconomical to provide a longer life than necessary because it
increase the cost..
10.Safety
Some machines are dangerous to operate.So the designer should
always provide safety devices for the safety of operator.
Design Procedure
The general procedure to solve a design problem is:
1.Recognition of need:Make a complete statement of the problem in the
form of a data which indicates the nature of problems and purpose of
design
2.synthesis(Mechanisms):Select the possible mechanism or group of
mechanisms which will give the desired motion.
3.Analysis of forces:Find the forces acting on each member of the
machine and the energy transmitted by each member.
4.Material Selection:Select the material best suioted for each member
of the machine.
5.Modification:Modify the size of the member to agree with the past
experience and judgement.
6.3D Modelling:Draw the detailed drawing of each component and the

assembly of the machine with complete specification.

7.Production:The component as per the drawing is manufactured in
the workshop.
Required Qualities of a product after the Design:
1.Adaptability
2.Flexibility
3.Aesthetic nature
4.Good Service
Adaptability:The product should be adaptable in nature and to the
conditions.
Flexibility:The product should be easy to use by the customers.
Aesthetic:The product should be most appealing in order to attract the
customers so that it dominates in the market.