ORE DEPOSITS

CONTENTS OF THE WEEK 1

INTRODUCTION
Definitions
General Definitions
Genetic Definitions
Mineralogic Definitions

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INTRODUCTION
For Details of the Ore Deposits Geology
http://obs.ktu.edu.tr/en
http://www.katalog.ktu.edu.tr/DersBilgiPa
keti/bolum.aspx?pid=5&lang=1
Syllabus
Study material
Exams, quizzes, labs, etc.
2

INTRODUCTION
Objective of the course:
The course

provides students with basic knowledge of processes

leading to formation of mineral deposits,

teaches students practical tips related to mineralized
and unmineralized samples, and for recognizing
hydrothermal alteration patterns,
teaches students known models of mineral deposits
with best examples from around the globe

INTRODUCTION
Literature

Akay, M. 2004; Maden yataklar, yaynlanmam ders notlar,

KT, Trabzon - Unpublished lecture notes

Krkolu, S., 2002; Maden Yataklar, T
Akay, M. 2009; Power point presentations related to weekly
content of the course. http://www.makcay.ktu.edu.tr/dersler
Temur, S. 2001; Metalik maden yataklar. Nobel Yaynlar,
Ankara
Gke, A., 2000; Maden Yataklar. Cumhuriyet niversitesi
Yaynlar No: 85, Sivas
Guilbert, J.M, Park, C.F.,Jr., 1986; The Geology of Ore
Deposits. Freeman and Coampany, New York

Definitions: General Terms

Ore
Metallic ores
Gold, Silver, Copper
ores

Non-metalic Ores

Industrial raw materials

Kil yataklar, mermer, vs.

Energy materials

Fossil fuels
Oil, coal

Geothermal
energy
Thermal waters

Any kind of rock, mineral

and their assemblage that
have an economical value
and that can be produced
with a profit.

Ornamental stones
Opal, zmrt, vs.
Nucleer energy
U and Th deposits

Definitions: General Terms

Metallic Ore:
Any kind of resourcef rom which
metal production is made
through metallurgic processes
following extraction of ore from
the mine area.

Definitions: General Terms

Definitions: General Terms

Definitions: General Terms

Industrial raw materials
Any kind of resource that
can be used as they are
extracted from the mine
site, or following through
minor physical and
chemical processes that
will not change the
composition of the
extracted material.

Genel Terimler
Ornamental stones
Any mineral which is resistant to
chemical and physical weathering
and decay, and which has alluring
and appealing colour and textures
(diamond, garnet, saphire, etc).

Rhodocrosite

Garnet

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Definitions: General Terms

Ore Mineral
Any mineral within a metallic ore
bodywhich can be produced with a
profit .(e.g. Chalcopyrite, galena,
barite, etc.)

Stibnite

Gangue mineral
Any mineraal within a metallic ore body
which cannot be produced with a profit at
the time of mining. (e.g. pyrite, (suphide),
barite (sulphate), quartz (silicate)
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Definitions: General Terms

Unprocessed Ore
An extracted ore which has just been
extracted from the mine site, but has
not yet undergone any chemical,
mineralogical or metallurgical
processing.
Reserve: Total mass of an ore body
given in ton.

Grade: the amount of any mineral or

compound within an ore body
expressed in g/ton, %, etc.
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Definitions: Genetic Terms

Genesis = Formation= Origin

A) Syngenetik ? B) Epigenetik ?

SYN = Contemparenous, same,

EP = Formation after the host

Syngenetic Ore Deposit

An ore deposit which has been formed together with the host rock,
indicating that the ore minerals and the rock hosting them are
contemparenous.

Epigenetic Ore Deposit

An ore deposit which has been formed after the formation of the
host rock showing that the rock pre-dates the ore minerals.
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Mineralogic Terms
Paragenesis:
Mineral assocation
present within an ore
body. All the minerals
composing the
mineralogy of the ore
deposit
Succession
The sequence or
timing of formation of
minerals present
within an ore body.

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Morhology of Mineral Deposits

A) Regular Ore Deposits
1) Stratiform deposits
2) Strata-bound deposits
3) Vein type deposits
4) Lense-shaped deposits.
B) Semi-Regular Ore Deposits
1) Pipes and mantos
C) Irregular Ore Deposits
1) pods
2) veinlets
3) Disseminations

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Morhology of Mineral Deposits

Regular Ore Deposits
An ore occurrence that can be followed
easily along strike, and that has almost
constant orregularly chanhing width and
thickness

Kireta

Galena,
sphalerite

1) Stratiform Deposits
Ore formations characterised by layers or
beds parallel to bedding or magmatic
layering. The ratio of length and width to
thickness are very high. Found mainly in
sedimentary and magmatic ore deposits
such as chromite deposits. Ore formation in
these deposits is syngenetic.

Manyetit

Ultrabazik
Kromit

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Morhology of Mineral Deposits

Regular Ore Deposits
2) Strata-bound deposits
Similar to stratiform deposits in appearance
But their formation is epigenetic
They form zones parallel or sub-parallel to the bedding or schistocity of
sedimentary and mertamorphic rocks, respectively. Ore depoists found along
marble-schist contacts such as Sb-Au deposits in Turkey can be given as an
example.

Stibnite,
Cinnabar,
Gold

Limestone

Schist

Schist
Stibnite,
Cinnabar,
Gold
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Morhology of Mineral Deposits

Regular Ore Deposits
3) Veins

Fault or crack / joint

Thickness is much less

than other dimensions

Ore zone

Both surfaces parallel to

each other,
They are placed by
cutting through the rock
alng faults and joints

Footwall

Hanging wall

Basalt

Has an epigenetic
occurrence
Can be considered as
faults

Contact between vein

and wall rock

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Morhology of Mineral Deposits

Regular Ore Deposits
3) Veins

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Morhology of Mineral Deposits

Regular Ore Deposits
3) Veins
a) Enrichment zones in veins: Thickness of the veins may change based
on the lithological variations. More ductile lithologies are broken more
easily and develop well developed fracture zones. Units with plastic
behaviour, however, prevent the fractures to develop.

eyl
eyl
Kumta

Direnli

Kumta

Dirensiz

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Morhology of Mineral Deposits

Regular Ore Deposits
Enrichment zones in veins:

a) Crosscutting fractures

b) Enrichment due to changing wall

rock lithology

Granit

Bazalt
Fay

Aplit

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Morhology of Mineral Deposits

Regular Ore Deposits
Vein types: As to be seen below, veins are divided into groups based
on their shapes. Therefore the names are variable
1) Step-like veins
Dayk

2) Room-like veins

3) Lense-like veins

Kireta

Dayk

Daha az
dayanml yan
kaya

Damar

4) wedge-like veins

Damar

5) sward-like veins

6) Groove/ saddele veins

Semer damar

Kt
Damar
Oluk damar

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Morhology of Mineral Deposits

Regular Ore Deposits
4) Lenses
Characteristic in pegmatitic and exhalative ore deposits, they have a lense-like
shape and show thinning in every. Vary in size. Their length is bigger than their
width and thickness.

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Morhology of Mineral Deposits

Semi-Regular Ore Deposits
Ore deposits whose continuity is not as well-developed as regular deposits.
However, they can be traced along strike and mining plan is made rather
easily in such deposits.
Pipes and Mantos
Pipes are cylindirical or tube shaped
vertical or semi-vertical enrichment zones
which has an oval horizontal section and
decrease in thichness with depth. They are
developed along intersection zones of
faults, large joints and dykes. Au, Pt, Sn
and diamond can be mined from such
deposits. e.g. kimberlite pipes in S .
Africa. Mantos are the horizontal or
semi-horizontal pipes

Manto
Wall Rock

Kimberlite pipe

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Morhology of Mineral Deposits

Irregular Ore Deposits
Ore deposits with variable directions and dimensions, and no geometrical
shape. Therefore difficult to follow during mining. Necessitatess a lot more
drilling during feasibility stage to be able determine the boundaries of ore.
Stacks or pods
Ore zones with no geometrical
shape. They may have variable and
abrubtly changing boundaries
Known as stocks. Characteristic in
metasomatic ore deposits
developed mainly in karstic zones.
Some chromite deposits also have
stack-like occurrence.

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Morhology of Mineral Deposits

Irregular Ore Deposits
Ore deposits with variable directions and dimensions,
and no geometrical shape. Therefore difficult to
follow during mining. Necessitatess a lot more drilling
during feasibility stage to be able determine the
boundaries of ore.
Stacks or pods

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Morhology of Mineral Deposits

Irregular Ore Deposits
Veinlets or Stockworks
Ore deposits in which ore
minerals are along tiny and
mm to cmthick veinlets
cutting each other. The
orientation od veinlets are
usually parallel to the main
fracture zones. They are also
known as stockwork deposits.
Characteristic in porphyry type
deposits.

Mikrodiyorit

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Morhology of Mineral Deposits

Irregular Deposits
Veinlets
Ore deposits in which ore
minerals are along tiny and
mm to cmthick veinlets
cutting each other. The
orientation od veinlets are
usually parallel to the main
fracture zones. They are also
known as stockwork deposits.
Characteristic in porphyry type
deposits.

Morhology of Mineral Deposits

Irregular Deposits
Disseminations
Ore minerals are scattered as individual inclusions or small
clusters of inclusions. Such inclusions or clusters usually follow
microscopic joints which are parallel to main megascopic joints
present in the rock

Murgul Cu yata