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Definition of Disaster and Emergency

Disaster is defined as a sudden calamitous event bringing great damage,
loss, or destruction; a sudden or great misfortune or failure.
Emergency is defined as an unforeseen combination of circumstances or
the resulting state that calls for immediate action; an urgent need for
assistance or relief.

Comprehensive Emergency Management

Prevention means those regulatory and physical measures to ensure that

emergencies are

prevented or

their effects mitigated. Examples of

prevention would be:

building/fire codes,

building/fire regulations,

tax, insurance incentives/disincentives,

public education/campaign,

levee banks or debris control for flood control,

zoning/land use management, and

fuel reduction for wildfires.

Preparedness means those arrangements to ensure that, should an

emergency occur, all those resources and services which are needed to cope
with the effects can be efficiently mobilized and deployed.
Examples of preparedness are:

planning,

mutual aid agreements,

public information,

communication systems,

public education,

warning systems,

training of personnel and exercising,

stockpiling of resources, and

earmarking of funds.

Response means those actions taken in anticipation of, during, and

immediately after an emergency to ensure that its effects are minimized,
and that people affected are given immediate relief and support.
Examples of response are:

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implementing plans,

activating emergency communications,

implementing warning systems,

mobilize resources,

firefighting,

flood rescue,

medical assistance,

search and rescue,

community service,

repairing broken power and gas lines, and

activating welfare services.

Recovery means the coordinated process of supporting emergency affected

communities in reconstruction of the physical infrastructure and restoration
of emotional, social, economic and physical well being.
Recovery activities include:

financial support and assistance,

medical care,

counseling services,

public information,

temporary housing,

restoration of essential services,

health and safety information,

physical restoration and reconstruction, and

review of prevention.
ROLE OF NURSING IN DISASTERS
Disaster preparedness, including risk assessment and multi-disciplinary
management strategies at all system levels, is critical to the delivery of
effective responses to the short, medium, and long-term health needs of a
disaster-stricken population. (International Council of Nurses, 2006) MAJOR
ROLES OF NURSE IN DISASTERS
1. Determine magnitude of the event
2. Define health needs of the affected groups
3. Establish priorities and objectives
4. Identify actual and potential public health problems
5. Determine resources needed to respond to the needs identified

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6. Collaborate with other professional disciplines, governmental and nongovernmental agencies

7. Maintain a unified chain of command
8. Communication

INTRAVENOUS PARENTERAL THERAPY

Definition
Intravenous (IV) therapy is the insertion of needle or catheter / cannula
into a vein, based on the physicians written prescription. The needle or
catheter/cannula is attached to sterile tubing and a fluid container to provide
medication and fluids.
Philosophy
Historical background of IV Therapy
The record history of i.v. therapy began in 1492 when a blood
transfusion from two Romans to the dying Pope Innocent was attempted. All
three died.
In 1628, Sir William Harveys discovery of the blood circulatory system
formed the basis for more scientific experimentation. In 1658 Sir Christopher
Wren predicted the possibility of introducing medication directly into the
bloodstream, although it was Dr. Robert Boyle who used a quill and bladder
to inject opium into a dog 1659, with J D Major succeeding with the first
injection into human in 1665.
A 15 year old Parisian boy successfully received a transfusion of lambs
blood in 1667. However, subsequent animal to human transfusions proved
fatal and eventually, in 1687, the practice was made illegal.
In 1834, James Bludell proved that only human blood was suitable for
transfusion, and later the century Pastuer and Lister stressed the necessity
for sepsis during infusion procedures.
In 1900 Karl Landsteiner led the way in identifying and classifying
different blood groups, and in 1914 it was recognized that sodium citrate
prevented clotting which opened the gate for the extensive use of blood
transfusions.
Intravenous therapy was being used widely during World War II, and by
the mid-1950s was being used mainly for the purposes of major surgery and
rehydration only. Few medications were given via i.v. route, with antibiotics
more commonly being given intramuscularly.
Through the 1960s and 1970s, intermittent medications, filters,
electronic infusion control devices and smaller plastic cannulae became
available. Use of multiple electrolyte solutions and medications increased

Page | 4

along with blood component therapy, and numerous i.v. drugs and antibiotics
were being added to i.v. regimens.
The use of i.v. therapy has expanded dramatically over the last 35
years. This expansion continues to accelerate and can be attributed to the
following factors:

The understanding of hazards and complication

Improvement in i.v. equipment

Increased knowledge of physiological requirements

Increased knowledge of pharmacological and therapeutic

implications

Increased availability of nutrients and drugs in i.v. solutions

Changes in the traditional roles of doctors and nurses, allowing

nurses to develop skills that were traditionally the remit of the
medical profession (e.g. insertion of central venous access
devices).

Here in the Philippines, the Nursing Standards on Intravenous Practice

was established
in 1993 as a guide for those who are and will be practicing intravenous
therapy. During the first months after the promulgation of the professional
regulations Commission (PRC), Board of Nursing (BON) Resolution No. 08
series, February 4, 1994, the maiden issues (First Edition) of the Intravenous
Standards on Intravenous Therapy was printed and circulated. It was first
used in Cagayan de Oro City where the Training for Trainers was conducted
last June 9-11, 1994, after the ANSAP Board Members and Advisers had
undergone the Training for trainers at Philippine Heart Center on October
1993.
Subsequently, another revision was required to incorporate the PRCBONs protocol of May 17, 1995. Because of the new concept and evolving
technology, more revisions were deemed necessary. Revisions were made by
a special committee of the Association of Nursing Service Administrators of
the Philippines, Inc. (ANSAP) in collaboration with the PRC-BON, to ensure a

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safe and quality nursing practice in Intravenous therapy in 2002. The new
Nursing Law RA 9173 has stated that the administration of parenteral
injection is in the scope of nursing practice. ANSAP believes that the
certification of IV Therapist will be continued for several reasons, paramount
of which is safe nursing practice.
Indication of IV therapy

Maintain or replace body store .

Restore acid abase balance
Restore the volume of blood component
Administer of medication
Provide Nutrition
Monitor CVP

Types of intravenous fluids

Isotonic solutions
a. Fluids that approximate the osmolarity (280-300 mOsm/L) of normal blood
plasma.
Sodium Chloride (0.9%) - Normal Saline
Indications:

Extracellular fluid replacement when Cl- loss is equal to or greater the

Na loss.
Treatment of matebolic alkalosis.
Na depletion
Initiating and terminating blood transfusions.

Possible side effects:

Hypernatremia
Acidosis
Hypokalemia
Circulatory overload.

b. Five percent dextrose in water (D5W).

Provides calories for energy, sparring body protein and preventing ketosis
resulting from fat breakdown.
Indications:

Dehydration

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Hypernatremia
Drug administration

Possible side effects:

Hypokalemia
Osmotic diuresis dehydration
Transient hyperinsulinism
Water intoxication.

c. Five percent dextrose in normal saline (D5NS).

Prevents ketone formation and loss of potassium and intracellular water.
Indications:

Hypovolemic shock temporary measure.

Burns
Acute adrenocortical insufiency.
Possible side effects:
Hypernatremia
Acidosis
Hypokalemia
Circulatory overload

d. Isotonic multiple-electrolyte fluids.

Used for replacement therapy; ionic composition approximates blood plasma.
Types:
a. Plasmanate
b. Polysol
c. Lactated Ringers
Indications:

Vomiting
Diarrhea
Excessive diuresis
Burns

Possible side effects:

Circulatory overload.
Lactated Ringers is contraindicated in severe metabolic acidosis and/or
alkalosis and liver disease.
Hypernatremia
Acidosis
Hypokalemia

2. Hypertonic solutions

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Fluids with an osmolarity much higher than 310 mOsm (+ 50 mOsm);

increase osmotic pressure of blood plasma, thereby drawing fluid from cells.

a. Ten percent dextrose in normal saline

Administered in large vein to dilute and prevent venous trauma.
Indications:

Nutrition
Replenish Na and Cl.

Possible side effects:

Hypernatremia (excess Na)

Acidosis (excess Cl)

Circulatory overload.
b. Sodium Chloride solutions, 3% and 5%
Indications:

3.

Slow administration essential to prevent overload (100 mL/hr)

Water intoxication
Severe sodium depletion
Hypotonic solutions

Fluids whose osmolarity is significantly less than that of blood plasma (-50
mOsm); these fluids lower plasma osmotic pressure, causing fluid to enter
cells.
a. 0.45% sodium chloride
Used for replacement when requirement for Na use is questionable.
b. 2.5% dextrose in 0.45% saline, also 5% in 0.2 % NaCl
Common rehydrating solution.
Indications:

Fluid replacement when some Na replacement is also necessary.

Encourage diuresis in clients who are dehydrated.
Evaluate kidney status before instituting electrolyte infusions.

Possible side effects:

Hypernatremia
Circulatory overload
Used with caution in clients who are edematous, appropriate
electrolytes should be given to avoid hypokalemia.

Page | 8

Crystalloids and Non Crystalloids

Nutrient solutions.

It contain some form of carbohydrate and water.

Water is supplied for fluid requirements and carbohydrate for
calories and energy.
They are useful in preventing dehydration and ketosis but do not
provide sufficient calories to promote wound healing, weight gain,
or normal growth of children.
Common nutrient solutions are D5W and dextrose in half-strength
saline.

Electrolyte solutions (Crystalloid)

fluids that consist of water and dissolved crystals, such as salts and
sugar.
Used as maintenance fluids to correct body fluids and electrolyte
deficit .
Commonly used solutions are:

-Normal saline
(0.9% sodium chloride solution).
-Ringers solutions
(which contain sodium, chloride, potassium, and calcium.
-Lactated Ringers solutions
(which contain sodium, chloride, potassium ,calcium and lactate) .
Volume expanders (Colloid)

Are used to increase the blood volume following severe loss of blood
(haemorrhage) or loss of plasma ( severe burns).
Expanders present in dextran, plasma, and albumin.

Laws Affecting Intravenous Therapy

Criminal law
Neonatal and pediatric nurses are accountable to the public through criminal
law. This law establishes guilt and indicates appropriate punishment. It
comes into effect if a nurse commits a crime against the State. An example
is the two doctors who were tried for manslaughter when vincristine was
given intrathecally instead of intravenously causing death. This was a
systems failure rather than a premeditated act, as in the All it case, hence
the manslaughter charges rather than murder.
Case law

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Case law arises from common law. When a judge makes a statement after
considering all the facts of a case the ruling may then be used in subsequent
cases where the facts or points of law are similar. This does not mean
however, that current case will automatically depend on previous case law.
Civil Law
The neonatal/pediatric nurse is accountable to individual patients by way of
civil law, otherwise known as the Law of Tort This is where individuals can
initiate cases in common law, usually for negligence, against nurses for
damages. There are three distinct elements that must be established for
negligence to be proven.
Tort
A private wrongful act (of omission or commission)for which relief may be
obtained by injection or damages, Example of a tort include assault, battery,
negligence , slander, libel, false imprisonment and invasion of privacy.
Assault include anticipation of harm; battery is the actual infliction of harm

Infiltration Scale
Grade

Clinical Criteria

No Signs or Symptoms

Skin Blanched
Edema less than 2.5cm in any direction;
Cool to Touch;
With or without pain

Skin blanched;
Edema2.5-15 cm in any direction
Cool to Touch;
With or without pain

Skin blanched, translucent

Cool to Touch
Mid-Moderate pain;
Possible Numbness

Skin Blanched, translucent

Skin Tight, leaking
Skin Discolored, bruised, swollen;
Gross edema greater that 15 cm in any
direction
Deep pitting tissue edema
Circulatory impairment
Moderate-sever pain;
Infiltration of any amount of blood product,
irritant or vesicant

P a g e | 10

P a g e | 11

Site Observation
IV site appears healthy

Sco
re

Stage/Action

No signs of phlebitis
OBSERVE CANNULA

Possibly first signs of

phlebitis
OBSERVE CANNULA

Early stage of phlebitis

RESITE CANNULA

Medium stage of phlebitis

RESITE CANNULA
CONSIDER TREATMENT

Advanced stage of phlebitis

Or the start of
thrombophlebitis
RESITE CANNULA
CONSIDER TREATMENT

Advanced stage
thrombophlebitis
INITIATE TREATMENT
RESITE CANNULA

One of the following signs is evident:

Slight pain near the IV site OR

Slight redness near IV site

TWO of the following are evident:

Pain at IV site
Redness

ALL of the following are evident:

Pain along path of cannula

Redness around site

Swelling

ALL of the following signs are evident and

extensive:

Pain along path of cannula

Redness around site

Swelling

palpable venous cord

ALL of the following signs are evident and

extensive:

Pain along path of cannula

Redness around site

Swelling

palpable venous cord

Phlebitis Grading Scale

P a g e | 12

Surgical Terminologies
A list of common surgical terms, including the meaning and origin of prefixes
and suffixes.
PREFIXES
A-/An-

not, without, less, absent: also, in a particular

place or condition (Old English, from an, an
alternative for on)
AbAway from, off (Indo-European off, away)
AdTo, toward (Latin ad, toward, near)
AerAir
AmbBoth, on both sides
AmphOn both sides
AngioTo do with arteries
AnteBefore
AntiAgainst, opposite (Greek anti, opposite, against)
ApoFrom, opposed
AutoSelf
BiTwice, double
Brachy- Short (Greek brakhus short)
BradySlow
Cardio- The heart
CataDown, back, apart (Greek kata)
Cephal- The head
CholeTo do with bile
Chromo- Colour
Circum- Around
ColoTo do with the colon
ConTogether
CyanBlue (Greek kuanos, dark blue)
Contra- Against
CystBag, bladder
CytoCell
DacryTears
Dactyl- Finger or toe (Greek daktulos)
DeFrom, not
DeciTenth
DemiHalf
DentTeeth

P a g e | 13

DermaDiDiaDiploDisDochoDysEct-,
EctoEuEndoEnteroEpiEx, exoExtraForeGalactoGastroGenic-

Skin
Two, twice, double
Through, across (Greek dia)
Double
Apart, absence of
Relating to a duct
Bad or abnormal (Greek dus-)
External, outside (Greek ektos out)

Normal
In, within, inside (Greek endo)
Small intestine (Greek enteron. in, inside)
On, over, above (Greek epi, upon)
Out
Beyond or outside (Latin extra, outside, beyond)
Before, in front of
Milk
The stomach
Producing or related to genes (Greek genos,
offspring, race)
Glosso- The tongue
HaemBlood (Greek haima)
HemiHalf, partial (Greek hemi-)
Hepato- Liver
Hetero- Other, dissimilar
HoloAll
HomoSame, similar
HydroWater or liquid (Greek hudor)
HyperAbove or excessive (Greek huper)
HypoUnder or low (Greek hupo)
IdioPrivate or individual (Greek idios, ones own,
private)
IleoThe ileum
InfraBeneath
InterBetween, among (Latin inter, between, among)
IntraWithin or inside (Latin intra)
IntroInto or inward (Latin intro)
IsoEqual
JuxtraNear
Kerato- Horn-like tissue, cornea (Greek keras, horn)
Kinese- Movement
LactMilk
Laparo- Abdomen, loin
Laryngo- Larynx
Latero- Side
LeptoThin, light, frail
LeukoWhite

P a g e | 14

LithoMacroMalMediMegaMelanoMenoMesoMetaMicroMioMonoMultiMycoMyoMyeloMyxoNeoNephroNeuroNonObOculoOdontOligoOmoOoOpisthOrchidOrthoOsOsteoOxyPachyPanParaPathPerPeriPleoPneu-,
PneumoPodPoikiloPolyPostPre-

Stone or callculus (Greek lithos, stone)

Large
Bad
Middle
Large
Black
Menopause
Middle, intermediate (Greek mesos)
Later, behind (Greek meta, beside, after)
Small
Less, smaller
Single
Many
Fungus, fungi (Greek mukes. slimy)
Muscle
Marrow
Mucus
New, recent (Greek neos)
Kidney
Nerves
No
Against
Eye
Tooth
Few
Shoulder
Ovum, egg (Greek oion)
Backward
Testicle
Correct; straight (Greek orthos, straight, right)
Mouth, bone
Bone (Greek osteon)
Sharp
Thick
All (Greek all)
Beside, faulty (Greek para)
Disease
Going through a structure
Around (Greek peri)
More
Lungs, breathing
Foot
Iregular, varied
More than one (Greek polus, much)
After
Before

P a g e | 15

ProBefore
Procto- Anus, rectum (Greek proktos)
ProtoFirst
Pseudo- False, spurious (Greek pseud to lie)
PsychMind
PyPus
PyeloRelating to the pelvis of the kidney
ReAgain
RetroBackward
RhinoNose, nasal (Greek rhis, nose)
SacroSacrum
Salpingo-Fallopian tube
SarcoFlesh
Sclero- Hard
ScotoDarkness
Somato- Relating to the body
Steato- Fat (Greek steat)
Stetho- Chest
SubUnder, below, beneath (Latin sub, under)
SupraOver, on top of (Latin supra, above, beyond)
SynWith, together
TachyAccelerated, rapid (Greek takhus, swift)
Tampon- To plug (French tampon)
Thermo- Heat
ThyroThyroid
TransGoing across a structure (Latin trans, across, over,
through)
Tropho- Nourishment, nutrition
UniOne, single (Latin unus)
UroUrine
VasoA vessel
VermWorm-like
XanthYellow
SUFFIXES
-aceous Resembling (Latin, related to)
-ade
An action (Latin ata)
-aemia
Blood (Greek haima, blood)
Sensation
aesthesia
,
-esthesia
-agogue Substance promoting a flow of something (Greek
agogos, a drawing off)
-algia
Pain (Greek algos, pain)
-cardial Relating to the heart (Greek kardia, heart)
-cele
Tumor, cyst, hernia
-cephalic Head (Greek kephale, head)

P a g e | 16

-cide
-coel(e)
-cyst
-cyte
-creas
-dynia
-ectasia
-ectomy

Causing death
A cavity (Greek koilos, hollow) e.g. hydrocoele
A fluid filled sac
Cell e.g. phagocyte
Flesh (Greek kreas, flesh) e.g. pancreas
Pain
Dilatation of ducts
Surgical excision of a part of the body (Latin
-ectomia, cutting out) e.g. tonsillectomy
excision of the tonsils
-fuge
To drive away
-genic
The capacity to produce (Greek -genus, born)
-gogue
To make flow
-gram
An imaging technique using contrast medium
-itis
Inflammation (Greek) e.g. appendicitis
(inflammation of the appendix)
-lasis
Condition, pathological state
-lysis
Set free, disintegrate
-megaly Anormal enlargement (Greek megal-) e.g.
splenomegaly
-morphic Something that has a particular form, shape, or
structure (Greek morphe) e.g. pleomorphic
-nexal
From nexus indicating a connection or link e.g.
adnexal
-oid
Shape, resemblance
-oma
A tumour (Latin) e.g. hepatoma a tumour of the
liver
-osis
Abnormal condition, process (Greek)
-oscopy Inspection of a cavity
-ostomy A connection between two hollow organs e.g.
cholecystoduodenostomy an anastomosis
between the gall bladder and the duodenum
-ostosis Formation of bone (Greek osteon, bone)
-otomy
To cut into a part of the body (Latin -tomia,
cutting) e.g. laparotomy an incision into the
peritoneum
-penia
Lack
-phagia Eating (Greek phagein to eat)
-pathy
Disorder or disease (Greek pathos)
-plasia
Growth or formation (Greek plassein, to form,
mould)
-plasty
Surgical revision e.g. pyloroplasty (Greek plastos,
refashion)
-plegia
Paralysis
-pnoea
Breath, respiration
-poiesis Production

P a g e | 17

-rhage
Flow
-rhaphy Suturing
-rrhoea
Flow, discharge (Greek rhein, to flow)
-sclerosis Dryness, hardness
-scopy
To see
-stomosis To create an outlet
-systole Contraction of the heart (Greek sustole to
contract)
-tomy
Cutting
-trophic Nourishment
-tropic
Having an affinity for, turning towards
-uretic
To do with urine
TERMS
Abscess

A localised collection of pus (Latin abscessus,

to go away - referring to bodily humours going
away in the pus)
Adenoma
A benign epithelial tumour of glandular origin
Aneurysm Dilatation of an artery (Greek aneurusma,
dilation, swelling)
Antegrade Going in the direction of flow, e.g. antegrade
pyelogram
Arrhythmia Disturbance or irregularity of the heartbeat
Axillary
Of, relating to, or located near the axilla
(armpit)
Ballotment To toss about (French)
Bifurcation To divide into two parts or branches
Biliary
Of or relating to bile, the bile ducts, or the
gallbladder
CannulationThe insertion of a cannula or tube into a hollow
body organ
Capillary
A tube of small internal diameter
Cirrhosis
Chronic degenerative disease of the liver
Claudicatio Claudius I (10BC 54AD), Emperor of Rome had
n
a limp, possibly due to polio. Hence the Latin
term claudus for lame.
Colitis
Inflammation of the colon
Concomitan Occurring or existing concurrently
t
Cutaneous Relating to or existing on or affecting the skin
Diverticulu Plural diverticula (hence, use of the term
m
diverticulae is erroneous)
Dysplasia Abnormal development or growth of tissues,
organs, or cells
Embolus
A blood clot that becomes lodged in a blood
vessel and obstructs it (Greek embolos, peg,
stopper, wedge)

P a g e | 18

Empyema A collection of pus in a body cavity

Endarterect Surgical removal of the inner lining of an artery
omy
that is clogged with atherosclerosis
En bloc
On mass; all together
Fistula
A pipe or tube (Latin), plural fistulae. An
abnormal communication between two hollow
viscera, or one hollow viscera and the skin. It is
conventional to name the diseased viscus first
i.e. colovesical fistula due to diverticula disease;
whereas, vesicocolic fistula from a bladder
cancer.
Fundoplicat A surgical procedure involving making tucks in
ion
the fundus of the stomach around the lower end
of the oesophagus
Ganglioma A tumour of a ganglion
Gangrene Death of tissue with putrefaction, sometimes
referred to as wet gangrene (Greek gaggraina,
death of tissue). C.f. necrosis, mummification
HaematomaA swelling containing blood
Haemorrha Heavy bleeding from ruptured blood vessels
ge
Haemorrhoi Pain caused by venous swelling at or inside the
d
anal sphincter
Hepatic
Of, relating to, or resembling the liver; acting on
or occurring in the liver
Hernia
The abnormal protrusion of the contents of a
cavity beyond the normal confines of that cavity
Hydatid
Cyst filled with liquid; forms as a result of
infestation by tapeworm larvae
Ileus
Intestinal obstruction
Infarction Infarct: localized necrosis resulting from
obstruction of the blood supply
Inguinal
Of, relating to, or located in the groin
Intussuscep The enfolding of one segment of the intestine
tion
within another
Ischaemia An inadequate supply of blood to a part of the
body caused by blockage of an artery
Keloid
An area of raised pink or red fibrous scar tissue
at the edges of a wound or incision (Greek
khele, crab claw)
Laparoscop Laparotomy performed with a laparoscope that
y
makes a small incision to examine the
abdominal cavity
Lymphoma Any of various usually malignant tumours that
arise in the lymph nodes or in other lymphoid
tissue

P a g e | 19

Maxillary

Of or relating to a jaw or jawbone, especially the

upper one
Mesenteric Of or relating to or located in a mesentery
Mesothelio A form of carcinoma of the mesothelium lining
ma
lungs or abdomen or heart; usually associated
with exposure to asbestos dust
Metastasis The spreading of a disease (especially cancer)
to another part of the body
Mummificat Death of tissue with desiccation rather than
ion
putrefaction, sometimes referred to as dry
gangrene. (French momifier, to dry out and
shrivel)
Necrosis
Death of tissue with structural evidence of such
death
Nephrecto Surgical removal of a kidney
my
Occlusion Closure or blockage (as of a blood vessel)
Omental
Pertaining to the omentum (a fold of peritoneum
supporting the viscera)
Ossification The developmental process of bone formation
Paediatric Of or relating to the medical care of children
Perfusion Pumping a liquid into an organ or tissue
(especially by way of blood vessels)
Peritoneal Of or relating to or affecting the peritoneum
Popliteal
Of or relating to the area behind the knee joint
Psoas
Either of two muscles of the abdomen and
pelvis that flex the trunk and rotate the thigh
Retrograde Going a reverse direction against flow e.g.
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram
(ERCP)
Sebaceous Greasy
Sepsis
The presence of pus-forming bacteria or their
toxins in the blood or tissues
Sigmoid
Curved in two directions (like the letter S)
Sinus
A blind tract lined with granulation tissue hollow
or gulf (Latin, curve, fold, hollow)
Slough
A piece of dead soft tissue or water (Old English
sloh, a hole or low area in the ground filled with
mud)
Splenic
Of or relating to the spleen
Squamous Covered with or formed of scales; scaly
Stent
An artificial tube inserted into a tubular organ to
keep it open
Stoma
Surgical opening: an artificial opening made in
an organ, especially an opening in the colon
(colostomy) or ileum (ileostomy) made via the
abdomen. (Greek, mouth). Plural stomata

P a g e | 20

Subacute

Used to describe a medical condition that

develops less rapidly and with less severity than
an acute condition
Suture
The fine thread or other material used surgically
to close a wound or join tissues; an immovable
joint (especially between the bones of the skull)
Thrombus A blood clot that forms in a blood vessel and
remains at the site of formation (Greek
thrombos, clot)
Tomograph Obtaining pictures of the interior of the body
y
Tonsillar
Of or pertaining to the tonsils
Ulcer
A non-traumatic discontinuity of an epithelial
surface (Latin ulcer, a sore)
Varicose
Dilated, lengthened, and tortuous veins
veins
Ventricular Of or relating to a ventricle (of the heart or
brain)